The document discusses factors that can prevent participation in sport among different groups including women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and lower social classes. Stereotypes, lack of role models, inadequate facilities, less media coverage and sponsorship, and socioeconomic barriers like income and time constraints are some of the key factors discussed. Initiatives by organizations aim to address these barriers and encourage participation through improving facilities, adding coaching, promoting role models, and providing financial support.

1. Women Sex - whether an individual is biologically male or female Gender -the role of a male or female as determined by society or cultures Sexism - discrimination based upon one’s sex or gender Examples of stereotypical views -Women do not have physical strength / endurance to undertake same sport/activity as men e.g. Hammer, pole vault, triple jump at Olympics for Women. -It is not considered feminine to compete aggressively -Women may damage their ability to bear children if they engage in excessive PA. -Women who train hard develop musculature-look more masculine -A woman’s role is to be the care giver, mother, home maker-not compatible with competitive sport. What factors might prevent females from participating in sport? -Sport is male dominated -Not much media coverage -Receive less support from friends/family -Facilities/sport infrastructure have lagged behind for women -Media coverage for wrong reasons e.g. Looks -Less sponsorship -Not as much leisure time What could be done to encourage and increase participation levels of women? -More media coverage -More sponsorship -More money / investment -Flexible times at leisure centres Initiatives -Sport England-equality scheme ‘No limits’ policy -Sports Equality Alliance -Women’s Sports Foundation (WSF)-Advice, support, opportunities e..g. Women into coaching scheme.

2. Ethnic Groups Ethnic group- a group of people who share common origins-be it cultural, religious, racial or linguistic. Factors which may prevent a particular race participating in sport -Stereotyping e.g. Black men and sprinting -Role models-lack of -Bullying-fear of discrimination -Location-where you live e.g. Cities -Discrimination due to sport e.g. American Football-white male seen as most intelligent -Lack of disposable income perhaps -Reaching elite level sport may be seen as not important What could be done to encourage and increase participation? -Offer opportunities e.g. Clubs, -Offer wide range of activities -Encouragement from school/PE staff/society -Role models Initiatives -The sports Equality Alliance (Sport England) -Sporting Equals-’ to eradicate racial discrimination in sport’.-raise awareness, help, challenge. -Campaigns e.g. ‘kick racism out of football’

3. Disability A person with a disability has some form of impairment which affects their ability to engage in an activity. Impairment -any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function. Disability profiles in sport (5 categories) -Amputees-at least one major joint missing -Cerebral palsy- disorder of movement and posture due to damage to areas of brain -Wheelchair-at least 10% loss of function of lower limbs -Vision impaired -Les Autres- any others e.g. dwarfism Factors which might prevent disabled people participate in sport -Not good enough facilities/equipment to cater e.g. Leisure centre/schools -Stereotyping/way perceived -May feel as invisible/ignored -Should disabled people be able to participate with able bodied/visa versa -Lack of status/role models/public recogniti on What could be done to encourage participation levels? -Improve facilities -Coaches -designation opening hours -Role models e.g. Tani grey Thompson -More media coverage e.g. Paralympics Initiatives -Disability sport England, National Disability sport organisations, British Paralympic Association (BPA)

4. Social class Social class determined by socio-economic group -8 groups of socio-economic class Disposable income- money left over after essentials for living have been taken out How can class affect participation in sport? -Finance / disposable income -Association of some sports with money e.g. Golf, tennis, sailing etc -Discrimination or fear of -Less leisure time (lower socio-economic) -Schools magnifying social class -Location -Transport -Depends of school-reputation -Unemployed underrepresented -Lower income-poorer health -Less space in cities What might be done to break down sporting barriers? -Facilities could be improved -Money off schemes Initiatives -The community Club Development Programme-supporting clubs in areas of greatest social deprivation -Sport Action Zones-Bringing benefits of sport to deprived communities. -Respect Athlete Mentoring Programme (RAMP)-Use role models to improve lives of disadvantaged, help motivate/inspire.