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- 2. Chapter 5: Personality Whatis personality? The total of ways in which an individual reach to and i nteract with others. Other way determine one’s unique adjustments to on e’s environment. Measuring personality: Personality test is important in taking hiring decision. •Personal rating •Co-worker rating •Observer rating But rating may not always give result in recruiting.
- 3. The Myers-Briggs TypeIndicator: (MBTI) Most used personality assessment instrument Extroverted (E) ( Outgoing, sociable and assertiv e) Vs Introverted (I) ( Quiet & Shy) Sensing (S) ( Practical, prefer routine & order and focus on details) Vs Intuitive(N) (Unconscious, look at big picture) Thinking (T) (Use reason, and logic to handle problem) Vs Feeling (F) (Rely on their personal Valu es, and Emotion) Judging (J) (Want control, prefer ordered, str ucture) Vs Perceiving (P) (Flexible, Spontaneous) Can be used for self awareness & provide career guide. Criticism: Unrelated to job performance so managers probably not use th is tool.
- 4. The Myers-Briggs TypeIndicator: (MBTI) INTJ-Visionaries Sceptical/ doutful/inflexible, critical, independent, determined, stubborn ESTJ- Organiser Realistic, logical, analytical, decisive and have a n atural head for business or mechanics ENTP- Entrepreneurial Innovative, individualistic, versatile and attracted t o entrepreneurial ideas
- 5. The big fivepersonality Model The big five factors are 1. Extraversion- focuses on relationship. Extrav erts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and soci able. 2. Agreeableness- The agreeableness dimensi on refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. They are co-operative, warm, trusty . 3. Conscientiousness- responsible, organized, dependable. 4. Emotional stability: stress, self-confident, cal m. 5. Openness to experience: creative, curious.
- 6. Conscientiousness. The conscientiousnessdimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is respo nsible, organized, dependable, and pe rsistent. Those who score low on this dimensio n are easily distracted, disorganized, a nd unreliable.
- 7. Conscientiousness at Work As researchers recently stated, “Personal attributes related to conscientiousness and ag reeableness are important for success across many jobs, spanning across low to high le vels of job complexity, training, and experience.” Employees who score higher in conscientiousness develop higher levels of job knowled ge, probably because highly conscientious people learn more and these levels correspo nd with higher levels of job performance. Conscientious people are also more able to ma intain their job performance when faced with abusive supervision, according to a recent study in India. Conscientiousness is important to overall organizational success. As Exhibit 5-1 shows, a study of the personality scores of 313 CEO candidates in private eq uity companies (of whom 225 were hired) found conscientiousness—in the form of persi stence, attention to detail, and setting high standards—was more important to success t han other traits. Like any trait, conscientiousness has pitfalls. Highly conscientious individuals can prioriti ze work over family, resulting in more conflict between their work and family roles (terme d work-family conflict). They may also become too focused on their own work to help oth ers in the organization, and they don’t adapt well to changing contexts. Furthermore, conscientious people may have trouble learning complex skills early in a tr aining process because their focus is on performing well rather than on learning. Finally, they are often less creative, especially artistically. Conscientiousness is the best predictor of job performance. However, the other Big Five traits are also related to aspects of performance and have other implications for work an
- 8. Emotional stability. Emotionalstability dimension taps a person’s abil ity to withstand stress. People with emotional stability tend to be calm, self -confident, and secure. High scorers are more likely to be positive and opti mistic and experience fewer negative emotions; the y are generally happier than low scorers. Emotional stability is sometimes discussed as its c onverse, neuroticism. Low scorers (those with high neuroticism) are hyper vigilant and vulnerable to th e physical and psychological effects of stress. Thos e with high neuroticism tend to be nervous, anxious , depressed, and insecure.
- 9. Emotional Stability atWork Of the Big Five traits, emotional stability is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels. People with high emotional stability can ada pt to unexpected or changing demands in th e workplace. At the other end of the spectrum, neurotic in dividuals, who may be unable to cope with t hese demands, may experience burnout. These people also tend to experience work- family conflict, which can affect work outco mes.
- 10. Extraversion The extraversiondimension captures our c omfort level with relationships. Extraverts te nd to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable . They are generally happier and are often a mbitious. They experience more positive emotions th an do introverts, and they more freely expre ss these feelings. On the other hand, introverts (low extraversi on) tend to be more thoughtful, reserved, ti mid, and quiet.
- 11. Extraversion at Work Extraverts perform better in jobs with signifi cant interpersonal interaction. They are soci ally dominant, “take charge” people who are usually more assertive than introverts. Extraversion is a relatively strong predictor of leadership emergence in groups. Some negatives are that extraverts are mor e impulsive than introverts, more likely to be absent from work, and may be more likely t han introverts to lie during job interviews.
- 12. Openness to experience The openness to experience dimensi on addresses the range of interests an d fascination with novelty. Open people are creative, curious, an d artistically sensitive. Those at the low end of the category a re conventional and find comfort in the familiar.
- 13. openness at Work Open people are more likely to be effective l eaders—and more comfortable with ambigu ity. They cope better with organizational chang e and are more adaptable. While openness isn’t related to initial perfor mance on a job, individuals higher in openn ess are less susceptible to a decline in perf ormance over a longer time period. Open people also experience less work-fam ily conflict.
- 14. Agreeableness The agreeablenessdimension refers to an individ ual’s propensity to defer to others. Agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusti ng. You might expect agreeable people to be happier t han disagreeable people. They are, but only slightl y. When people choose organizational team member s, agreeable individuals are usually their first choic e. In contrast, people who score low on agreeablenes s are cold and antagonistic.
- 15. Agreeableness at Work Agreeable individuals are better liked than disagreeable people ; they tend to do better in interpersonally-oriented jobs such as customer service. They’re more compliant and rule abiding, less likely to get into accidents, and more satisfied in their jobs. They also contribute to organizational performance by engagin g in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Disagreeable people, on the other hand, are more likely to eng age in counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), as are peopl e low in conscientiousness. Low agreeableness also predicts involvement in work accident s. Lastly, agreeableness is associated with lower levels of career success (especially earnings), perhaps because highly agreea ble people consider themselves less marketable and are less willing to assert themselves.
- 16. The big fivepersonality Model
- 17. Other types ofPersonality Machiavellianism: Will do whatever th ey need to do. Example: Young bank manager get pro motion 3 times within 4 years. High M achs will be productive for reward job l ike sales commissioning.
- 18. Characteristic of Mac An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional dist ance, and believes ends can justify means. “If it works, use it” is consistent with a high-Mach perspective. High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less by others, but p ersuade others more than do low Machs. They are more likely to act aggressively. Surprisingly, Machiavellianism does not significantly predict overall job perfor mance. High-Mach employees, by manipulating others to their advantage, win in the short term at a job, but they lose those gains in the long term because they a re not well liked. Machiavellianism tendencies may have ethical implications. One study show ed high-Mach job seekers were less positively affected by the knowledge that an organization engaged in a high level of corporate social responsibility (CS R),suggesting that high-Mach people may care less about sustainability issue s. Another study found Machs’ ethical leadership behaviors were less likely to tr anslate into followers’ work engagement because followers see through thes e behaviors and realize it is a case of surface acting.
- 19. Other types ofPersonality Narcissism Who like centre of attention. In psychology, narcissism describes a person who has a grandiose sense of self-importance, requires excessive admiration, and is arrogant. Narcissists often have fantasies of grand succ ess, a tendency to exploit situations and peopl e, a sense of entitlement, and a lack of empat hy. However, narcissists can be hypersensitive an d fragile people. They also may experience more anger.
- 20. Other types ofPersonality Self monitoring Adaptability in work. Adjust behaviour to fit changing situation. Evidence indicates high self-monitors pay clo ser attention to the behavior of others and are more capable of conforming than are low self -monitors. High self-monitor employees show less com mitment to their organizations, but receive bet ter performance ratings and are more likely to emerge as leaders. High self-monitor managers tend to be more mobile in their careers, receive more promoti ons (both internal and cross-organizational), and are more likely to occupy central position
- 21. Other types ofPersonality Self monitoring Adaptability in work. Adjust behaviour to fit changing situation. Risk taking Who take chances. May be failure or succe ssful in his mission.
- 22. Other types ofPersonality Type A personality Want to gain more and more. 1.are always moving, walking, and eatin g rapidly; 2.Feel impatient with the rate at which m ost events take place; 3. Strive to think or to do two or more thi ngs at once.
- 23. Other types ofPersonality(Type A personality: ) 4. Can not cope with leisure time. 5. Are obsessed/passionate with numbe rs, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everyth ing they acquire. In contrast of Type A is the Type B pers onality.
- 24. Other types ofPersonality Type B Personality Aren’t harried by the desire to achieve more and more. They don’t suffer from a sense of time u rgency and are able to relax without g uilt.
- 25. Other types ofPersonality(Type A personality: ) Proactive personality not reacting the situation rather working and taking initiative.
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Editor's Notes
- #3 As a manger which personality rating will you admire most and why? [Hints: Personal rating, co-worker rating, observer rating.]