Joseph-Marie Jacquard completes the first fully automated loom programmed by punched cards in 1804. Over the next century, several important inventions lay the groundwork for future computers, including Thomas de Colmar creating the first reliable calculating machine in 1820, Charles Babbage inventing the Difference Engine in 1821, George Ohm introducing Ohm's law in 1827, Samuel Morse inventing the telegraph and Morse code between 1831 and 1838, and Siemens being founded in 1847.