4. Incidence
• Male : Female is 1.5:1
• Disease of old age. 80% of pancreatic
cancer occurs beyond the age of 60 years
• American Blacks-highest incidence (11-13
per 1,00,000)
5. Incidence
• In 2005, the American Cancer society
estimates that there will be approximately
32,180 new cases of pancreatic cancer in
the US, with 31,800 deaths
• Fourth most common cause of cancer
deaths
American cancer society. Cancer facts and figures
2005, Atlanta, GA
6. Ca Pancreas- The grim
situation
• Only 20% of pancreatic cancers are operable
for cure
• Only 10% - 15% of pancreatic cancers are alive
12 months after the diagnosis
• 5 year survival is less than 5%
• Average life of metastatic pancreatic cancer is 6
months
7. Etiology
• Cigarette smoking
• Diet – high fat and low fiber
• Diabetes
• Occupational
– benzidine
– naphthalimine
– Ethylene Dichloride
• Coffee – not proved
9. Is Chronic Pancreatitis premalignant
• The incidence of pancreatic cancer in
various entities of chronic Pancreatitis are
as follows
– Hereditary Pancreatitis 25%
– Tropical Pancreatitis 10%
– Alcoholic Pancreatitis 5%
13. Periampullary
carcinoma
• Any tumor within 2
cm from the duodenal
papilla is defined as
periampullary cancer.
Ca terminal PD
Distal CBD
Ampullary tumor
Duodenal tumor
16. Clinical presentation
• Mid epigastric pain radiating to back
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Anorexia
• Symptoms are vague and hence the
delayed presentation
17. Clinical presentation
• Painless progressive jaundice 50-60%
• Pruritus
• Staetorrhea
• Malabsorption
• New onset of Diabetes in older patients
18. Clinical presentation
• Jaundice is a late presentation in uncinate
process growth
• Severe back pain indicate irresectablity
and an omnious sign
24. CT
• “Pancreatic protocol CT” is the gold
standard of investigation to stage the
disease and assess the operability
– Triple phase CT
– Closer cuts
– Water used as an intraluminal contrast
– Helical or multislice
28. CT
• Advantages
– Available easily
– Surgeons are familiar with CT
– Excellent in giving details of operability
• Disadvantages
– May miss liver mets less than 1 cm
– Miss peritoneal mets
– Radiation
29. MRI
• Advantages
– No radiation
– Avoids contrast
– Single investigation that gives all the
information needed
• Disadvantages
– Cost & availability
– Surgeons are unfamiliar
32. Why not a biopsy
• May upstage the disease
• Complications of biopsy
• Has a very low negative predictive value
33. Role of Biopsy
• Tissue diagnosis is indicated in cases which
are found inoperable by imaging
• Biopsy is indicated when Neoadjuvant
chemotherapy is planned
34. What biopsy
• Ideally it should be
done under EUS
guidance
– Targeted
– No tumor seeding
– No complications
like fistula
35. ERCP
Double duct sign
Not routinely done in
pancreatic
Cancer
Preop biliary drainage
Atypical lower CBD
obstruction
36. PET
• It is useful in differentiating pancreatic
cancer from chronic Pancreatitis
• Extra pancreatic disease
37. EUS
• Ideal method to evaluate
lower CBD obstruction
• Guided FNAC
• Vascular invasion
• EUS+FNAC= sensitivity of
90% and specificity of 95%
41. Staging
• TX primary tumor cannot be assessed
• T0 no evidence of primary tumor
• T1 confined to pancreas
T1a less than 2 cm
T1b more than 2 cm
• T 2 tumor extend to involve the bile
duct, duodenum and peripancreatic
tissue
• T3 involvement of stomach, spleen, colon,
vessels
42. Staging
• NX nodes cannot
be assessed
• N0 no evidence
of nodes
• N1 regional
nodes present
• MX cannot be
assessed
• M0 no metastasis
• M1 distant
metastasis
43. Stage grouping
• Stage I
– T1 N0 M0
– T2 N0 M0
• Stage II
– T3 N0 M0
• Stage III
– Any T N1 M0
• Stage IV
– Any T Any N M1
49. Pancreaticoduodenectomy
• Walter Kausch was the first to successfully
perform pancreaticoduodenectomy in Berlin
1912
• Allen Whipple popularized the operation in
US in 1935
• Now this operation is called Kausch-
Whipple procedure
50. Pancreaticoduodenectomy
• This operation suffered a very bad
reputation due to the operative mortality of
over 25% and morbidity of over 50%
• Some authorities have even suggested that,
this operation be abandoned
51. What made whipple safe
• Better surgical technique
• Anaesthesia
• Improvement in postoperative care
• Concept of high volume center and
clinical pathways
56. Controversies
• Preop biliary drainage
• Preop imaging, CT vs. MR vs. EUS
• Role of biopsy
• Diagnostic laparoscopy
• PJ vs. PG
• Classical Whipple vs. PPPD
• Vascular resections
• Extended lymphadenectomy
• Drainage
57. Controversies
• Role of octreotide
• Order of reconstruction
• Adjuvant therapy
• Palliative resections
• Palliative bypass
58. Preop biliary drainage
• For
– Reduce the mortality and morbidity of surgery
– Improves the liver function
– Reduces the bleeding
– Improves the nutrition
– Buys time
59. Preop biliary drainage
• Against
– Does not reduce the mortality and morbidity
– More infectious complications
– It takes 6 weeks for the improvement of hepatic
microsomal functions
– Makes the duct small and fibrotic – adds to
technical difficulty
60. Preop biliary drainage -
consensus
• Indicated
– Cholangitis
– Impending renal failure
– Surgery is likely to be delayed
– Bilirubin of more than 20 mg%
– Nutritionally very poor
– Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is planned
61. Preop biliary drainage -
consensus
Routine preop biliary
drainage is not
recommended and there is
no evidence to support it
62. Diagnostic laparoscopy
• 30% of patients found operable by imaging
are found to have small liver mets or
peritoneal mets, on diagnostic laparoscopy
Warshaw et al
63. Diagnostic laparoscopy
With the advent of high
quality CT, Helical and
Multislice, occult peritoneal
and liver metastasis are
documented in only 10% in
some series
64. PJ vs. PG
• Merits of PG
– Stomach is in proximity to pancreatic stump
– Better vascularity
– Acid in stomach inactivates enzymes
– Absence of enterokinase
– Even if leak occurs the enzymes are not
activated and hence fatal bleeding do not occur
65. PJ vs. PG
• Two randomized controlled trials fail to
demonstrate superiority of one method over
the other
• Dilated duct, texture of pancreas and
surgeon’s experience are more important
than the viscera used for drainage
66. Classical Vs PPPD
• PPPD is oncologically as radical as classical
whipple except for tumors encroaching on
the D1 and pylorus
• RCTs have failed to show any significant
benefit of PPPD over classical whipple
67. Vascular
involvement
• Resection of SMV is
accepted provide it
enables to perform R0
resections
• Involvement of SMA is
a contraindication for
resection
68. Extended
lymphadenectomy
• Studies have shown that
extended
lymphadenectomies can
be done with acceptable
morbidity
• Extended
lymphadenectomy do not
improve the survival
69. Octreotide
• There have been totally six RCT across the
Atlantic, three from Europe ( Buchler et al, Beger
et al , Pedrazolli et al) and three from US ( Yeo et
al, Sarr et al and Lowy et al)
• The European trials favor use of octreotide and the
American trials do not favor
• Recently published meta analysis of these trials
have shown a benefit of octreotide in reducing the
complications
71. Adjuvant therapy
• The ESPAC trial has shown that the only
factor that positively affect the long term
survival is administration of adjuvant
chemotherapy
• Ideally all patients undergoing surgery for
cancer pancreas should be given adjuvant
chemotherapy
74. Palliative bypass
• Options of by-pass
– Choledochojejunostomy ( Loop or Roux en Y)
– Cholecystojejunostomy
– Hepaticojejunostomy
75. Palliative bypass-prophylactic GJ
• The current recommendation is to perform
a prophylactic GJ along with the biliary
bypass even if there is no gastric outlet
obstruction
76. Laparoscopy in palliation
• Depending on the expertise of the surgeon,
procedures can be done with laparoscopy
77. Palliation of pain
• Neurolysis ( 20 ml of absolute alcohol
injected on either side of the celiac axis to
destroy the celiac ganglia)
– At laparotomy
– CT guided
– EUS guided
– Thoracoscopic splanchnectomy