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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia.pptx
1.
2. Defect in the developing diaphragm of the
fetus leading to herniation of abdominal
viscera into the thorax
Incidence – 1 in 2000 to 5000 live births
90% of the defects are posterolateral and 85%
of these are on left sided.
Left = 80%
„
Right = 20%
Bilateral is very rare
„
2% risk to first-degree relatives
6. Results from failure of closure of the pleuro
peritoneal canals, which occurs normally in
the human fetus at 8–10 weeks’ gestation.
The abdominal viscera herniate in to the
affected thorax, creating a shift of the
mediastinum to the contralateral side and
hypoplasia of both the ipsilateral and
contralateral lung.
7. Adequate intrathoracic space is
required for normal pulmonary growth
othewise
◦ Structurally immature lungs
◦ Abnormal pulmonary vasculature
8. „
Left CDH
◦ Left lobe of liver
◦ Spleen
◦ Stomach
Right
◦ Liver
◦ Abnormal hepatic veins to right atrium
Both
◦ Large and Small bowel
9. The most common types
1) Bochdalek Hernia
2) Morgagni Hernia
3) Eventration of diaphragm/ Central tendon
defects of diaphragm
10. It is life threatening pathology in infants, and
a major cause of death due to
1) Pulmonary hypoplasia
2) Pulmonary hypertension.
leads to severe respiratory distress>>>
death..
11. Also known as a posterolateral diaphragmatic
hernia.
>95% cases
Majority occur on left side of diaphragm(85
%)
Characterized by Hole in the postero-lateral
corner of the diaphragm which allows
passage of abdominal viscera into chest
cavity.
12. Rare anterior defect of diaphragm
Referred to as Morgagni , retrosternal , or
parasternal hernia.
2% of all CDH cases
Majority on right side.
Characterized by herniation through the
foramen of morgagni which is located
immediately adjaceent to the xiphoid process
of sternum.
13. Central tenden defect
Central portion of diaphragm is absent
So abdominal viscera can herniate through
this defect in thoracic cavity.
14. Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Small lungs
Caused by compression
Prevented growth and maturation
Pulmonary Hypertension
Abnormal Lung Vasculature
The high pressure in the lungs limits blood flow to
the lungs
15. Hernia is on one side
Both sides are underdeveloped
Fewer than normal alveoli (sacs for oxygen transfer)
Abnormal pulmonary blood vessels on both
sides
Pulmonary hypertension
16. Prenatal ultrasound
Polyhydramios(80%)
High-Resolution ultrasound in the first
trimester can visualize the diaphragm
Important to evaluate for presence of liver
or bowel in the thorax
Stomach at level of heart
Absence of stomach in abdomen
Observe for other anomalies
If ultrasound is positive, consider MRI
20. Associated anomalies
Cardiac (excl. single ventricle)
47% survival
„„
Single ventricle
5% survival
Ultrasound Studies
Lung to Head ratio (LHR)*
<0.8 fatal
<0.8 but >1.0 poor prognosis
>1.0 good prognosis
21. It is sonographic measure to identify fetuses
with CDH that have poor prognosis
The lung area contra lateral to the CDH
obtain by taking the product of the longest
two perpendicular linear measurements of
the lung. The product is divided by head
circumference to obtain the LHR
Lung area= length1x length2
LHR =lung area/Head circumference
22. Respiratory distress at birth
◦ Cyanosis, tachypnea
Scaphoid abdomen
Mediastinal shift
Breath sounds absent on affected side
Bowel sounds auscultated in the chest
23. If neonate is distressed:
◦ Immediate intubation
Avoidance of bag-mask ventilation
Nasogastric tube placement with gastric
decompression
25. High mortality for emergent surgery
Best survival is delayed repair when patient
become stable.
Serial Echocardiography
Evidence of resolution of pulmonary hypertension
26. Introduced in 1977
Formerly called “ECMO”
Criteria for use
◦ Inadequate delivery of Oxygen
◦ „
„
Predicted 80% mortality without ECLS
27. Thoracosopic Repair
◦ Minimally invasive repair
◦ Best suited for stable, near-term patients
◦ Surgery is done through small incisions in the chest
Open repair through abdomen
◦ Can be done on less stable patients
◦ Well-suited for complete absence of the diaphragm
28. Subcostal Incision
pull abdominal organs back into the
abdomen
Close the defect
Patch Repair of defect
◦ Gortex
◦ Mess repair
30. Fetoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO)
Developed at UC San Francisco
Criteria
◦ LHR <0.8 or <1.0 with liver up
◦ 28 weeks EGA
◦ PROM, prematurity common
◦ 50% survival
In Utero repair has been abandoned