This document presents a performance evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) using a clustering technique to address handoff issues prevalent in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). Through the use of network simulation, the study demonstrates improved connectivity and reduced unpredictable movements among vehicles in a VANET environment. The results indicate that the cluster-based approach enhances packet transmission and minimizes packet loss, ultimately aiding in road safety.

1. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
DOI : 10.5121/ijans.2013.3203 25
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VEHICULAR
AD HOC NETWORK (VANET) USING
CLUSTERING APPROACH
Ankita Anand
H. No- 246, Shastri nagar, Jammu (J&K), India
riet_ankita@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS) have actually attracted a lot of attention over the last few years as
being used to improve road safety. In this paper, cluster based technique has been introduced in VANET.
As VANET is a new form of MANET, so with this cluster based technique in VANET, several handoff
problems have been removed, which were actually difficult to remove in MANET. For this traffic
infrastructure cluster based routing has been used, with two routing protocols i.e. AODV and AODV+. The
network simulator NS2 has been used for removing unpredictable movements that may arise in the network.
KEYWORDS:
VANET, Clustering, AODV, AODV+
1. INTRODUCTION
IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard to add wireless access in
vehicular environments [1].The IEEE 802.11 standard body is currently working on a new
amendment, IEEE 802.11p, to address these concerns. This document is named Wireless Access
in Vehicular Environment, also known as WAVE [2]. A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET,
is a technology that uses moving cars as nodes in a network to create a mobile network. VANET
turns every participating car into a wireless router or node, allowing cars approximately 100to
300 metres of each other to connect and, in turn, create a network with a wide range. As cars fall
out of the signal range and drop out of the network, other cars can join in, connecting vehicles to
one another so that a mobile Internet is created [3] Vehicular Ad hoc network (VANET) is a new
form of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) [4]
2. PROBLEM FORMULATIONS
As earlier, research is done on Mobile ad hoc network (MANETS) [5].But with MANETs several
handoff problems were difficult to remove. So a new cluster based technique in VANETS is
introduced, to remove these handoff problems. And various unpredictable movements that may
occur in the network can also be reduced or lessen using this Cluster based technique in VANET.

2. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
26
3. METHODOLOGY USED
Scenario is taken as under:
Work is done on Fedora and Windows. In Fedora [6], MOVE is used.
Following is the scenario representing clustered vehicles in VANET environment.
Scenario 1: At the very start, nodes i.e. vehicles are in random order. There is no source node and
no destination node.
Fig 3.1 Initiation of nodes
In this scenario, vehicles are taken as nodes and these vehicles are moving in a cluster. Every
vehicle is connected to another vehicle. Firstly a cluster head is decided, which can also be
considered as a source node, after that only another nodes can start working. Source node sends
data packets to next node and then to next one, resulting data packets to be passed on through
various nodes to reach its destination (i.e. the receiving node).
MANET [5]: A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a self-configuring infrastructure less
network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. Ad hoc is Latin and means "for this
purpose". Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will
therefore change its links to other devices frequently.
Performance Evaluation of VANET using Clustering approach 3
This cluster based technique enables nodes or vehicles to remain connected to each other, as even
a small problem if any occurs, it may come to know to the whole network and the whole network,
having several nodes together tries to find out the root cause of the problem, by maintaining good
internet connectivity.
Scenario2: After the gathering or generation of all the nodes in the VANET environment, a
cluster head is formed, which actually controls the whole process. Cluster head is also considered
as a source node.

3. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
27
Fig 3.2 Formation of a cluster head
Afterwards a simulation for VANET is done.
SIMULATION FOR VANET:
Rapid generation of realistic simulation for VANET.
Fig 3.3 Rapid generator for VANET
Here, two models are taken into consideration:
Mobility Model
Traffic Model
Mobility Model: It represents the generation of road map topology and vehicle movement.

4. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
28
Fig 3.4 Mobility Model
In mobility model configuration can be set for roads or the whole scenario with the help of Map
configuration editor.
Map configuration Editor: It specifies the input and the output files and the road defaults if road
types are not defined and road parameters if they are not inputted.
Fig 3.5 Map configuration Editor
Performance Evaluation of VANET using Clustering approach 5
Random Map Generator: It specifies the total random layout which includes Grid layout and the
spider layout.

5. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
29
Fig 3.6 Random Map Generator
Traffic Model: It basically represents the Generation of network traffic.
Fig 3.7 Traffic Model
Traffic model shows two mobility for Ns2 i.e.
Static Mobility
Dynamic Mobility
Static Mobility: It is a static traffic model generator for Ns2.It includes general options like
channel type, network interface type, interface queue type, antenna model, ad hoc routing
protocol, radio propagating model, Mac type, Max packet in, link layer type and mobile node
starting positions, agent options, and connections.

6. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
30
Fig 3.8 Static model generator for VANET
Dynamic Mobility: It is a dynamic traffic model generator for Ns2. It also includes general
options like channel type, network interface type, interface queue type, antenna model, ad hoc
routing protocol, radio propagating model, Mac type, Max packet, link layer type and mobile
node starting positions, agent options, and connections for dynamic mobility of vehicles.
Fig 3.9 Dynamic model generator for VANET
Performance Evaluation of VANET using Clustering approach 7
Results and Discussion
Results come out in the form of Generated packets and dropping packets, for Clustered vehicles
in VANET environment.
(i)Generated packets: It tells us about how many packets are generated as well as their packet
identification. Here is a graph of generated packets is plotted on the XY axis. When a packet is
transmitted, some packet delay comes. Like if 1000 packets are to be transmitted, all the 1000

7. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
31
cannot be transmitted at once, but the packets can be transmitted in instalments, thereby resulting
in the packet delay.
Fig Generated Packets
(ii)Packet Status: Packet status tells the actual status of the packets i.e how many packets are
send,how many are received and how many of them are dropped during the process. Here is a
graph plotted on the XY axis. Time in seconds is on the X axis and traffic in bytes is on the Y
axis. Red colour signifies the message, blue is indicating the acknowledgement and green one is
showing TCP.TCP sink basically tells us about the source node i.e which node can be considered
as a source node and the path of the nodes.
Fig Packet Status
(iii)Throughput of sending packets: It tells the throughput of sending packets on XY axis,with
throughput of sending packets i.e the number of packets send per second on y axis and time on x
axis.

8. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
32
Fig Throughput of sending packets
(iv)Throughput of receiving packets: It tells the throughput of receiving packets on XY axis,with
throughput of receiving packets i.e no.of packets packets received per second on y axis and time
on y axis.
Fig Throughput of receiving packets
(v)Throughput of dropping packets: It tells the throughput of the dropped packets on XY axis,
with throughput of dropping packets on X axis and throughput of dropping packets(No. Of
packets) on Y axis.
Fig Throughput of dropping packets
Performance Evaluation of VANET using Clustering approach 9

9. International Journal on AdHoc Networking Systems (IJANS) Vol. 3, No. 2, April 2013
33
CONCLUSION
In this paper, analysis has been done on VANET, using the Cluster based technique in terms of
Generated packets in the network and the throughput of the dropping packets that have been
dropped out of the network. And it is concluded that VANET with this Cluster based technique
proves to be helpful in removing the handoff problems that usually occurred in MANETS and
were not possible to remove. This clustered based technique in VANETs also helps a great deal in
removing or lessen the unpredictable movements in the network, which sometimes may cause
dangerous problems like dropping down the whole network for any small mistake. Each vehicle
in the VANET with cluster based technique is connected to one another, resulting in a good
internet connectivity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Foremost of all, I express my sincere indebtedness to the “Almighty”, for bestowing me with all
the favourable circumstances and kept me in high spirits. I am very grateful to my advisor, Er
Parminder Singh, Asst Prof. at Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran for his patience,
encouragement, and many fruitful discussions from the very early stage of this research.. Finally,
I wish to express my appreciation to my family for their continuous love and encouragement, for
always believing in me, for never failing to provide all the support, and for coping with the
pressure that naturally comes with such endeavour.
REFERENCES
[1] “IEEE802.11p”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11p
[2] Daniel Jiang, Luca Delgrossi Mercedes-Benz Research & Development North America, Inc, “IEEE
802.11p: Towards an International Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments”.
[3] “VANET”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_ad-hoc_network.
[4] Nai-Wei Lo, Hsiao-Chien Tsai “Illusion Attack on VANET Applications – A Message Plausibility
Problem”.
[5] “Manet”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_ad_hoc_network.
[6] “Fedora”, http://fedora-commons.org/.