1. The document summarizes research on the effects of cryogenic treatment on high-speed steel (HSS) tools. 2. Laboratory tests found that cryogenically treated HSS lathe tools and twist drills exhibited improved performance over untreated tools, with the treated tools showing less wear, higher hardness, and an ability to drill more holes. 3. However, cryogenically treated HSS milling cutters tested in a manufacturing environment showed higher wear rates and produced fewer parts compared to untreated cutters.

1. BRACT’S, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology.
Performance of cryogenically
treated HSS tools
SCE Presentation of MT on
Presented By:
Under guidance of
Prof. M. G. Gadge sir
Gitai Patil 253059 22020026
Purvaja Bhole 253061 22020036
Nikhil Nagdev 253070 22020291
Shubham Bhojane 253072 22020154

2. Contents
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 Introduction
 TTT curve for cryogenic
treatment
 Process involved
 Experimental procedure
 Cutting Tools
 Laboratory tests (lathe
tools)
 Laboratory tests (Twist
drills)
 Shop floor tests (Milling
cutter)
 Conclusion
2

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Introduction to Cryogenic Treatment
Cryogenic treatment is the ultra-low temperature of
about – 196°C, processing of tool steel to enhance
their desired metallurgical and mechanical properties.
Ultra cold temperatures are achieved using computer
controls, a well-insulated treatment chamber and
liquid nitrogen (LN2). This process is completely eco-
friendly and actually help reduce waste.
The entire process takes between 36 to 74 hours,
depending on the weight and type of material being
treated. The process is not just a surface treatment but
it affects the entire mass of the tool or component
being treated, making it stronger throughout. The
hardness of the material treated is unaffected, while its
strength is increased.

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TTT curve of Cryogenic Treatment

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Hardening
1
Material is heated to particular
temperature then directly quenched
into oil bath or water bath.
Tempering
2
Material is heated to lower temperature
then cooled in air to remove stresses.
The tempering may be done more than
one time depending upon the material
requirement.
Cryogenic Treatment
3
Step 1: Cooling to −196 ◦C (4h at a rate of 1 ◦C/min);
Step 2: Cold stabilization at −196 ◦C (20h) ;
Step 3: Heating to +196 ◦C (8h at a rate of 1 ◦C/min);
Step 4: Hot stabilization at +196 ◦C (2 h);
Step 5: Cooling to room temperature (1h average);
Step 6: Stabilization at room temperature (2 h);
Step 7: Heating to +196 ◦C (1h average).
{Note: Steps 5–7 were repeated three times.}

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Experimental procedure
For checking the performance
of HSS tools an experiment is
performed the flow of the
experiment is shown in flow
chart. For checking the
performance first the tools are
cryogenically treated an then
comparison is done between
the cryogenically treated and
non cryogenically treated tools
on the basis of following tests

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Cutting Tools used in experiment
A and D: Lathe tool of M2 high speed steel with
the dimensions of 10mm×10mm×102 mm.
B and E: Twist Drills of M2 high speed steel with
7.5mm of diameter.
C and F: Special milling cutter of M2 high speed
steel with a 3m Tin coating.
The first two tools (A and B) were laboratory
tested while the last tool (C) was tested at the
shop floor of a manufacturing
industry.
A,B,C tools are untreated and the D,E,F tools are
cryogenically treated.

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A) Laboratory tests (lathe tools)
Microstructural analysis
The X-ray difractometer is used to measure percentage of retained austenite.
Hardness test
Vickers hardness testing machine is used to check the hardness of both tools. The three indentaion are done
on three samples and average is taken as a result.
Brandsma rapid facing tests
It is a test used to measure the tool life by running the tool at different speeds. In this the tools is used to
face turn a disc from the center towards the periphery with spindle rotation at the end of the test, defined
by a complete destruction of the cutting edge.
Sliding abrasion test
This test is done to check the wear rate of tool, in this the tools is rubbed on the different abrasive papers
and the wear rate is measured.

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Result of laboratory tests (lathe tools)
Tests Un treated HSS Tools Treated HSS Tools
Microstructural analysis
25% of retained
austenite
0% of retained austenite
Hardness test
A-66 D-66
B-65 E-65
C-66 F-66
Brandsma rapid
facing tests
Spindle speed (RPM) Diameter of tool failure
140 167 188
180 98 141
224 90 109
Sliding abrasion test
Abrasive Paper NO Wear rate
80 Mesh 6.3 6.1
600 Mesh 3.1 3.0

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Brandsma rapid facing tests Sliding abrasion test

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B) Laboratory tests (Twist drills)
Tool life measurement
In this a drilling tool is used to drill no of holes, both the
type of tools are used to drill and the no of holes drilled
without breaking tool are plotted on graph which shows
the life of tool. The test is done at different speed which
shows how much the holes can be drilled without
breaking.
Power measurement
During working the power consumption of tools is also measured, to understand the which tools consume
power. The power consumption for both the types of tools (i.e. cryogenically treated and non treated) are same.

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Results of laboratory tests (Twist drills)
Tests
Un treated HSS
Tools
Treated HSS
Tools
Tool life
measurement
Cutting speed
(m/min)
No of holes it can drill
30 120 208
35 55 88
40 12 26
Power measurement Power consumption is same

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C) Shop floor tests (Milling cutter)
Tool wear rate
This test is done to calculate the tool wear rate for both right and
left milling cutter and for both cutter no1 having 135 teeth and
cutter no 2 having 55-134 teeth. The result for the same is shown
in the chart.
It is observed that the wear rate of cryogenically treated cutters is
more as compared with un treated tools.
Production rate
In this test the tool is used in actual production and how much
amount of products it can produce before failure is checked.
The result for this test is shown in chart.
It is observed that the cryogenically treated milling tool produce
less products as compared to non treated tools this occurs due to
high wear rate of cryogenically treated tools.

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Results of Shop floor tests (Milling cutter)
Tests
Un treated HSS
Tools
Treated HSS
Tools
Tool wear
rate
Right
1 0.08 0.34
2 0.07 0.3
Left
1 0.13 0.2
2 0.1 0.16
Production rate 123 95

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Conclusion
Based on the results obtained in the present investigation the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The hardness doesn't affected the cryogenic treatment.
2. In microstructural analysis untreated tools shows 25% retained austenite while 0% in treated
tool.
3. A superior performance of the treated tools compared to the untreated ones was observed in
the Brandsma rapid facing test. Up to 44% improvement in performance is reached.
4. The cryogenic treatment increased the performance of the HSS twist drills by reducing wear
rate.
5. In the whole experiment only the shop floor tests with cryogenically treated HSS milling
cutters perform the worse compared with untreated. The wear rate is more and production is
less in treated tools while it perform better in un treated tools.

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Thank you
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