This study examined the relationship between perceived attractiveness and intelligence. The researcher hypothesized that 1) attractive individuals would be perceived as more intelligent and 2) individuals who rate themselves as attractive would also rate themselves as above average in intelligence. Participants rated the attractiveness and perceived intelligence of photos of 23 individuals. While no correlation was found between attractiveness and intelligence ratings of photos, a significant positive correlation was found between self-rated attractiveness and intelligence. So the second hypothesis was supported but not the first. Limitations included using separate samples for attractiveness and intelligence ratings and not controlling for clothing in photos.
This study examines whether people truly behave rationally as assumed in many economic models. The author surveys 227 University of San Diego undergraduate students, asking them to complete two games: Prisoner's Dilemma and a Pick-the-Average game. Contrary to the hypotheses, factors like being an economics major or having a higher GPA did not significantly impact rational decision making. While some limitations exist, the study questions the validity of Rational Choice Theory and assumptions of rational behavior in economic models. The results indicate people may not behave uniformly or predictably rationally as assumed.
The document summarizes a research study on interpersonal attraction. It includes:
- A list of group members conducting the research.
- The topic, aim, and hypotheses about types of attraction (physical, social, task) that influence partner choice.
- A description of the method including participants, materials, and procedure.
- Results showing types of attraction preferred by male and female participants for different partner types.
- An analysis and conclusion that physical attraction was preferred by males while social attraction was preferred by females, partially supporting prior research but finding cultural differences.
This study investigated how physical attractiveness, social attractiveness, and self-esteem affect perceptions of desirability and reciprocity in online dating. 80 students viewed one of four fictional dating profiles that varied in physical and social attractiveness of the person depicted. Participants completed self-esteem and desirability/reciprocity measures. Results showed that profiles with high physical or social attractiveness were seen as more desirable. Profiles with both high physical and social attractiveness were seen as most desirable. Contrary to hypotheses, those with low self-esteem perceived higher reciprocity than those with high self-esteem. The study provides insight into how attributes affect perceptions in online dating.
- The study examined the effects of priming different amounts of money (hundred dollar bills, pennies, or jellybeans) on participants' self-efficacy and intended altruistic donations.
- While priming larger amounts of money did not affect intended donations, it did correlate with lower reported self-efficacy among participants. However, self-efficacy did not correlate with intended donation amounts.
- Life satisfaction was positively correlated with both self-efficacy and intended donations, suggesting its role in connecting these variables merits further investigation.
The Self Related to Criminal Behavior Rough Draft KATKim Taylor
This document summarizes a research paper on the relationship between self-esteem and criminal behavior. The study examined 100 high school students (75 male, 25 female) who reported engaging in aggression in the past year. It found that those with low self-esteem were more likely to display aggression and engage in criminal acts, especially males who reported physical aggression. Recommendations included counseling, workshops, and extracurricular activities to improve self-esteem and reduce criminal behavior in minors.
Anonymity Versus Publicity of Answers and Reported Self-EsteemDanielle Hoyt
This study examined how anonymity and publicity impact self-reported self-esteem scores. 60 undergraduate students completed a self-esteem measure either anonymously online, in-person with written responses, or in-person verbally. Results showed the anonymous online scores were significantly lower than the written in-person scores, partially supporting the hypothesis that increased publicity correlates with higher self-esteem scores. However, no other conditions differed significantly. Gender did not impact results. Limitations included a small homogenous sample from one university. Future research could explore how situational factors impact anonymity and publicity effects on self-esteem.
This study examined the types of attraction (social, physical, and task) that influence people's choice of a life partner. 100 university students aged 13-33 years old participated in a survey assessing their levels of the three attractions for a committed partner, ideal partner, and new/casual partner. Results showed that for females, physical attraction was most influential for younger age groups in choosing a committed partner, while social attraction was most influential for older age groups. For males, physical attraction was generally most influential across age groups for a committed partner. Social attraction was found to be the most common influence for both females and males in choosing an ideal partner or new/casual partner regardless of age.
1) Christian faith-based organizations (CFBOs) promote positive identity development in orphans and vulnerable youth (OVY) through emphasizing each person's inherent worth and purpose.
2) CFBOs are more likely to effectively influence identity development for OVY who have regular contact through living in orphanages or other facilities, as identity is shaped through close relationships.
3) The chapter examines theories of identity development from Freud, Erikson, and others, defining identity as how one sees themselves and the social role they adhere to based on self-perception within a given social context.
This study examines whether people truly behave rationally as assumed in many economic models. The author surveys 227 University of San Diego undergraduate students, asking them to complete two games: Prisoner's Dilemma and a Pick-the-Average game. Contrary to the hypotheses, factors like being an economics major or having a higher GPA did not significantly impact rational decision making. While some limitations exist, the study questions the validity of Rational Choice Theory and assumptions of rational behavior in economic models. The results indicate people may not behave uniformly or predictably rationally as assumed.
The document summarizes a research study on interpersonal attraction. It includes:
- A list of group members conducting the research.
- The topic, aim, and hypotheses about types of attraction (physical, social, task) that influence partner choice.
- A description of the method including participants, materials, and procedure.
- Results showing types of attraction preferred by male and female participants for different partner types.
- An analysis and conclusion that physical attraction was preferred by males while social attraction was preferred by females, partially supporting prior research but finding cultural differences.
This study investigated how physical attractiveness, social attractiveness, and self-esteem affect perceptions of desirability and reciprocity in online dating. 80 students viewed one of four fictional dating profiles that varied in physical and social attractiveness of the person depicted. Participants completed self-esteem and desirability/reciprocity measures. Results showed that profiles with high physical or social attractiveness were seen as more desirable. Profiles with both high physical and social attractiveness were seen as most desirable. Contrary to hypotheses, those with low self-esteem perceived higher reciprocity than those with high self-esteem. The study provides insight into how attributes affect perceptions in online dating.
- The study examined the effects of priming different amounts of money (hundred dollar bills, pennies, or jellybeans) on participants' self-efficacy and intended altruistic donations.
- While priming larger amounts of money did not affect intended donations, it did correlate with lower reported self-efficacy among participants. However, self-efficacy did not correlate with intended donation amounts.
- Life satisfaction was positively correlated with both self-efficacy and intended donations, suggesting its role in connecting these variables merits further investigation.
The Self Related to Criminal Behavior Rough Draft KATKim Taylor
This document summarizes a research paper on the relationship between self-esteem and criminal behavior. The study examined 100 high school students (75 male, 25 female) who reported engaging in aggression in the past year. It found that those with low self-esteem were more likely to display aggression and engage in criminal acts, especially males who reported physical aggression. Recommendations included counseling, workshops, and extracurricular activities to improve self-esteem and reduce criminal behavior in minors.
Anonymity Versus Publicity of Answers and Reported Self-EsteemDanielle Hoyt
This study examined how anonymity and publicity impact self-reported self-esteem scores. 60 undergraduate students completed a self-esteem measure either anonymously online, in-person with written responses, or in-person verbally. Results showed the anonymous online scores were significantly lower than the written in-person scores, partially supporting the hypothesis that increased publicity correlates with higher self-esteem scores. However, no other conditions differed significantly. Gender did not impact results. Limitations included a small homogenous sample from one university. Future research could explore how situational factors impact anonymity and publicity effects on self-esteem.
This study examined the types of attraction (social, physical, and task) that influence people's choice of a life partner. 100 university students aged 13-33 years old participated in a survey assessing their levels of the three attractions for a committed partner, ideal partner, and new/casual partner. Results showed that for females, physical attraction was most influential for younger age groups in choosing a committed partner, while social attraction was most influential for older age groups. For males, physical attraction was generally most influential across age groups for a committed partner. Social attraction was found to be the most common influence for both females and males in choosing an ideal partner or new/casual partner regardless of age.
1) Christian faith-based organizations (CFBOs) promote positive identity development in orphans and vulnerable youth (OVY) through emphasizing each person's inherent worth and purpose.
2) CFBOs are more likely to effectively influence identity development for OVY who have regular contact through living in orphanages or other facilities, as identity is shaped through close relationships.
3) The chapter examines theories of identity development from Freud, Erikson, and others, defining identity as how one sees themselves and the social role they adhere to based on self-perception within a given social context.
Positive Emotions Boost Enthusiastic Responsiveness to Capitalization Attempt...Maciej Behnke
The document describes a study that examined how eliciting positive and negative emotions influences responses to a partner's capitalization attempts. Participants in romantic relationships watched film clips designed to elicit positive, negative, or neutral emotions. They then responded to messages saying their partner had won money. Positive emotions facilitated enthusiastic responses like smiling, while negative emotions inhibited enthusiasm. These effects were mediated by emotional valence and smiling, but not physiological arousal. The results suggest positive emotions fuel enthusiastic support for a partner's accomplishments.
1. OgilvyChange was briefed to increase sales and subscriptions for various clients like The Times newspaper and BT Business through small behavioral nudges.
2. Their solutions involved tweaks to choice architecture, messaging, and signage based on behavioral principles like social norms, framing, and reducing choice overload.
3. These low-cost nudges led to significant results like doubling sales of The Times' "Ultimate Pack" subscription and generating a 257% return on investment for clients. Phone calls to The Times were also made three times more successful through behavioral training.
This document summarizes the key approaches to personality psychology discussed in the textbook. It notes that no single approach can account for all aspects of personality, and that each approach focuses on different questions and aspects while ignoring others. It also states that maintaining awareness of multiple approaches helps avoid arrogance and allows for integration of perspectives. Finally, it emphasizes that understanding personality involves observing and seeking to explain a person's behavior over time.
Credibility, reputation, identity, and image may be irreparably damaged from negative campaigning. This study provides useful insights for political advisors and the communications
industry to consider.
Critical thinking is an important skill that involves logic, gathering evidence, and making decisions based on facts rather than opinions alone. It develops over time as people progress from viewing issues in black and white terms to recognizing ambiguity and committing to positions based on evidence. Barriers to critical thinking include resistance through avoidance, anger, or clinging to preconceptions rather than considering new evidence. Developing critical thinking requires open-mindedness, analysis of multiple perspectives, and understanding different ways of interpreting experiences.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the textbook "The Personality Puzzle" regarding Freud's theories of the unconscious mind, defenses, and slips. It discusses anxiety, defense mechanisms like denial and repression, parapraxes like Freudian slips, and provides an overview of critiques and ongoing relevance of psychoanalytic theory. The presentation aims to evaluate Freud's contribution to psychology and discuss how unconscious processes help deal with anxiety.
Focusing on credibility and trust, as key elements is critical to evaluating negative campaign messages. At the very least this study offers insights into the transference of attitudes and actions regarding negative comparative statements supporting existing research on Learning Theory.
This document provides an overview of several topics in humanistic and positive psychology, including:
- Humanistic psychology aims to understand human experience and free will. Phenomenology emphasizes that subjective experience and perception are central to human existence.
- Existentialism focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life. It discusses concepts like "thrownness," "bad faith," and achieving an "authentic existence." Eastern philosophy offers an alternative view that reduces emphasis on the individual.
- Optimistic humanism, including theories by Rogers and Maslow, sees people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs model describes how more basic needs must be met before higher-level
the relationship between psychology communication and social exchangeunisel
Social Exchange Theory proposes that human relationships are formed through a series of interactions where people aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs. It was developed in the 1950s by George Homans and further expanded by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley. The theory uses concepts from behavioral psychology and economics to analyze dynamics in relationships. It contends that people will continue relationships as long as their outcomes, such as rewards, are greater than their investments, such as costs or sacrifices.
1) The document discusses decision making in criminals from several perspectives, including rational choice theory, social bonding theory, and biological theories. It also presents two case studies of individuals who committed crimes and the influencing factors.
2) Cognitive limitations and use of heuristics are believed to influence criminal decision making. Deterrence theory also proposes that punishments can control crime through certainty, severity and clarity.
3) Adolescent decision making is still developing, and video research found they were more future-oriented and less peer-influenced than non-detained youth. Peer influence and strain were factors for the 16-year-old in the home invasion.
Upon meeting someone new, people seek to reduce uncertainty about the other person through communication. Common strategies include asking questions to learn about their background, finding out information indirectly from others, or passive observation. Reducing uncertainty allows people to better predict another's behavior and feel more comfortable in the interaction.
The document discusses sources of knowledge and errors in thinking that can distort critical thinking. It explains that knowledge comes from both rationalism, which sees knowledge coming from reason, and empiricism, which sees it coming from sensory experience. However, Immanuel Kant argued that our experience is dependent on how our minds structure information. The document also outlines various cognitive and perceptual errors that can influence human judgment, such as confirmation bias, distortion, and errors arising from social and group influences. Overall, it emphasizes that critical thinkers must be aware of the limitations of human reason and experience in order to evaluate information objectively.
The document discusses several theories related to human reproductive behaviour and relationship formation and development. It describes theories of sexual selection, social penetration theory, physical attractiveness, filter theory, social exchange theory, equity theory, investment model, and relationship dissolution model. Key concepts include anisogamy, inter-sexual selection, intra-sexual selection, self-disclosure, halo effect, matching hypothesis, comparison level, stages of relationship development, intrinsic and extrinsic investments, and the four phases of relationship dissolution. Research supporting and critiquing various aspects of the theories is also reviewed.
The document provides a summary of articles from the newsletter "O BEHAVE! Issue 17". It discusses several topics:
1) Research showing both positive and negative impacts of video games on behavior, emphasizing the media only focuses on negatives.
2) The Dunning-Kruger effect where people with low ability are unaware of their incompetence and overestimate their skills.
3) A phenomenon called the "belief in a favorable future" where people think the world will change to align with their views without action needing to be taken.
4) The concept of "defensive decision making" where people choose inferior options to protect their reputation if things go wrong.
5) How people with
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document summarizes four ways ("BLIS") to collect data on personality: Behavior (B), Life Outcomes (L), Informants (I), and Self-reports (S). Each type of data has advantages and disadvantages. It is important to collect multiple types of data to get a full picture of personality, as each type provides only clues that are ambiguous. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each data type and emphasizes that more data is generally better than less data when trying to understand personality.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between attachment styles and the Big Five personality traits. It discusses how attachment styles develop from infant relationships with caregivers and shape views of self and others. Personality traits are relatively stable characteristics that distinguish individuals. The study examined correlations between attachment anxiety/avoidance dimensions and the Big Five traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness using surveys of 100 college students. Results revealed some personality traits like Neuroticism were strongly correlated with certain attachment styles while others showed weaker or no correlations.
The document provides a summary of articles and research studies related to behavioral science:
- A study found no difference in aggression levels between prisoners housed in pink versus white cells, contradicting previous research.
- The gambler's fallacy bias can influence loan officers and judges to make less favorable decisions if preceding cases were approved/granted.
- Imagining walking through a doorway can impair memory recall, due to event boundaries in the mind.
- Worriers and ruminators tend to have higher verbal intelligence scores.
- Scents like lavender may promote interpersonal trust while peppermint is more stimulating.
- A charity highlighted options to round up shopping totals and donate the difference.
The implementation of a flow coordinator role in an emergency department did not improve key throughput metrics like length of stay and left without being seen rates. While the flow coordinator aimed to improve efficiency, an electronic medical record change slowed processes down for months, counteracting any benefits. Analysis found that males and patients aged 20-40 were highest risk for poor throughput outcomes. Patient satisfaction still improved despite worse metrics. Recommendations include studying different clinical roles for flow coordination and its impact on other areas like admissions and diversions.
This resume is for Jaimy Garcia, who graduated from Gage Park Academy in 2016 and has experience in sales and customer service roles at Solid Gold Jewelry and Fashion Marks. Garcia has excellent communication and interpersonal skills as well as being bilingual in English and Spanish. References are available upon request.
Positive Emotions Boost Enthusiastic Responsiveness to Capitalization Attempt...Maciej Behnke
The document describes a study that examined how eliciting positive and negative emotions influences responses to a partner's capitalization attempts. Participants in romantic relationships watched film clips designed to elicit positive, negative, or neutral emotions. They then responded to messages saying their partner had won money. Positive emotions facilitated enthusiastic responses like smiling, while negative emotions inhibited enthusiasm. These effects were mediated by emotional valence and smiling, but not physiological arousal. The results suggest positive emotions fuel enthusiastic support for a partner's accomplishments.
1. OgilvyChange was briefed to increase sales and subscriptions for various clients like The Times newspaper and BT Business through small behavioral nudges.
2. Their solutions involved tweaks to choice architecture, messaging, and signage based on behavioral principles like social norms, framing, and reducing choice overload.
3. These low-cost nudges led to significant results like doubling sales of The Times' "Ultimate Pack" subscription and generating a 257% return on investment for clients. Phone calls to The Times were also made three times more successful through behavioral training.
This document summarizes the key approaches to personality psychology discussed in the textbook. It notes that no single approach can account for all aspects of personality, and that each approach focuses on different questions and aspects while ignoring others. It also states that maintaining awareness of multiple approaches helps avoid arrogance and allows for integration of perspectives. Finally, it emphasizes that understanding personality involves observing and seeking to explain a person's behavior over time.
Credibility, reputation, identity, and image may be irreparably damaged from negative campaigning. This study provides useful insights for political advisors and the communications
industry to consider.
Critical thinking is an important skill that involves logic, gathering evidence, and making decisions based on facts rather than opinions alone. It develops over time as people progress from viewing issues in black and white terms to recognizing ambiguity and committing to positions based on evidence. Barriers to critical thinking include resistance through avoidance, anger, or clinging to preconceptions rather than considering new evidence. Developing critical thinking requires open-mindedness, analysis of multiple perspectives, and understanding different ways of interpreting experiences.
This document summarizes key points from Chapter 11 of the textbook "The Personality Puzzle" regarding Freud's theories of the unconscious mind, defenses, and slips. It discusses anxiety, defense mechanisms like denial and repression, parapraxes like Freudian slips, and provides an overview of critiques and ongoing relevance of psychoanalytic theory. The presentation aims to evaluate Freud's contribution to psychology and discuss how unconscious processes help deal with anxiety.
Focusing on credibility and trust, as key elements is critical to evaluating negative campaign messages. At the very least this study offers insights into the transference of attitudes and actions regarding negative comparative statements supporting existing research on Learning Theory.
This document provides an overview of several topics in humanistic and positive psychology, including:
- Humanistic psychology aims to understand human experience and free will. Phenomenology emphasizes that subjective experience and perception are central to human existence.
- Existentialism focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life. It discusses concepts like "thrownness," "bad faith," and achieving an "authentic existence." Eastern philosophy offers an alternative view that reduces emphasis on the individual.
- Optimistic humanism, including theories by Rogers and Maslow, sees people as inherently good and striving for self-actualization. Maslow's hierarchy of needs model describes how more basic needs must be met before higher-level
the relationship between psychology communication and social exchangeunisel
Social Exchange Theory proposes that human relationships are formed through a series of interactions where people aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs. It was developed in the 1950s by George Homans and further expanded by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley. The theory uses concepts from behavioral psychology and economics to analyze dynamics in relationships. It contends that people will continue relationships as long as their outcomes, such as rewards, are greater than their investments, such as costs or sacrifices.
1) The document discusses decision making in criminals from several perspectives, including rational choice theory, social bonding theory, and biological theories. It also presents two case studies of individuals who committed crimes and the influencing factors.
2) Cognitive limitations and use of heuristics are believed to influence criminal decision making. Deterrence theory also proposes that punishments can control crime through certainty, severity and clarity.
3) Adolescent decision making is still developing, and video research found they were more future-oriented and less peer-influenced than non-detained youth. Peer influence and strain were factors for the 16-year-old in the home invasion.
Upon meeting someone new, people seek to reduce uncertainty about the other person through communication. Common strategies include asking questions to learn about their background, finding out information indirectly from others, or passive observation. Reducing uncertainty allows people to better predict another's behavior and feel more comfortable in the interaction.
The document discusses sources of knowledge and errors in thinking that can distort critical thinking. It explains that knowledge comes from both rationalism, which sees knowledge coming from reason, and empiricism, which sees it coming from sensory experience. However, Immanuel Kant argued that our experience is dependent on how our minds structure information. The document also outlines various cognitive and perceptual errors that can influence human judgment, such as confirmation bias, distortion, and errors arising from social and group influences. Overall, it emphasizes that critical thinkers must be aware of the limitations of human reason and experience in order to evaluate information objectively.
The document discusses several theories related to human reproductive behaviour and relationship formation and development. It describes theories of sexual selection, social penetration theory, physical attractiveness, filter theory, social exchange theory, equity theory, investment model, and relationship dissolution model. Key concepts include anisogamy, inter-sexual selection, intra-sexual selection, self-disclosure, halo effect, matching hypothesis, comparison level, stages of relationship development, intrinsic and extrinsic investments, and the four phases of relationship dissolution. Research supporting and critiquing various aspects of the theories is also reviewed.
The document provides a summary of articles from the newsletter "O BEHAVE! Issue 17". It discusses several topics:
1) Research showing both positive and negative impacts of video games on behavior, emphasizing the media only focuses on negatives.
2) The Dunning-Kruger effect where people with low ability are unaware of their incompetence and overestimate their skills.
3) A phenomenon called the "belief in a favorable future" where people think the world will change to align with their views without action needing to be taken.
4) The concept of "defensive decision making" where people choose inferior options to protect their reputation if things go wrong.
5) How people with
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document summarizes four ways ("BLIS") to collect data on personality: Behavior (B), Life Outcomes (L), Informants (I), and Self-reports (S). Each type of data has advantages and disadvantages. It is important to collect multiple types of data to get a full picture of personality, as each type provides only clues that are ambiguous. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each data type and emphasizes that more data is generally better than less data when trying to understand personality.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between attachment styles and the Big Five personality traits. It discusses how attachment styles develop from infant relationships with caregivers and shape views of self and others. Personality traits are relatively stable characteristics that distinguish individuals. The study examined correlations between attachment anxiety/avoidance dimensions and the Big Five traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness using surveys of 100 college students. Results revealed some personality traits like Neuroticism were strongly correlated with certain attachment styles while others showed weaker or no correlations.
The document provides a summary of articles and research studies related to behavioral science:
- A study found no difference in aggression levels between prisoners housed in pink versus white cells, contradicting previous research.
- The gambler's fallacy bias can influence loan officers and judges to make less favorable decisions if preceding cases were approved/granted.
- Imagining walking through a doorway can impair memory recall, due to event boundaries in the mind.
- Worriers and ruminators tend to have higher verbal intelligence scores.
- Scents like lavender may promote interpersonal trust while peppermint is more stimulating.
- A charity highlighted options to round up shopping totals and donate the difference.
The implementation of a flow coordinator role in an emergency department did not improve key throughput metrics like length of stay and left without being seen rates. While the flow coordinator aimed to improve efficiency, an electronic medical record change slowed processes down for months, counteracting any benefits. Analysis found that males and patients aged 20-40 were highest risk for poor throughput outcomes. Patient satisfaction still improved despite worse metrics. Recommendations include studying different clinical roles for flow coordination and its impact on other areas like admissions and diversions.
This resume is for Jaimy Garcia, who graduated from Gage Park Academy in 2016 and has experience in sales and customer service roles at Solid Gold Jewelry and Fashion Marks. Garcia has excellent communication and interpersonal skills as well as being bilingual in English and Spanish. References are available upon request.
Servicio de tarot telefónico 24 horas desde España. Videncia de calidad por videntes y astrólogos respetables y fiables. Increíbles ofertas. Compruébalo.
This document provides details about Farshid Tavakoli, including his education, skills, expertise, and professional experience. He has a Master's degree in Mechatronic & Automation and founded Faraz Dena Tajhiz Co. in 2009. As the local distributor for Smith&Nephew Co. since 2009, his company achieved $1 million in product sales in 2015 and provides medical devices and orthopedic products in Isfahan, Iran. He has over 7 years of experience in marketing, sales, and servicing medical devices, and manages a team of 10 people.
Natureview yogurt was founded in 1989 and has found success due to its longer shelf life and high quality taste. It currently sells primarily through supermarkets but is considering expanding into other channels. Expanding its 8oz, 32oz, and children's multipacks into supermarkets could bring both advantages like filling market needs and disadvantages like increased competition. Moving first into natural food stores with a children's multipack may allow time to prepare for supermarkets while maintaining strong relationships in natural stores. Financial projections show the various product sizes have different costs, prices and profit margins. Adjustments are recommended around pricing, costs and partnerships to improve competitiveness.
This document discusses approaches to improving emergency department (ED) throughput and addressing overcrowding. It provides background on the problem of ED overcrowding, including factors contributing to increased patient volumes and decreased bed capacity. Common models for improving throughput focus on separating patients by acuity, expediting diagnostics, and using technology. The document also discusses a conceptual model of ED crowding involving input, throughput, and output phases. Key approaches to improving throughput discussed are patient-specific flow models, rapid triage, providers in triage, flow expeditors, and technology. The significance of addressing overcrowding relates to accreditation standards, hospital finances, and patient satisfaction.
Uno e los puntos importantes de una empresa es la buena gestión del departamento de Recursos humanos.¿Cómo mejorar la calidad humana dentro de una empresa para un buen desempeño y gestión de calidad.?
Best Buy's business objectives are to obtain and grow market share through international growth and connected digital solutions. It aims to be the best consumer electronics retailer through a focus on customer connectivity. Some keys to Best Buy's success have been knowledgeable staff, positive customer perceptions compared to Walmart, and acquisitions. However, it faces risks from intense competition from retailers like Walmart and Amazon, as well as economic challenges. To compete, Best Buy provides high quality customer service and aims to lead through research and development.
The Pros And Cons Of Attribution Theory
Fritz Heider : The Theory Of Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory Of Human Behavior
Emotional Intelligence And Attribution Theory
Two Theories Of Attribution Essay
Fritz Heiders Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory: Kelleys Covariation Model
Attribution Theory, By Fritz Heider Essay
The Importance Of The Attribution Theory
Bernard Weiner And Heiders Attribution Theory
Examples Of Attribution Theory
Causes Of Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory By Fritz Heider..according
Attribution theory Essay
1) The document reports on a study that examined how extraversion and introversion affect first impressions and compatibility. It looked at whether extraverts or introverts are viewed as more likeable and whether people prefer those similar or dissimilar to themselves.
2) The study involved 65 participants who watched videos of either an extraverted or introverted actress and rated the actress's likeability and their compatibility with her. Participants themselves were classified as extraverts, introverts, or ambiverts.
3) The results showed that introverted participants slightly preferred the introverted actress, while extraverted participants strongly preferred the extraverted actress. This suggests that people generally feel more compatible with those who have similar personality orientations.
Criminals exhibit cognitive distortions and thinking patterns that differ from non-criminals. A study interviewed 255 offenders and identified 52 thinking errors that could be categorized into crime-related, automatic, and criminal thinking patterns. Criminals also tend to have lower levels of moral development according to Kohlberg's stages of moral development and attribute negative behaviors of others to their disposition rather than the situation. Studies have also found a link between lower intelligence as measured by IQ tests and higher rates of criminal behavior, though intelligence is not the only factor that determines if someone will commit a crime.
This study analyzed whether people can subconsciously detect the sexual orientation of others based on facial features alone. 43 students viewed photos of faces and rated them on attractiveness and sexual orientation. The results showed that gay participants were better at detecting homosexuality in their own gender, while straight females were better at detecting homosexuality in males. Both gay and straight participants tended to rate faces of straight individuals as more attractive. This suggests people may have unconscious awareness of others' sexual orientation based solely on facial features.
1. The document discusses the Big Five personality traits - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It provides descriptions of each trait and example behaviors.
2. A study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of measuring these personality traits. Observer ratings of the traits were found to be valid predictors of job performance.
3. A pilot test of surveys measuring the five traits showed high internal reliability, establishing the surveys as effective measures of personality. The traits can help managers understand employees and improve organizational performance.
Journal ol Personality and Social Psychology1975, Vol. 31, N.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal ol Personality and Social Psychology
1975, Vol. 31, No. 3, 410-414
Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and
Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment
Harold Sigall and Nancy Ostrove
University of Maryland
The physical attractiveness of a criminal defendant (attractive, unattractive,
no information) and the nature of the crime (attractiveness-related, attrac-
tiveness-unrelated) were varied in a factorial design. After reading one of
the case accounts, subjects sentenced the defendant to a term of imprison-
ment. An interaction was predicted: When the crime was unrelated to attrac-
tiveness (burglary), subjects would assign more lenient sentences to the
attractive defendant than to the unattractive defendant; when the offense
was attractiveness-related (swindle), the attractive defendant would receive
harsher treatment. The results confirmed the predictions, thereby supporting
a cognitive explanation for the relationship between the physical attractiveness
of defendants and the nature of the judgments made against them.
Research investigating the interpersonal
consequences of physical attractiveness has
demonstrated clearly that good-looking people
have tremendous advantages over their un-
attractive counterparts in many ways. For
example, a recent study by Miller (1970) pro-
vided evidence for the existence of a physical
attractiveness stereotype with a rather favor-
able content. Dion, Berscheid, and Walster
(1972) reported similar findings: Compared
to unattractive people, better-looking people
were viewed as more likely to possess a vari-
ety of socially desirable attributes. In addi-
tion, Dion et al.'s subjects predicted rosier
futures for the beautiful stimulus persons-—
attractive people were expected to have hap-
pier and more successful lives in store for
them. Thus, at least in the eyes of others,
good looks imply greater potential.
Since physical attractiveness hardly seems
to provide a basis for an equitable distribu-
tion of rewards, one might hope that the
powerful effects of this variable would occur
primarily when it is the only source of infor-
mation available. Unfair or irrational conse-
quences of differences in beauty observed in
some situations would cause less uneasiness if,
in other situations given other important data,
This study was supported by a grant from the
University of Maryland General Research Board.
Requests for reprints should be sent to Harold
Sigall, Department of Psychology, University of
Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742.
respondents would tend to discount such
"superficial" information. Unfortunately, for
the vast majority of us who have not been
blessed with a stunning appearance, the evi-
dence does not permit such consolation. Con-
sider, for example, a recent study by Dion
(1972) in which adult subjects were pre-
sented with accounts of transgressions sup-
posedly committed by children of varying
physical attractiveness. When the transgres-
sion was severe ...
Psychology Research Methods - Final Research PaperSaumya Sudhir
The study investigated how race and age affect perceptions of friendliness. 57 female college students rated photos of women on friendliness. Results showed:
1) Participants rated college-aged targets as friendlier than middle-aged targets, but did not rate racially congruent targets as significantly friendlier.
2) Participants rated racially incongruent college-aged targets as significantly friendlier than middle-aged targets, but did not differ in ratings for racially congruent targets.
3) There was a significant interaction between race and age on friendliness ratings.
- The document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between personality traits, psychological well-being, and enjoyment of horror films.
- It administered several questionnaires measuring personality, anxiety/depression, and horror film preferences to 20 university students aged 18-26.
- The results found significant correlations between high neuroticism, low openness, and lower psychological well-being. It also found that lower psychological well-being was correlated with less empathy for victims in horror films. However, the study found no significant relationships between personality traits and enjoyment of horror films.
Running head research proposal1research proposal8.docxjeanettehully
Running head: research proposal 1
research proposal 8
Impact of Personality on Individuals’ Self-Esteem
LaTonya Bethune
PSYCH 665
Professor Teresa Neal
December 16, 2019
Impact of Personality on Individuals’ Self-Esteem
There are various definitions of self-esteem as described by different authors in the field of psychological research. It can also be defined as the general or typical feeling that an individual has about himself in a certain context and time (Heimpel et al., 2006). Andreassen et al. (2017), stated that self-esteem is an individual’s sense of worth or the level at which an individual likes or values himself. Self-esteem is individuals’ personal evaluation regarding their capabilities, importance, value, or worth (Pizzolli & Strapparava, 2019). Personality refers to the consistent set of behaviors that form a person’s distinctive character. These behaviors have emotional and cognitive patterns that have unique characteristics. An individual’s self-esteem is largely determined by their inherent personality traits, which include extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Pizzolli & Strapparava, 2019). Previous research has linked personality with self-esteem but didn’t establish the extent to which self-esteem is influenced by personality. This research seeks to establish how individual personality traits influence an individual’s self-esteem.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between personality and self-esteem and determine the extent to which personality traits can be used to predict an individual’s level of self-esteem. The personality traits, which include extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, are usually referred to as the Big Five and are described in the five personality traits model. Each trait individually affects an individual’s self-esteem, but the most dominant traits determine an individual’s level of self-esteem.
Significance of the Study
Understanding the relationship between personality and self-esteem is important because it would enable psychologists to establish the psychological outcomes associated with various personality traits which would be helpful in the prediction of outcomes such as personality disorders, job performance, divorce, and academic achievement. Also, personality traits determine the temperament level of an individual and their overall behavioral tendencies. For example, individuals with low temperament are likely to be negative about themselves, thus, have low self-esteem. The findings of this study would enable therapists to precisely predict the patient outcomes based on their personality traits and understand the type of therapy that would suit their personality. For instance, individuals with low self-esteem may not respond to therapeutic sessions that are offered in group sessions since they cannot actively participate in that context.
Lite ...
The document discusses various topics related to intelligence, including definitions of intelligence, theories of intelligence, and factors that influence intelligence. It addresses the work of intelligence researchers like Spearman, Gardner, and Sternberg in proposing models of intelligence involving general and multiple intelligences. The document also examines genetic and environmental influences on intelligence based on twin and adoption studies. It discusses intelligence testing and assessments, noting the contributions of Binet, Terman, and Wechsler. Group differences in intelligence test scores are addressed, considering the roles of environment and genetics.
Facial Attractiveness and Perception PosterElisha Yacono
The document describes a study that explored whether facial attractiveness affects people's perceptions of others during online chat conversations. 32 participants viewed either an attractive or unattractive photo of a woman and then had a 10-minute chat with her. They then rated her likeability. Results showed those who viewed the attractive photo rated the woman as marginally more attractive and significantly more friendly and approachable. No other significant differences emerged in ratings between conditions. The study suggests that while facial attractiveness may slightly influence some first impressions during online interactions, the engaging chat may have focused participants more on the conversation than appearance.
The document discusses a proposed experiment on the voting behaviors of young voters. It aims to test whether exposing young voters to facts about political candidates affects how they vote based on logic rather than popularity. The experiment would have three groups: a control group exposed to candidate biographies and a post-test, and two treatment groups additionally exposed to alternating facts about candidates' policies and given a post-test. The experiment hopes to show that with more information, young voters will make informed choices at the ballot box. Previous research discussed found that young voters with less life experience and knowledge tended to vote based more on popularity than issues.
This document summarizes and compares two journal articles on the influence of personality traits on decision making. The first article by Daniel Heck et al. uses data from 5,002 participants to determine that humility/honesty personality traits best predict unethical or dishonest decisions. The second article by Annamaria Di Fabio and Donald Saklofske uses a survey of 194 students to find that emotional intelligence influences career choices, with those of lower EI choosing less demanding careers. Both articles agree that personality traits significantly impact the decision making process. While providing supporting evidence, the document also notes weaknesses like not accounting for change over time or inherent dishonesty separate from consequences.
The document discusses various topics related to theories of personality, including:
1. Definitions of personality and approaches to studying personality, including psychoanalytic, humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral approaches.
2. The role of culture, gender, ethnicity in shaping personality.
3. How personality may be presented differently on social media than in real life.
4. Common methods used to assess personality, such as self-report tests, projective techniques, clinical interviews, and behavioral or thought sampling assessments.
The document summarizes a study that investigated how exposure to images of women in submissive or dominant poses affects women's interest in leadership positions. 53 female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to view either submissive or dominant media images of women. They then rated their desire to pursue three leadership roles and described their reactions. Those who viewed dominant poses were predicted to report higher desire for leadership roles than those who viewed submissive poses. Results revealed that women with lower self-esteem perceived more threats when exposed to dominant images, while the pattern was reversed for those with higher self-esteem. Women with lower agency perceived leadership more positively after seeing dominant images, whereas the pattern was reversed for those with higher agency. The study suggests individual differences
Testing for conscientiousness. Programming Personality Factors Jacob Stotler
The document describes a study that developed and tested a 23-item inventory to measure the personality trait of conscientiousness. 62 college students completed the inventory, which assessed conscientiousness using four facets: achievement, deliberation, order, and self-discipline. Cronbach's alpha reliability was .77 and test-retest reliability over one week was .966, indicating good reliability. Validity analyses found moderate correlations between conscientiousness scores and GPA/life satisfaction but no correlation with extroversion. While reliability was good, validity analyses suggested the measure may not be suitable for clinical use. The study provided statistical information that could help improve measures of conscientiousness.
Conducting Culturally Sensitive Qualitative Research DEVIKADIBYA.docxdonnajames55
Conducting Culturally Sensitive Qualitative Research
DEVIKADIBYACHOUDHURI THE MULTICULTURAL GUIDELINES
One of the key elements of the American Psychological Association’s (APA, 2003) “Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice, and Organizational Change for Psychologists” is the notion of a cultural lens. The Multicultural Guidelines define culture as an embodiment of worldview, a complex of systems of values, beliefs, and resultant practices that shape the way individuals make meaning of the world. Using a visual metaphor, a cultural lens is then simply the field of vision that incorporates the landscape of culture. The Multicultural Guidelines invite psychologists to use a cultural lens, acknowledging the ways in which culture shapes their own lens, the multiple meanings that individuals may make about themselves and their contexts, and ways to be responsive and sensitive to such understandings of the world. Specifically, in terms of conducting research, Guideline 4 asks investigators to appreciate the importance of conducting culture-centered research and be sensitive to cultural issues regarding research focus, design, and methods. A cultural lens, by definition, is rooted in the subjective, the internal worldview view of a particular person from his or her particular location intheworld.Thissubjectivityofinternallyconstructedmeaning,asopposedtoapresumedexternallyobjectiverealitytrueforallpersonsin alltimesandcontexts,isthesociallyconstructedpositionofqualitative research.
OVERVIEW OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The practice of qualitative inquiry covers a variety of research methods and approaches that operate from an interpretive paradigm, developing portrayals of a complex and dynamic reality (Glesne & Peshkin, 1992). Symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1969), feminist inquiry (Olesen, 1994), grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) action research, case studies, and ethnographies are examples of the plethora of approaches constituting qualitative inquiry (Bogdan & Biklen, 1992). Qualitative research strives to understand the epistemological nature of phenomena through the subjective experiences of the persons who are concerned with such phenomena. Essentially, it is the process of finding out what people think and feel impressionistically and narratively rather than quantifiably. As such, this methodology lends itself particularly well to understanding the experiences and worldviews of diverse persons. For instance, Gibson (2002) looked at the experience of African American grandmothers who were caregivers to grandchildren whose parents were not able to provide them with adequate care. This phenomenon of kinship care, culturally congruent in the African American community, needed a qualitative approach to explore a complex, sensitive, and contextually rich situation and capture the lived experience of this clinically significant group. Qualitative approaches are becoming increasingly popular as a methodology for con.
Running Head THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 1
THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE 2
The Influence Media has on Body Image of Adolescent Girls
Michele Jackson
Argosy University
Professor Russo
December 11, 2013
1. Do the media influence adolescent girl’s body images?
2. Null Hypothesis: the media does not have an influence on adolescent girl’s body image. Alternate Hypothesis: the media does influence adolescent girl’s body image.
3. The correct sample size that will be used in the research is 385 adolescent girls. Determining the right sample size involves the calculation of the margin of error. The estimated margin of error at 95 percent confidence level that is a 5 percent chance that the results will be different is derived by 1/√N. N is the sample size. This means that a sample size of 10 will have a margin of error of 31.6 percent, but a sample size of 100 will have a 10 percent margin of error. This implies that the greater the N, the smaller the margin of error; therefore, the results of the research will useful (White & McBurney, 2013). A sample size of 385 participants is sufficiently large and is representative of the population, and limits extreme observations and the impacts of outliers. The inclusion characteristics include: they must be female, must be aged between 13 and 19 years and must be exposed to different forms of media. The exclusion characteristics are: history of any mental or personality disorder and history of drug use. The sample should be diverse. This is to make the sample representative of all adolescent girls.
4. The sampling technique that will be used in the study is random sampling. Random sampling is choosing a sample from the statistical population so that every sample that could be chosen has a predetermined chance of being chosen. This is the most appropriate sampling technique since it is the least unbiased of all sampling methods (Monsen et al, 2008). Additionally, there is no subjectivity is the technique because each member of the statistical population has an equal chance of being chosen. The sample will generalize to the entire adolescent girls’ population. This is the key advantage of random sampling because it is representative of the population. The only factor that can make the sample unrepresentative of the population is sampling error.
5. There are two variables in my study: the dependent and the independent variable. The dependent variable is the body image of adolescent girls, while the independent variable is the media. The body image of adolescent girls’ is the dependent variable because it is changed by factors such as the media. This is the variable being measured in the study. The independent variable is not affected by other factors or variables. The research is attempting to establish the relationship between media and adolescent girls’ body image. That .
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This study analyzed the relationship between superstition and locus of control in 200 college students in India. It found that the majority of students scored in the non-superstitious range on the superstition scale. Female students and those with an external locus of control (influenced by chance, God, or others) tended to be more superstitious. Contrary to expectations, students from rural areas were not found to be significantly more superstitious than those from urban areas. The study concluded that while individuals may recognize superstitions, they are often not willing to oppose them, especially in more traditional rural communities that resist change.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychological science. It discusses the need for psychological science over intuition and common sense given the limits of human judgment. It then covers various research methods used in psychology like case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, experiments, and statistical analysis. Different types of variables in experiments are defined. The scientific method and critical thinking are emphasized as important approaches in psychology. Finally, common questions about psychology are addressed relating to applying research, cultural influences, ethics of animal/human research, and the goals of the field.
Similar to Perception of Intelligence Final Essay (20)
2. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 2
Abstract
Previous studies found that individuals who are perceived as attractive are more likely to
be perceived as intelligent by other and that individuals report their own positive characteristics
as being higher than what they truly are. The two hypotheses to be evaluated in this study are 1)
those who are perceived as physically attractive are thought to have higher intelligence than
those who are less attractive, and 2) participants who rate themselves as being highly attractive
will rate themselves as being above average intelligence. Participants completed a 27 question
online survey and predicted the intelligence of 23 pictured individuals. Results showed no
relationship between perceived attractiveness and intelligence. Results suggested a significant
correlation r =.31 between self-ratings of attractiveness and intelligence. This study provided
partial support for the tested hypotheses. The perceived attractiveness and intelligence were
taken from separate samples, which could be the reason that no correlation was found between
the variables for H1.
3. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 3
Introduction
Commonly, intelligence is measured by an intelligence quotient in IQ tests. Stereotypes
have been conceptualized through the concept of intelligence. Examples of common intelligence
stereotypes are: “men are more intelligent than women” and also that “Asian’s are better at math
than African Americans.” Individuals tend to rate their own intelligence higher than what it truly
is.
In a study conducted by Gabriel and colleagues, they found that both men and women
rated their intelligence greater than what it truly was. It was also found that men also rated their
attractiveness as being greater than it truly was, as rated by others (Critelli, p. 146). Both results
could be explained by the self-enhancement effect, where individuals rate themselves higher in
positive qualities which helps them to maintain their self-esteem.
Attractiveness is measured by how aesthetically appealing an individual perceives
another. This concept can include sexual attraction but is not limited to it. Individuals tend to
believe that those who are highly attractive have good traits and characteristics (Hamilton, 2015).
Highly attractive individuals are commonly believed to be smarter, more honest, and nicer than
those who are less attractive.
Individuals tend to attribute positive traits, such as intelligence, to those who are more
physically attractive. The reason why this happens is due to the halo effect (Zebrowitz, Hall,
Murphy, & Rhodes, 2002, p. 239). The halo effect occurs when an individual bias towards
another clouds their overall perception of them. A person may unintentionally focus on a single
positive characteristic of another individual causing them to overlook the present negative
characteristics. This is why it was believed that those who are “attractive” will be thought to
have a higher intelligence level than those who are “less attractive.”
4. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 4
Priming has also been determined to play a role in the perception of intelligence as
influenced attractiveness. Individuals tend to place highly positive characteristics onto others,
such as being intelligent, after being primed by someone’s initial high attractiveness. This can
also be used to explain why those who are “less attractive” are perceived as being less intelligent.
It has been shown that individuals who have been primed associate negative inferences about
intelligence with those who they view as being more negative (less attractive) (Chia, Allred,
Grossnickle, & Lee, 1998, p. 472).
Some studies say there is a link between attractiveness and actual intelligence as well.
Kanazawa conducted an experiment that empirically supports the theory that beautiful people are
more intelligent, which in turn leads to them being perceived as being more intelligent
(Kanazawa, 2004, p. 227). Men tend to seek out women who are more physically attractive while
women seek out men who are wealthier and have higher status.
Narcissists are high in vanity and will tend to rate themselves as being highly attractive.
Those who rate themselves as highly attractive may also perceive themselves as being more
intelligent than others due to positive narcissistic illusions. Personality psychologists have found
a trend where narcissists experience “self-deception” and “cognitive biases” connected to the
positive illusions that they place upon themselves, which in turn leads to them feeling superior
over others (Holtzman, 2010, p. 135).
The purpose of this pilot study is to identify if there is a correlation between
attractiveness and perceived intelligence. The population of interest consists of American males
and females over the age of 18. The two hypotheses to be evaluated are 1) Those who are
attractive are thought to have higher intelligence levels than those who are less attractive and 2)
5. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 5
Participants who rate themselves as being highly attractive will perceive themselves as being
above average intelligence.
Methods
Participants
This study was IRB approved and recruited participants through Amazon’s MTURK
using simple random sampling. To be included in the analyses participants needed to be at least
18 years old, a resident of the United States, able to read English, and fully completed the
survey.
Procedure
Participants completed an online survey resulting in a total of 27 questions. The first
question simply asked for consent from the participant. Questions 2-24 asked the participant to
predict the intelligence level of the pictured individuals provided. Questions 25-27 collected
non-identifiable information about the participant’s sex, their perceived intelligence and
perceived attractiveness of their self.
Photographs
The photographs used were electronic headshots of 12 females and 10 males. Each
picture was taken at a similar angle and upon a solid white background. Four individuals were
pictured twice to demonstrate an attractive appearance and a less attractive appearance. In the
attractive appearance the individuals styled their hair and makeup while in the less attractive
appearance they did not.
In a pilot study, a “standard of attractiveness” was collected by 81 Indiana University
Kokomo students using convenience sampling. The students rated each photograph on a scale of
1 to 5 with 1 being unattractive and 5 being highly attractive.
6. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 6
A median split was used to categorize 12 of the photographed individuals as attractive
with an average score greater than or equal to 2.7 and 11 of the photographed individuals as less
attractive with an average score less than or equal to 2.6.
Analysis
Equal variances were assumed. Correlations were conducted to determine if relationships
existed between attractiveness and perceived intelligence. Correlations were also conducted to
determine if a relationship existed between those who rated themselves as being highly attractive
and rated themselves as being above average intelligence. T-tests were conducted to determine
differences between perceived intelligence/attractiveness when wearing graphic t-shirts and not
wearing graphic t-shirts.
Results
Out of the 81 Indiana
University Kokomo students who
contributed to the standard of
attractiveness. 21 participants were
male while 60 were female. The total
mean perceived attractiveness score
was 2.64. The females mean perceived
attractiveness score was 2.71 while the
males score was 2.57. 204 participants
fully completed the online survey. 93
were males and 111 were female. The mean
perceived intelligence was 97.60. Two questions guided this research: 1) Those who are
attractive are thought to have higher intelligence levels than those who are less attractive and 2)
*Blue:Attractive *Grey:Less attractive
Table 1
Pictured Attractiveness Number of Raters
W 3.6 (n=75)
C 3.3 (n=80)
G 3.2 (n=81)
R 3.1 (n=73)
V 3.1 (n=79)
N 3.0 (n=77)
B 2.9 (n=80)
I 2.8 (n=72)
J 2.8 (n=80)
F 2.7 (n=78)
O 2.7 (n=79)
A 2.7 (n=80)
E 2.6 (n=80)
T 2.5 (n=81)
H 2.5 (n=77)
M 2.4 (n=81)
L 2.4 (n=79)
D 2.2 (n=68)
K 2.2 (n=79)
Q 2.2 (n=79)
U 2.2 (n=79)
S 2.1 (n=78)
P 1.9 (n=52)
Pictured Perceived Intelligence
W 103.62
C 102.69
G 106.09
R 104.58
V 109.58
N 93.89
B 99.08
I 109.75
J 100.19
F 99.37
O 96.75
A 110.37
E 99.39
T 100.51
H 102.48
M 96.25
L 101.93
D 102.91
K 101.01
Q 102.71
U 99.22
S 101.42
P 104.85
7. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 7
Participants who rate themselves as being highly attractive will perceive themselves as being
above average intelligence.
Table 1 shows the average attractiveness and perceived intelligence scores received by
each pictured individual. Correlations were conducted to determine if a relationship existed
between the pictured individual’s attractiveness and their perceived intelligence and no
significant correlation was found (p > .20).
To examine the second research question, 25 participants rated their own attractiveness as
being 70 or greater on a scale of 100 were considered as rating themselves as being highly
attractive. Correlations were
conducted to determine if there was
a relationship between participants
who rated themselves as being
highly attractive and also rated
themselves as being above average
intelligence. 107 participants who
rated their intelligence a 115 or
higher out of 150 were considered as
rating themselves as above average
intelligence. A relationship between those who rated themselves as being highly attractive and
above average intelligence led to results that suggest a significant 1-tailed correlation of r = .31
(p < .001). This data demonstrates how the higher an individual rates their attractiveness the
higher they rate their own intelligence. This correlation is demonstrated in graph 1.
Graph 1
8. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 8
In attempt to figure out why there was no correlation between attractiveness and
perceived intelligence, t-tests were ran to determine if the pictured individual’s clothing played a
role. The pictured individuals were divided into groups of wearing graphic t-shirts and not
wearing graphing t-shirts and were tested against perceived intelligence and attractiveness. No
significant results were found (p > .08). Similarly, to determine if the four individuals who took
a “more attractive” and “less attractive” photos had a relationship with attractiveness,
correlations were ran. No significant correlation was found (p > .25).
Discussion
The two hypotheses that were evaluated were 1) Those who are attractive are thought to
have higher intelligence levels than those who are less attractive and 2) Participants who rate
themselves as being highly attractive will perceive themselves as being above average
intelligence. When the standard of attractiveness data was collected from Indiana University
Kokomo students, they were asked to not rate the photographs of individuals they knew in order
to avoid potential bias.
Unlike previous research, no correlation was found between attractiveness and perceived
intelligence. Yet similar to previous research of narcissistic trends, there was a significant
correlation between participants who rated themselves as highly attractive and above average
intelligence. By yielding similar results as previous studies it increases the external validity of
this finding. With both studies agreeing that individuals who rate themselves as attractive will
positively correlate their perceived self-intelligence, the reliability of this finding is also
increased.
Previous studies have determined that the halo effect and priming both contribute to
attractive individuals being perceived as being more intelligent. The halo effect could have
taken place by participants disliking the graphic t-shirts worn by the pictured individuals. For
9. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 9
example, one pictured individual was wearing an Under Armor shirt. If the participants do not
like Under Armor it could have led them to contributing negative characteristics to the pictured
individual, such as being less intelligent.
Additionally, participants were potentially primed by some individual’s graphic t-shirts to
believe they were less intelligent. For example, one of the pictured individuals was wearing a
graphic t-shirt that read “Senior 2013.” This could have primed the participants into thinking
about the limitation of a high school level intelligence.
The correlation found between participants rating themselves as highly attractive and
above average intelligence could potentially be due to participants being highly narcissistic.
Individuals with narcissism tend to be high in vanity and may believe themselves as being more
intelligent than others due to narcissistic illusions. Narcissists may attribute positive illusions as
their true characteristics, such as being above average intelligence, leading to their own cognitive
biases (Holtzman, 2010, p. 135). To test this theory, a correlation was conducted to determine if
participants who perceived themselves as being above average intelligence viewed the pictured
individual’s as being less intelligent than them. No correlation was found.
A limitation of this study includes the convenience sampling used to find the standard of
attractiveness. The Indiana University Kokomo students primarily consisted of Caucasian
psychology majors who were traditional college students. By only using traditional college
students it lessens the generalizability of the standard of attractiveness by limiting the ages of
those who created the standard; consisting of ages 18-22. By using convenience sampling the
external validity of the standard of attractiveness is low. An additional limitation of this study is
that the standard of attractiveness and perceived intelligence were taken from separate samples,
10. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 10
which could be the reason that no correlation was found between attractiveness and perceived
intelligence.
Future research could be conducted that controls the outfits of the pictured individuals
and only focuses on facial attractiveness. To control the outfits all individuals could wear a solid
black t-shirt. By having all individuals wear similar clothes perhaps it would lead to a correlation
appearing between attractiveness and perceived intelligence. Also, a study could be conducted
that identifies if facial attractiveness and wearing glasses results in a relationship with perceived
intelligence. By comparing the perceived intelligence of those with and without glasses it would
be possible to identify if those who wear glasses are perceived as more or less attractive and
more or less intelligent. Furthermore, a study could be conducted that changes the skin color of
pictured individuals to determine is ethnicity plays a role in attractiveness and/or perceived
intelligence.
11. PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENCE 11
References
Chia, R. C., Allred, L. J., Grossnickle, W. F., & Lee, G. W. (1998). Effects of Attractiveness and
Gender on the Perception of Achievement-Related Variables. The Journal of Social
Psychology, 138(4), 471-477.
Furham, A., & Rawles, R. (1995). Sex differences in the estimation of intelligence. Journal of
Social Behavior and Personality, 10(3), 741-748.
Gabriel, M. T., Critelli, J. W., & Ee, J. S. (1994). Narcissistic Illusions in Self-Evaluations of
Intelligence and Attractiveness. J Personality Journal of Personality, 62(1), 143-155.
Hamilton, D. L. (1981). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale,
NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Holtzman, N. S., & Strube, M. J. (2010). Narcissism and attractiveness. Journal of Research in
Personality, 44(1), 133-136.
Kanazawa, S. (2011). Intelligence and physical attractiveness. Intelligence, 39(1), 7-14.
Kanazawa, S., & Kovar, J. (2004). Why beautiful people are more intelligent. Intelligence, 32,
227-243.
Zebrowitz, L. A., Hall, J. A., Murphy, N. A., & Rhodes, G. (2002). Looking Smart and Looking
Good: Facial Cues to Intelligence and their Origins. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 28(2), 238-249.