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BBR 26303 Pengantar Biologi
Bab 2.0: Molekul Organik
2.2 Monosakarida
Nama: Cheng Lee Hwa
Kad Matrik: DB100764
Seksyen: 4
1
Karbohidrat






Bahan kimia yang terdiri daripada
tiga
jenis
unsur
iaitu
karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen.
Dalam molekul karbohidrat, nisbah
bilangan atom
hidrogen kepada
oksigen adalah 2:1, iaitu sama
seperti dalam
molekul air (
karbo=karbon,hidrat=air).
Karbohidrat
terbahagi
kepada
monosakarida,
disakarida
dan
polisakarida.
2
karbohirat

Monosakarida
( Gula Ringkas)

Disakarida
( Gula Komples)

Polisakarida

Glukosa

Maltosa

Kanji

Fruktosa

Sukrosa

Selulosa

Galaktosa

Laktosa

Glikogen

Kelas-kelas Karbohidrat
3
Pengenalan Monosakarida


Merupakan unit karbohidrat yang paling
ringkas.



Dikenali sebagai gula ringkas.



Gula ringkas merupakan sumber tenaga
utama dalam sel.



Berantai panjang bergabung dengan protein
dan lipid untuk membentuk glikoprotein
dan glikolipid.
4


Monomer-monomer yang boleh
disambung melalui tindak balas
kondensasi
untuk
membentuk
disakarida dan polisakarida.



Larut air dan berasa manis. Ia
boleh dihablurkan dan merupakan
gula penurunan.

5
Ciri-ciri umum Monosakarida
Merupakan karbohidrat yang paling
mudah, tidak dapat dihidrolisis.
 Merupakan kristal padat yang bebas
larut dalam air tetapi tidak dapat larut
dalam pelarut nonpolar
 Diserap langsung oleh alat pencernaan
 Perbezaan struktur menyebabkan sifat
spesifik
 Tidak berwarna
 Berasa manis


6
Jenis-jenis Monosakarida
i-Glukosa
 didapati di dalam tumbuhan
dan buah-buahan seperti anggur.
Dalam

alam glukosa dihasilkan dari

reaksi
antara karbon dioksida dan air
dengan
bantuan sinar matahari dan klorofil
dalam
daun, dinamakan fotosintesis.

7
ii-Fruktosa
 Didapati di dalam buah-buahan manis
dan madu.
 Adalah

suatu ketoheksosa yang
sering disebut juga levulosa.



Mempunyai rasa lebih manis daripada
glukosa, juga lebih manis dari sukrosa.

8
iii-Galaktosa
 Didapati di dalam susu.
Merupakan

karbohidrat hasil proses
pencernaan laktosa.

Sebagai

molekul tunggal.

9
Kepentingan Monosakarida


Glukosa(Gula anggur )
-Respirasi yang paling biasa.
-Monosakarida biasa dalam sel.

Fruktosa
-Komponen sukrosa
-Terdapat dalam madu dan jus buahbuahan untuk menarik haiwan bagi
pendebungaan dan penyebaran
buah.


10


Galaktosa
-Komponen laktosa



Ribosa
-Komponen RNA( Asid Ribonukleik)

Deoksirbosa
- Komponen DNA
( Asid
Deoksirbonukleik)


11
Formula


Formula umum ialah
, di mana
n=3-7. Misalnya, jika
n=6, maka
monosakarida
( heksosa) mengandungi 6 atom
karbon.



Rumus molekul bagi heksosa ialah
.



Contoh heksosa termasuk glukosa

12
Kesimpulan
Monosakarida adalah karbohidrat
yang tidak dapat dihidrolisis dan
menjadi bentuk yang lebih mudah.
Monosakarida dapat dibahagikan
tiga
jenis
utama
glukosa, galaktosa, fruktosa.
 Ia mempunyai sifat yang dapat
mereduksi larutan Fehling serta
membentuk endapan merah bata.


13
Sekian,
terima kasih

14

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Pengantar biologi monosakarida Cheng Lee Hwa

  • 1. BBR 26303 Pengantar Biologi Bab 2.0: Molekul Organik 2.2 Monosakarida Nama: Cheng Lee Hwa Kad Matrik: DB100764 Seksyen: 4 1
  • 2. Karbohidrat    Bahan kimia yang terdiri daripada tiga jenis unsur iaitu karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen. Dalam molekul karbohidrat, nisbah bilangan atom hidrogen kepada oksigen adalah 2:1, iaitu sama seperti dalam molekul air ( karbo=karbon,hidrat=air). Karbohidrat terbahagi kepada monosakarida, disakarida dan polisakarida. 2
  • 3. karbohirat Monosakarida ( Gula Ringkas) Disakarida ( Gula Komples) Polisakarida Glukosa Maltosa Kanji Fruktosa Sukrosa Selulosa Galaktosa Laktosa Glikogen Kelas-kelas Karbohidrat 3
  • 4. Pengenalan Monosakarida  Merupakan unit karbohidrat yang paling ringkas.  Dikenali sebagai gula ringkas.  Gula ringkas merupakan sumber tenaga utama dalam sel.  Berantai panjang bergabung dengan protein dan lipid untuk membentuk glikoprotein dan glikolipid. 4
  • 5.  Monomer-monomer yang boleh disambung melalui tindak balas kondensasi untuk membentuk disakarida dan polisakarida.  Larut air dan berasa manis. Ia boleh dihablurkan dan merupakan gula penurunan. 5
  • 6. Ciri-ciri umum Monosakarida Merupakan karbohidrat yang paling mudah, tidak dapat dihidrolisis.  Merupakan kristal padat yang bebas larut dalam air tetapi tidak dapat larut dalam pelarut nonpolar  Diserap langsung oleh alat pencernaan  Perbezaan struktur menyebabkan sifat spesifik  Tidak berwarna  Berasa manis  6
  • 7. Jenis-jenis Monosakarida i-Glukosa  didapati di dalam tumbuhan dan buah-buahan seperti anggur. Dalam alam glukosa dihasilkan dari reaksi antara karbon dioksida dan air dengan bantuan sinar matahari dan klorofil dalam daun, dinamakan fotosintesis. 7
  • 8. ii-Fruktosa  Didapati di dalam buah-buahan manis dan madu.  Adalah suatu ketoheksosa yang sering disebut juga levulosa.  Mempunyai rasa lebih manis daripada glukosa, juga lebih manis dari sukrosa. 8
  • 9. iii-Galaktosa  Didapati di dalam susu. Merupakan karbohidrat hasil proses pencernaan laktosa. Sebagai molekul tunggal. 9
  • 10. Kepentingan Monosakarida  Glukosa(Gula anggur ) -Respirasi yang paling biasa. -Monosakarida biasa dalam sel. Fruktosa -Komponen sukrosa -Terdapat dalam madu dan jus buahbuahan untuk menarik haiwan bagi pendebungaan dan penyebaran buah.  10
  • 11.  Galaktosa -Komponen laktosa  Ribosa -Komponen RNA( Asid Ribonukleik) Deoksirbosa - Komponen DNA ( Asid Deoksirbonukleik)  11
  • 12. Formula  Formula umum ialah , di mana n=3-7. Misalnya, jika n=6, maka monosakarida ( heksosa) mengandungi 6 atom karbon.  Rumus molekul bagi heksosa ialah .  Contoh heksosa termasuk glukosa 12
  • 13. Kesimpulan Monosakarida adalah karbohidrat yang tidak dapat dihidrolisis dan menjadi bentuk yang lebih mudah. Monosakarida dapat dibahagikan tiga jenis utama glukosa, galaktosa, fruktosa.  Ia mempunyai sifat yang dapat mereduksi larutan Fehling serta membentuk endapan merah bata.  13