Chess originated in India in the 6th century and spread throughout Asia and Europe over the following centuries. It is traditionally played on a board with 64 squares in 8 rows and 8 columns, with 16 pieces per player. Key equipment for playing chess includes a chess set with pieces, a board, clocks for timed games, bags for transporting equipment, and sheets for recording moves. The basic rules and objectives of the game have remained largely the same since the 15th century, though digital technologies now play a role in high-level competition and analysis.

1. Chess

2. Group 5 – Chess
MEMBERS;
Pada, Rechiel Ann R.
Padilla, Ashely James
Rabis, Boyet Jr.
Oliva, Justine

3. Objectives:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to;
• Determine the following;
- History
- Facilities and Equipment's
- Basic skills
- Rules and Regulations
- Terminologies

4. History of chess

5. Grand Vizier Sissa Ben Dahir
• According to legend, chess was invented by
Grand Vizier Sissa Ben Dahir, and given as a
gift to King Shirham of India. The king was so
delighted that he offered him any reward he
requested, provided that it sounded
reasonable. The Grand Vizier requested the
following: "Just one grain of wheat on the first
square of a chessboard. Then put two on the
second square, four on the next, then eight,
and continue, doubling the number of grains
on each successive square, until every square
on the chessboard is reached."

6. chess
• The history of chess goes back
almost 1500 years. The game
originated in northern India in the
6th century AD and spread
to Persia. When
the Arabs conquered Persia, chess
was taken up by the Muslim world
and subsequently, through
the Moorish conquest of Spain,
spread to Southern Europe.[1][2] But
in early Russia, the game came
directly from the Khanates (muslim
territories) to the south.[3]

7. • The precursors of chess originated in
northern India during the Gupta empire,[1] where
its early form in the 6th century was known
as Chaturanga. This translates as 'the four
divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry,
and chariotry, represented by the pieces that
would evolve into the modern pawn, knight,
bishop, and rook, respectively.[

8. • In Europe, the moves of the pieces changed in the
15th century. The modern game starts with these
changes. In the second half of the 19th century,
modern tournament play began. Chess clocks were
first used in 1883, and the first world chess
championship was held in 1886. The 20th century
saw advances in chess theory, and the
establishment of the World Chess Federation
(FIDE).[4] Chess engines (programs that play
chess), and chess data bases became important.

9. Persian and Arabic chess
In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name
became Chatrang and the rules were developed
further, and players started
calling Shāh! (Persian for 'King') when
threatening the opponent's king, and Shāh
māt! (Persian for 'the king is finished') when the
king could not escape from attack. These
exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to
other lands.

10. • The game was taken up by the Muslim
worldafter the Islamic conquest of Persia, with
the pieces largely retaining their Persian
names; in Arabic "māt" or "māta" َ‫ات‬َ‫م‬means
"died", "is dead". In Arabic, the game
became Shatranj. In all other languages, the
name of the game is derived either
from shatranj or from shah.

11. Changes in names of pieces
The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in
the names and character of chess pieces, as they
passed from one culture to another, from India through
Persia to Europe.

12. • Changes in the Arabic names of pieces happened over
several centuries after the game arrived in Europe. Most
changed were the pieces which had no equivalent in
Europe, such as the elephant, the visier (an advisor: the
firzan or wazir), and the chariot (rukhkh). The greatest
variety of names was for the elephant,[1]p424 which was not
seen in Europe, and so not used in war. In Spain names
derived from Arabic lasted for centuries (alfil, aufin, orfil...).
Eventually, all but France used a word for "bishop". In a
similar manner, vizir eventually became "queen", and the
chariot became a word for "castle". Except, that is, in
English, where "rook" is obviously a version of "rukh".
Please note: the following table does not capture all these
complicated changes.

13. Europe and the East
The game reached Western Europe and Russia
by at least three routes, the earliest being in
the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had
spread throughout Europe.[5] Introduced into
the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors in the 10th
century, it was described in a famous 13th
century manuscript covering
shatranj, backgammon and dice named
the Libro de los juegos.

14. • Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others
carried it to the Far East, where it was
transformed into a game often played on the
intersection of the lines of the board rather
than within the squares.[6] Chinese
chess and Shogiare the most important of the
oriental chess variants. However, it was the
changes made in medieval Europe which led to
our modern game.[

15. Chess in the Digital Age
For a game to withstand the test of time and last
throughout the ages for over 1500 years, you
know it’s got to be one good game! The only
modern-day game to persist and continue to
spark the intrigue of players across the world is
none other than the game of chess. Since around
600 A.D., chess has been played in various forms
that have evolved as it made its migration from
east to west.

16. • Over the generations, chess players have
sought tirelessly to challenge themselves and
up their game. As a result, technology has
played a major role in transforming the game
and competitions into what it is today. From
the 18th century invention of the Mechanical
Turk, to the way today’s Grandmasters use
software to study moves and sequences,
there’s no doubt that chess has evolved over
the years to fit right into today’s digital age.

17. Facilities And
Equipment

18. Facilities
• Library
• Analysis Room
• Demonstration Board
• Notice Board

19. Library
• A lending Library which contains a broad
selection of titles - generally of a type which
will have permanent value such as game
collections, biographies, middle game and
endgame instruction, and opening principles.
We tend to avoid the latest fashionable
opening books as these tend to have a limited
lifespan.

20. Analysis Room
• Is a small analysis room where players can
analyze their completed games without
disturbing other matches.

21. Demonstration Board
• Magnetic pieces, for instructional talks and
discussions

22. Notice Board
• A notice board provides information on all club
activities while another smaller one displays entry
forms for congresses in Scotland. The trophy
cabinet contains a number of fascinating historic
artefacts and will be of interest to many players

23. 7 chess equipment every player should own:
• Chess Set
• Chess Board
• Chess Table
• Chess Piece
• Chess Clock
• Travel Chess Bag
• Score Sheets

24. The chess Set
• The set includes the board
plus all other pieces (pawns,
bishops, rooks, knights, the
king, and the queen). Chess
sets are aesthetically
attractive and sleekly
designed. The color and sizes
of pieces are precisely
chosen to match and contrast
with the board’s squares.

25. • These sets usually have pegged or magnetic
pieces and a separate section or pocket to
store the remaining pieces. For people who
want to add a “fun touch” to their gaming
experience, they can opt for themed sets,
which have special motifs and designed armies
that can battle each other. These pieces are
custom-made.

26. The chess board
• On the chessboard, the squares
are 1.25 inches, and the size of
the king’s base is
1.3 inches (approx. 65mm).
Squares with a size of 57mm are
usually ideal for pieces in this age
range. The darker squares on the
chessboard can vary from black
to dark green, or brown the lighter
colored squares can either be
white or off-white in color.

27. • Although most chessboards have standard
white and black squares, you can also find
special ones made from black and red
squares. Though this looks attractive, most
players have said that these colors tend to
strain eyes during a play. For tournaments,
special chess boards are made, which means
they are built right into gaming tables.

28. The chess table
• For tournaments, the size of the
table must have a minimum length
twice that of an actual chessboard,
and the width should be 15 to 20
centimeters more than that of a
chessboard. For FIDE tournaments,
players must use a table that is 120
by 80 centimeters. For both players,
the height of the table and chair has
to be comfortable. It is necessary
that chairs and tables do not make
any noise while players play.

29. The chess piece
• In 1849, the first-ever original
pieces created were referred to
as “Staunton chess pieces.” They
are still the standard ones used
in all matches and may be made
out of plastic or wooden
materials. They are usually white
or black. Sometimes, you will find
them in other colors, like dark
wood or red.

30. • Even though colors may vary, players still
refer to them as “black” or “white.” On a
standard chessboard, the king must be 85 to
105 millimeters tall (this is about 3.35 to 4.13
inches). The diameter of the king has to be
approximately 50% of its actual height. All
other pieces need to be proportional to the
king. This means pieces have to be well-
balanced for height, width, and shape.

31. • For beginners, you will find special pieces that
have legal moves printed on the individual
pieces. This makes it easier for beginners, like
training wheels on a bicycle. Beginners quickly
replace these introductory sets with normal
ones. When not in use, it is important to store
pieces in some kind of container or pouch.
Appropriate storage increases the lifespan of a
chess set, and also makes it easier for people to
transport it. Sometimes, you may also find
special custom-made or personalized gift boxes,
which are ideal gifts for chess players.

32. The chess clocks
• In chess games where players
use time control, adjacent
game clocks (consisting of two
buttons) may be used. One
button stops the clock and the
other starts the timer. These
buttons prevent the clocks from
simultaneously running. The
clocks can either be digital or
analog.

33. • Before the game starts, the arbiter has to decide
which kind should be used for the game.
Historically, the first-ever clocks used to record
game time in a chess tournament were back in
the early 19th century. In that era, hourglasses
with sand were common clocks, keeping track of
the time spent to finish the game. Each player
had separate hourglasses to track time. They
were eventually replaced by connecting two
analog clocks. The time on one player’s clock
starts ticking as soon as the other one makes a
move and punches the clock.

34. Travel chess bag
• Apart from the above-mentioned
equipment, you should also have
a travel chess bag, which makes
it a lot easier to carry your
board, clock, pieces, and other
equipment. This is especially
important for tournament players
in the United States. In Europe,
tournaments provide players
with all necessary equipment.

35. Score sheet
• To record your chess moves, it
is important to keep a score
sheet, especially in
tournaments and matches.
Usually, these are distributed
to players at the start of every
round. However, most players
prefer to record their individual
scores in scorebooks.

36. Basic Skills

37. 7 Basic Fundamental Chess Skill
• Visualization
• Calculation
• Tactics
• Evaluation
• Strategy
• Openings
• Endgame

38. Visualization
• The ability to see in your mind the positions
reached when certain moves are made –
without making them on the board – and
seeing them so clearly you can accurately
consider the implications of each new
position. Imagine how it must be to visualize
any combination of moves in your mind and
being able to “see” the outcome of it.

39. Calculation
• refers to your ability to calculate the
consequences of your opponent’s move, as
well as the consequences of your intended
move.

40. Tactics
• A chess tactic is a move (or a forced
combination of moves) whereby you achieve
an objective. Such objectives mostly refer to
winning material or giving checkmate, but can
also refer to strategic objectives, ie. using a
tactic to secure a good square for your piece.

41. Evaluation
• refers to your ability to tell who has a better
position and to specify which aspects of the
position favors you, which aspect favours your
opponent, and make a call to say which side
has favourable winning chances, drawing
chances, or whether the position is dynamic
(evaluation can easily change) or unbalanced
(factors are difficult to compare) or unclear
(difficult to say – things appear messy).

42. Strategy
• The purposeful attempt to gain an advantage over
your opponent. Unlike tactics, chess strategy
involves long-term goals, usually related to king
safety, pawn structure, space, piece activity, etc.

43. Openings
• A chess opening is the group of initial moves of
a chess game. Recognized sequences of initial
moves are referred to as openings by White, or
defenses by Black, but opening is also used as
the general term. There are many dozens of
different openings, and hundreds of named
variants.

44. Endgame
• The endgame starts when most of the pieces
has been exchanged and it is safe for the kings
to join the action. The endgame is very different
to the opening and middle-game mainly
because the issue of king-safety totally
changes, pawns increase in value, weaknesses
in the pawn-structure become much more
vulnerable.

45. Rules and Regulations

46. The rules Of chess
• The King may move one square in any direction, so
long as no piece is blocking his path.
• The Queen may move any number of squares
straight or diagonally in any direction.
• The Rook may move in a straight line, any number
of squares horizontally or vertically.
• The Bishop may move any number of squares
diagonally.

47. • The only piece that can jump over a piece -
be it your own, or the opponent’s - is the:
Knight.
• The Pawn on its first move may move either
one or two squares straight forward.
• Castle-Castling in both directions: The King
moves two squares in the direction of the
Rook, the Rook jumps over the King and
lands on the square next to it.

48. • CHECK- A King is in check, when it is attacked by the
opponent’s piece.
• The King can never be captured.
• CHECK MATE- If the King cannot escape from the
check, the position is checkmate and the game is
over. The player who got checkmated gets zero point
and the player giving mate gets one point.

49. • STALE MATE&DRAW- There are three possible results in a
chess game. If neither side wins, the game is a draw and both
players get half a point. A draw is half as good as a win, but
much better, than losing.
• The different forms a drawn game are the following:
• Stalemate. When a player whose turn it is has no legal moves
by any of his/her pieces, but is not in check.
• Perpetual check & three times repetition.
• Theoretical draw (when there are not sufficient pieces on the
board to checkmate).
• Draw agreed by the players.

50. • STARTING THE GAME- In the starting position,
square a1 is always Black. The queen is always on
her own color, next to the King in the middle. White
starts the game, afterward the players alternately
move.

51. Terminologies

52. Abbreviation
• B – Bishop
• e.p - En passant
• K – King
• Kt – Knight ( Obsolete Notation)
• mate – checkmate
• N – Knight
• O-O – Castle king’s side
• O-O-O – Castle Queen’s side
• P – Pawn
• Q – Queen
• R – Rook ( Sometimes called castle)

53. Terms
• Board - A slab prepared with a chequered pattern for playing chess.
• Castling - A simultaneous move (the only one in chess) whereby a previously
unmoved King moves 2 squares toward an unmoved Rook and the Rook is moved to
the other side of the King.
• Check - A move which attacks the opposing King.
• Checkmate - A move which attacks the opposing King, and which the opponent
cannot get out of.
• Chessboard - See Board
• Defense - An opening played by Black, or a series of moves taken to protect a piece
or position which is under attack.
• Discovered check - A check given by a line-piece when a shielding piece or pawn is
moved out of the way.

54. • Endgame - The stage of the game with few pieces or when Queens are
exchanged and the middle game is over.
• En passant - A special method of capturing, only available to a pawn on its fifth
rank.
• File - The eight vertical columns on the board, numbered a to h.
• Fork - A double attack when one piece, such as a Knight, attacks two or three
pieces at once.
• Gambit - A chess opening in which a player offers a pawn (or more) for fast
development and an attack.
• J’adoube - Said to indicate an intention only to adjust a piece on the board
without necessarily moving it to a different square. [j’adoube – I adjust]
• Major piece – Queen or Rook

55. • Man - See Piece
• Match - A series of games.
• Middlegame – The part of the game which follows the opening.
• Minor piece – Bishop or Knight.
• Notation – The method of writing down chess, moves which involves rank and file and
piece:
• Opening- The start of the game, about a dozen moves.
• Piece - Any piece or man, sometimes excluding pawns
• Pin - When a piece does not move because to do so would expose a more valuable piece
to capture.
• Promotion - Promotion is what happens when a pawn reaches the other side of the board
(that is, the 8th rank) and cannot move further. Then it becomes any other piece on the
board, except the king. Players usually promote their pawns to a Queen (called Queening).

56. • Queening - See Promotion
• Rank - The eight horizontal rows on the board, labelled 1 to 8.
• Resign - To concede loss of the game. A resignation is usually done by knocking over
one’s King, stopping the clock, offering a handshake or saying “I resign".
• Repetition – See Threefold Repetition
• Sacrifice - The intentional loss of material to get a more important result.
• Stalemate - Where a player is not in check, but has no legal moves. It is a draw in
modern chess.
• Threefold Repetition - A player can claim a draw if the same position occurs three
times, or will occur after their next move, with the same player to move. The repeated
positions do not need to occur in succession.
• Zugzwang - A position, usually in an ending, where the player to move loses
because they must move.

57. End of the Topic
Thank You!😊

58. Reference;
• https://www.edinburghchessclub.co.uk/facilities.p
hp
• https://herculeschess.com/chess-equipment/
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi_98_G3
N75AhUh6mEKHZfBD54QFnoECAcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fchessfox.c
om%2Fthe-7-fundamental-chess-skills%2F&usg=AOvVaw0h-
5JnKFtDZ4WgSwRMF-sB
• https://www.sakkpalota.hu/index.php/en/chess/rul
es