the work was presented on Pro-ve 2010 conference at Managing and Modeling Competences session

1. TeLLNet
Pattern-based competence
management: On the gap between
intention and reality
Ralf Klamma, Zinayida Petrushyna
Informatik 5, RWTH Aachen
October 12, 2010,
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5 Modeling and Managing Competencies Session
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-1 11th IFIP Working Conference on VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES

2. TeLLNet
Agenda
 Motivation
 Competencies and Patterns
 Social Network Analysis Overview
 Agent and Goal-Oriented Modeling
 Modeling of Intention and Reality
 Pattern-based Competence Management
 Conclusions and Outlook
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-2

3. TeLLNet
Intentions-Reality Gap
No students which are appropriate to organize an event
Teacher wants to Goals Gap identification Activities The teacher asks
organize an event for students to organize an
students with a high Intentions Interactions event
number of participants
How to identify the Intention-Reality Gap?
 How should a collaborative network (CN) be modeled?
 Who are the actors in a CN and which dependencies exist between them?
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5  How to identify absence / presence of competencies in CN?
 Which competencies are required to bridge the gap?
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-3

4. TeLLNet
Competence Management
Identify the gap: Authors Definition of competence
Competence management: McClella The knowledge, skills, traits, attitudes, self-
 Identify competencies nd concepts, values, or motives directly related
(1973) to job performance or important life
 Attach competencies to tasks
outcomes and shown to differentiate
between superior and average performers.
Bridge the gap:
Competence development = Kupper The capability of people to perform in a
Extending and Acquiring Expertise and van function or a profession according to the
Wulfften qualifications they have. These
Palthe qualifications should be expressed in terms
(2001) of knowledge, skills and attitude.
 Detection of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values of CN members
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)  Definition of a set of competence needed for a particular task
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-4

5. Patterns as Input of
TeLLNet
Competence Management
Pattern describes the problem that appear over and over again in
our environment [Alex78]
Pattern name:  description
Pattern disturbance:  condition
Pattern description:  explains the problem
Pattern forces:  who relevant to the disturbance
Pattern forces relations:  corresponds to a relation between actors
included in the pattern as forces
Pattern solution:  actions that need to be carried out in the situation
Pattern rationale: reasoning about the forces and disturbances
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
Pattern relations: make the structure of pattern language clear
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-5

6. Patterns as Input of
TeLLNet
Competence Management
Pattern describes the problem that appear over and over again in
our environment [Alex78]
Pattern name:  description
Communicator
Has interactions with many other CN members
Pattern disturbance:  condition
Pattern description:  Communicator „reaches“ others in a few steps
A explains the problem
A Communicator, a CN, an Interaction, a Medium, a Person
Pattern forces:  who relevant to the disturbance
Pattern forces relations:  Communicator and a Person are parts of a CN,
A corresponds to a relation between actors
a Communicator Interactspattern Person using a Medium
included in the with a as forces
Pattern solution:  Contactthat need to be carried out in the situation
actions a Communicator to spread the word
Pattern rationale: reasoning about the forces and disturbances
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
Pattern relations: make the structure of pattern language clear
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke [KSD06]
I5-ZP-310810-6

7. Social Network Analysis view on
TeLLNet
Collaborative Networks
i and j are collaborators in a collaborative network Γ=(N,L),
(i, j ) ∈ L , where L is a set of links = interactions between collaborators
 The total distance ∑ j∈N
d (i, j) , where N is a set of nodes
 The closeness is defined as: c(i ) ≡ 1
∑ j∈N d (i, j )
 How close is the node to the other nodes?
How communicative is the node i?
 Let Γ be connected, let the length of the shortest path be v(j, k), and
vi(j,k) be the shortest path through i. i
v ( j, k )
Then the betweenness of node i is b ≡
i
∑ v( j, k )
j ≠k
 How influential is the node i?
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)
How often do the paths from the node j to the node k pass through the
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-7
node i?

8. Methodology of Collaborative
TeLLNet
Network Modeling
Flaws of modeling techniques:
Artefact Community
 Static relationships Actor
 Without the context of the environment
 Focused on machine operations
Media Agent
Premises and features of i* [Yu09]
Process
actor autonomy
[KlPe08]
intentionality
Actor Network Theory [Lato87]:
sociality
 Extendable model (everything is an actor)
rationality  Actors can be aggregated
Community of Practice [Weng98]
boundaries and identities
 Interactions
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)
strategic reflectivity  Same goals
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-8
 Domain of knowledge

9. Modeling Collaborative
TeLLNet
Network Reality
D Post D Website of
D announcements the course
Agent Agent evaluate Teacher
ISA
D
D
Actor Actor Artefacts: announcements Media
Essays
ISA
D
D
D Goal D Goal dependency create,find, reuse D Interacting
Learner D D Discussion
D Resource D Resource dependency with peers
forum
D Task D Task dependency
Actor autonomy: actors are in the center; actors are autonomous
Intentionality: intentional properties and behaviors – Interacting with peers
Sociality: actors depend on other actors – Media –Learner
Rationality: actor actions are related to goals and motives - Evaluate
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
Strategic reflectivity: each actor reflects upon its relationships with other actors
I5-ZP-310810-9

10. Modeling Collaborative
TeLLNet
Network Intention
Teacher D Post
Agent announcements
Agent
D
D
D
nize
D
Orga ent
Actor Actor v
cus o
n an e
To fo sional Website of
s
profe tences
D
pe the course A
Role Role evaluate com
IS
Media
D
D
D Goal D D
Goal dependency Communicator
ISA
D Resource D Resource dependency announcements
Artefacts:
Essays
ISA
D Task D Task dependency
D
Softgoal dependency D Discussion
D softgoal D D Interacting D
forum
create,find, reuse
D Learner with peers
ISA connection (is a)
ISA
Intentionality: Teacher wants to organize an event for students
Sociality: Teacher depends on Communicator in organizing an event
Rationality: Looking for a student with an organizing event competence
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-10
Strategic reflectivity: Give a task related to the event organization

11. Pattern-Based
TeLLNet
Competence Management
1. Model a collaborative network
– Define actors and their dependencies
– Define actors‘ intentions
2. Analyze the network with Social Network Analysis
3. Define patterns using SNA measures
4. Based on SNA patterns and a CN model:
– Possible to extract the competencies of the members
– Identify the competencies that need to be acquired
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-11

12. TeLLNet
Conclusions and Outlook
 i* Modeling fills the gap between intention and reality
of collaborative networks
 Patterns serve as input of competence management
 Patterns should be based not only on structure of
collaborative networks but as well take context and
domain of knowledge into consideration
 Patterns should be empirically evaluated
Lehrstuhl Informatik 5
(Informationssysteme)
Prof. Dr. M. Jarke
I5-ZP-310810-12