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1. Pathophysiology of Addison's
disease
Adrenal insufficiency and Addison's disease
often result from damage to the adrenal
cortex, which can be due to autoimmune
destruction, infections(tuberculosis and
fungal infections), or other causes. This
damage leads to insufficient production of
cortisol and, in some cases, aldosterone.

2. Pathophysiology Addison's..
• The reduction in cortisol can disrupt
homeostasis, impacting the regulation of
glucose metabolism, immune function, and
stress response.
• Aldosterone deficiency can lead to electrolyte
imbalances, particularly low sodium and high
potassium levels, which can affect blood
pressure and fluid balance

3. Pathophysiology of Cushing
syndrome
• Cushing's syndrome typically results from
prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol.
• This can occur due to overproduction of
cortisol by the adrenal glands, usually related
to adrenal tumors, or by the prolonged use of
corticosteroid medications

4. Pathophysiology of cushing...
• The excessive cortisol can lead to metabolic
disturbances, including increased glucose
production, insulin resistance, redistribution of
body fat, weakened immune function, and
altered bone metabolism.

5. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
(CAH)
• CAH is caused by a deficiency of one of the
enzymes needed to produce cortisol in the
adrenal glands. This results in a build-up of
hormones that stimulate androgens (male
hormones).

6. Pathophysiology of CAH
• The excess androgens can lead to a range of
health issues, particularly in newborns with
the more severe form of CAH, which can result
in ambiguous genitalia in females and rapid
growth in childhood.

7. Pathophysiology of Adrenal tumor
• Adrenal tumors, whether benign or malignant,
can disrupt the normal balance of adrenal
hormones
• For example, a tumor producing aldosterone
can lead to primary hyperaldosteronism,
which causes sodium retention and potassium
excretion, leading to high blood pressure and
potential electrolyte imbalances.

8. • Tumors that produce adrenaline can result in
excessive sympathetic nervous system
activation, contributing to symptoms such as
hypertension, palpitations, and anxiety.
• Adrenal insufficiency due to Pituitary
Disorders:
• Adrenal insufficiency can also stem from
pituitary disorders such as insufficient
secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH).

9. Adrenal insufficiency due...
• The pituitary gland's failure to produce
adequate ACTH can result in decreased
stimulation of the adrenal glands, leading to
reduced cortisol production and subsequent
symptoms of adrenal insufficiency.

10. Aldosteronism
• It is also know as primarily
hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome:- it is
excess production of aldosterone hormone
• Primary hyperaldosteronism, the adrenal
glands produce excessive amounts of
aldosterone independent of normal
physiological regulatory mechanisms.
• This can result from the presence of an
adrenal adenoma (Conn's syndrome), bilateral
adrenal hyperplasia, or, rarely, adrenocortical
carcinoma.

11. Pathophysiology Virilization
• Virilization refers to the development of male
secondary sexual characteristics in females,
often due to the excess production of
androgens (male sex hormones) or an
abnormal response to normal androgenic
hormones.
• These androgens are typically produced by the
adrenal glands