About hormones . how they can function . and causes.

7. Addisonian crisis
• Sudden penetrating pain in the legs, lower back or abdomen
• Severe vomiting and diarrhea, resulting in dehydration
• Low blood pressure
• Syncope (loss of consciousness and ability to stand)
• Hypoglycemia (reduced level of blood glucose)
• Confusion, psychosis, slurred speech
• Severe lethargy
• Hyponatremia (low sodium level in the blood)
• Hyperkalemia (elevated potassium level in the blood)
• Hypercalcemia (elevated calcium level in the blood)
• Convulsions
• Fever

9. • Cushing's syndrome describes the signs and symptoms
associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately
high levels of the hormone cortisol. This can be caused
by taking glucocorticoid drugs, or diseases that result
in excess cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), or CRH levels.
• Cushing's disease refers to a pituitary-dependent cause
of Cushing's syndrome: a tumor (adenoma) in the
pituitary gland produces large amounts of ACTH,
causing the adrenal glands to produce elevated levels
of cortisol. It is the most common non-iatrogenic cause
of Cushing's syndrome, responsible for 70% of cases
excluding glucocorticoid related cases

10. • weight gain
• high blood pressure
• poor short-term memory
• irritability
• excess hair growth (women)
• Impaired immunological
function
• red, ruddy face
• extra fat around neck
• moon face
• fatigue
• red stretch marks
• poor concentration
• irregular menstruation.

16. Hypopituitarism

17. Hypopituitarism
• The hormones of the pituitary have different
actions in the body, and the symptoms of
hypopituitarism therefore depend on which
hormone is deficient. The symptoms may be
subtle and are often initially attributed to other
causes. In most of the cases, three or more
hormones are deficient. The most common
problem is insufficiency of follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and/or luteinizing hormone (LH)
leading to sex hormone abnormalities. Growth
hormone deficiency is more common in people
with an underlying tumor than those with other
causes.

19. Sometimes, there are additional symptoms that arise from the
underlying cause; for instance, if the hypopituitarism is due to a
growth hormone-producing tumor, there may be symptoms of
acromegaly (enlargement of the hands and feet, coarse facial
features), and if the tumor extends to the optic nerve or optic
chiasm, there may be visual field defects. Headaches may also
accompany pituitary tumors, as well as pituitary apoplexy
(infarction or hemorrhage of a pituitary tumor) and lymphocytic
hypophysitis (autoimmune inflammation of the pituitary) Apoplexy,
in addition to sudden headaches and rapidly worsening visual loss,
may also be associated with double vision that results from
compression of the nerves in the adjacent cavernous sinus that
control the eye muscles.
Pituitary failure results in many changes in the skin, hair and nails
as a result of the absence of pituitary hormone action on these
sites.

21. Hyperadrenalism

22. Hyperadrenalism is a condition in which the adrenal glands
are secreting excessive amounts of the hormones that they
produce. This may involve an overproduction of androgen
hormones, corticosteroids or aldosterone. Excessive
production of each of these hormones results in different
symptoms that may include facial hair growth, high blood
pressure, muscle weakness, hair loss, weight gain and more.
A diagnosis is typically made after a physical examination,
blood tests and urine tests are completed.
Treatment of hyperadrenalism will vary depending on which
hormone is creating the problem as well as its underlying
cause and the severity of the symptoms. Some patients
respond well to medications that slow the hormone
production, while others may surgery to remove one of the
adrenal glands.

24. Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is a
rare condition in which the body produces excessive levels of the
hormone aldosterone, which is responsible for regulating sodium
and potassium levels in the blood. Causes of this condition
include tumors affecting the adrenal gland(s) or hereditary
factors. Symptoms of Conn's syndrome may include
hypertension, hypokalemia (low levels of potassium in the blood),
hypernatremia (excessive levels of sodium in the blood),
hyperkaluria (excessive levels of potassium in the urine), and high
levels of alkalinity.
Treatment for Conn's syndrome varies depending on its severity.
Mild cases of Conn's syndrome can be managed with medications
and reducing salt intake levels, while severe cases (such as those
caused by tumors) may require surgical removal of the affected
adrenal gland(s). Your doctor will develop a customized
treatment plan based on your individual condition.