PassivHaus buildings use superinsulation and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery to significantly reduce heat transfer and maintain indoor air quality without a conventional heating system. Ventilation systems employ earth tubes to pre-heat intake air in cold weather. Space heating needs are extremely low due to intrinsic heat sources within the building and high-performance triple-pane windows that provide winter heat gains. With careful design, no supplemental heat may be needed beyond the heat recovery ventilation. A variety of small renewable or fossil fuel sources can provide the minimal needed heating.