This study compared lighting in precast concrete and post-tensioned (PT) concrete parking structures. It found no difference in horizontal or vertical illuminance for identical lighting configurations in the two structures. The lighting must be pendant-mounted no more than 6 inches above double-tee stems, centered between 5-foot spacings in precast structures. This dispels the myth that precast structures have less efficient lighting than PT structures.
There is a perception among some members of the design community that lighting of precast concrete parking structures is not as efficient as lighting of post-tensioned concrete (PT) parking structures. This perception occurs because one assumes that there is more light blockage from the closely spaced, precast concrete double-tee stems (5 ft [1.5 m] spacing) compared with the wider spacing of beams (18 ft to 24 ft [5.5 m to 7.3 m] spacing) in a PT concrete parking structure.
This paper describes the structural design of the Carterton Events Centre in New Zealand, focusing on its seismic resistant system consisting of dissipative timber rocking post-tensioning walls. The auditorium features 11 of these 180mm thick LVL walls, each 6.7m tall and 2.4m long, with a central slot for post-tensioned bars. Energy dissipation is provided by embedded mild steel rods. Non-linear dynamic analysis confirmed the design, showing the walls concentrate damage at interfaces while self-centering to their original positions after seismic events.
This document summarizes a case study of a 23-storey precast concrete building in Mumbai, India. It discusses the building design, including the wall panel system and connections between panels. Two computational models are compared: an integrated model assuming perfect shear transfer at joints, and a discrete gap model with no shear transfer. The discrete gap model produced more conservative results with higher forces. Overall, the study found that emulative monolithic wall systems with tie reinforcements and shear keys can provide adequate stability for precast buildings in moderate seismic zones. Modeling shear transfer at joints more accurately could allow for less conservative designs.
Este documento lista las zonas erróneas y su relación con la salud mental. Identifica las creencias, hábitos, costumbres, autoestima y confianza como variables que controlan la conducta y personalidad. También describe cómo ser egoísta puede hacer que una persona sea infeliz y una carga para los demás. El documento proporciona fuentes de consulta sobre las zonas erróneas y la relación entre educación y la estructura psicológica de la mente.
Este documento describe tres tipos de recursos didácticos: organizadores, que activan conocimientos previos; mapas conceptuales, que representan gráficamente las relaciones entre conceptos de un tema; y herramientas como lluvia de ideas, mapas mentales, CmapTools y Freemind que pueden usarse para crear estos recursos.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 06 lesson 07blusmurfydot1
The document discusses administering and securing Internet Explorer, configuring application compatibility, and configuring application restrictions on Windows 7 systems. It covers topics like compatibility view in IE8, managing add-ons, configuring security zones and the SmartScreen filter in IE, and tools for testing and ensuring compatibility of legacy applications like the Application Compatibility Toolkit. It also discusses using software restriction policies and the new AppLocker feature to create rules restricting which applications users can run.
This document analyzes the relative risk levels of searching for over 2,600 popular search terms across major search engines. It finds that searches including the terms "free" or "lyrics" tend to yield the riskiest results, with over 20% of pages from the riskiest search containing security risks. Searches related to current events, holidays, or popular music also tend to attract scammers looking for large audiences. Keywords popular outside the US generally produced riskier results than those in the US. Overall, the average risk across all search results was low at 1.7%, but the riskiest individual page for each search term averaged 10% risky pages.
This document discusses how to configure and manage shared folder security. It covers how to create and secure shared folders, set shared folder permissions, enable offline files, and use Internet Information Services (IIS) and WebDAV to enable internet file sharing via web folders. Managing shared folder security involves sharing only the necessary folders, setting the most restrictive permissions, and combining shared and NTFS permissions for added security.
There is a perception among some members of the design community that lighting of precast concrete parking structures is not as efficient as lighting of post-tensioned concrete (PT) parking structures. This perception occurs because one assumes that there is more light blockage from the closely spaced, precast concrete double-tee stems (5 ft [1.5 m] spacing) compared with the wider spacing of beams (18 ft to 24 ft [5.5 m to 7.3 m] spacing) in a PT concrete parking structure.
This paper describes the structural design of the Carterton Events Centre in New Zealand, focusing on its seismic resistant system consisting of dissipative timber rocking post-tensioning walls. The auditorium features 11 of these 180mm thick LVL walls, each 6.7m tall and 2.4m long, with a central slot for post-tensioned bars. Energy dissipation is provided by embedded mild steel rods. Non-linear dynamic analysis confirmed the design, showing the walls concentrate damage at interfaces while self-centering to their original positions after seismic events.
This document summarizes a case study of a 23-storey precast concrete building in Mumbai, India. It discusses the building design, including the wall panel system and connections between panels. Two computational models are compared: an integrated model assuming perfect shear transfer at joints, and a discrete gap model with no shear transfer. The discrete gap model produced more conservative results with higher forces. Overall, the study found that emulative monolithic wall systems with tie reinforcements and shear keys can provide adequate stability for precast buildings in moderate seismic zones. Modeling shear transfer at joints more accurately could allow for less conservative designs.
Este documento lista las zonas erróneas y su relación con la salud mental. Identifica las creencias, hábitos, costumbres, autoestima y confianza como variables que controlan la conducta y personalidad. También describe cómo ser egoísta puede hacer que una persona sea infeliz y una carga para los demás. El documento proporciona fuentes de consulta sobre las zonas erróneas y la relación entre educación y la estructura psicológica de la mente.
Este documento describe tres tipos de recursos didácticos: organizadores, que activan conocimientos previos; mapas conceptuales, que representan gráficamente las relaciones entre conceptos de un tema; y herramientas como lluvia de ideas, mapas mentales, CmapTools y Freemind que pueden usarse para crear estos recursos.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 06 lesson 07blusmurfydot1
The document discusses administering and securing Internet Explorer, configuring application compatibility, and configuring application restrictions on Windows 7 systems. It covers topics like compatibility view in IE8, managing add-ons, configuring security zones and the SmartScreen filter in IE, and tools for testing and ensuring compatibility of legacy applications like the Application Compatibility Toolkit. It also discusses using software restriction policies and the new AppLocker feature to create rules restricting which applications users can run.
This document analyzes the relative risk levels of searching for over 2,600 popular search terms across major search engines. It finds that searches including the terms "free" or "lyrics" tend to yield the riskiest results, with over 20% of pages from the riskiest search containing security risks. Searches related to current events, holidays, or popular music also tend to attract scammers looking for large audiences. Keywords popular outside the US generally produced riskier results than those in the US. Overall, the average risk across all search results was low at 1.7%, but the riskiest individual page for each search term averaged 10% risky pages.
This document discusses how to configure and manage shared folder security. It covers how to create and secure shared folders, set shared folder permissions, enable offline files, and use Internet Information Services (IIS) and WebDAV to enable internet file sharing via web folders. Managing shared folder security involves sharing only the necessary folders, setting the most restrictive permissions, and combining shared and NTFS permissions for added security.
This document discusses managing system performance in Windows. It covers monitoring performance using tools like the Performance console and System Monitor, as well as performance logs and alerts. Factors that can affect performance are also addressed, such as memory, disk usage, CPU speed, and network speed. The document provides tips for improving performance related to memory, disks, scheduled tasks, and the CPU. Mobile processor performance is also briefly discussed.
El documento describe el sistema circulatorio, incluyendo el corazón y los vasos sanguíneos. Explica que el corazón bombea la sangre a través de las arterias al resto del cuerpo y las venas la devuelven al corazón. También describe las partes del corazón, como las aurículas y ventrículos, y sus funciones. Además, menciona algunos problemas cardíacos comunes como la insuficiencia cardíaca y el infarto de miocardio.
This document discusses configuring and managing permissions in the NTFS file system. It defines key terms like access control lists (ACLs), access control entries (ACEs), and security identifiers (SIDs). It describes how NTFS permissions work, including how they are stored, inherited, and how effective permissions are determined. It also provides examples of using CACLS.exe to view and modify permissions and discusses best practices for planning and assigning NTFS permissions.
Itt operating systems unit 05 lesson 06blusmurfydot1
This document discusses managing permissions in Windows and configuring printing. It covers NTFS and share permissions, the Windows permission architecture including ACLs and ACEs, and standard and special NTFS permissions. It also discusses sharing files and folders using Homegroups, public folders, and any folder sharing. The document concludes with an overview of the Windows printing architecture, adding local and shared printers, and managing printer permissions and documents.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de aprendizaje que se practicaban en pueblos antiguos, incluyendo el aprendizaje psicomotor, operativo y de discriminación de palabras y conceptos. Explica que estas formas de aprendizaje eran fundamentales para la supervivencia de los grupos y la transmisión de conocimientos de generación en generación.
This document discusses configuring TCP/IP addressing and internet security. It covers IP addressing schemes like CIDR and subnetting, and how they address problems with classful addressing systems. It also discusses internet security threats like viruses, worms, and trojans. Finally, it covers configuring and managing Windows Firewall to protect systems, including enabling the firewall, setting exceptions, and monitoring logs and alerts.
The document discusses configuring and managing computer security through policy-based security management. It covers using Local Security Policy and templates to configure security settings on individual systems, and Domain Security Policy to configure security across a domain by overriding local policies. It also discusses establishing an audit policy to monitor security and detect breaches by auditing access and events on critical systems and objects.
Building Advanced Web UI in The Enterprise Worldefim13
This document discusses building advanced web user interfaces for enterprise applications. It covers architectural concepts like building decoupled architectures with modular services and thin clients. It emphasizes the need for code separation, proper tooling, and performance/resource management for client-side JavaScript applications serving large-scale enterprise needs. Specific techniques mentioned include dependency management, MV* frameworks, reusable components, unit testing, build tools, code analysis tools, monitoring, optimizing assets, and reducing the number of requests.
El documento describe los elementos principales de un sistema informático, incluyendo el hardware y el software. El hardware se refiere a las partes físicas de una computadora como la unidad central de procesamiento, la memoria y los dispositivos de entrada y salida. El software son las instrucciones que le dicen al hardware qué hacer.
JavaScript frameworks allow business logic to run on the client by sending JSON data on page load rather than dynamic HTML. This allows JavaScript to set up objects and classes to make assumptions without round trips to the server, improving performance. Popular frameworks like Backbone, Ember, Angular, Knockout, and Meteor emphasize separating UI from logic, data binding, templating, and routing to enable single-page applications. Meteor stands out by using the same syntax on client and server and web sockets for automatic UI updates.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 07 lesson 10blusmurfydot1
The document discusses various methods for securing Windows 7, including authenticating and authorizing users, configuring password policies, using the Windows Firewall and Action Center, protecting data with encryption, and configuring parental controls. Authentication confirms a user's identity while authorization specifies allowed resources. Password policies and lockout policies enforce strong passwords. The Windows Firewall, Action Center, Windows Defender, and Encrypting File System help secure the system and data. Parental controls allow restricting children's access to websites and applications.
Assistive technology and differential instruction can help students with disabilities succeed. Teachers should learn how each student learns best and find resources through assistive technologies to support them. This may include using invisible clocks for students with ADHD to help with focus, ensuring closed captioning for students with auditory impairments, and allowing word processors for writing for students with mild disabilities. When implemented, these strategies can promote healthy learning and lead to academic achievement for all students.
Eric Fermin's portfolio highlights his career in the pharmaceutical industry where he introduced several innovations to increase brand recall, prescriptions, and sales growth by 90%. One example provided was a coloring books program that boosted sales of a pediatric brand. Another example summarized a "Stand & Deliver Campaign" targeting doctors to increase monthly sales of a statin drug by emphasizing its liver safety advantages over other statins through promotional materials and sales visits. The document also includes sample training slides on SAP MM transactions and presentations by Eric Fermin.
El pensamiento positivo y la mente humanaEuler Ruiz
El documento describe las relaciones entre el pensamiento positivo, las emociones y la mente humana. Explica que los pensamientos y sentimientos influyen el uno al otro, y que juntos dirigen el comportamiento y la personalidad. También describe las emociones básicas y su función adaptativa, señalando que los pensamientos positivos pueden mejorar la calidad de vida al influir las emociones.
The document discusses managing users and groups in Windows. It covers configuring and managing user accounts and properties. User accounts identify users and grant access to resources, while groups simplify administration and security. The document also discusses built-in and service accounts, managing passwords and cached credentials, and best practices for user administration.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 02blusmurfydot1
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 2 of an operating systems textbook, including virtualization technology, OS layers and modes, virtualization methods, popular virtualization products, OS generation, and the boot process. Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on the same hardware through abstraction. It provides benefits like hardware sharing and isolation between guest systems. Common virtualization methods are system virtualization, para-virtualization, and simulation. Popular virtualization products discussed are VMWare Player, Microsoft Virtual PC, and Oracle VirtualBox. The operating system generation process customizes the OS for specific hardware, and the boot process loads the kernel to start the computer system.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 06 lesson 08blusmurfydot1
This document provides an overview of managing and monitoring Windows 7 performance. It discusses configuring Windows updates using Windows Update and WSUS. It also describes using tools like Event Viewer, Performance Monitor, and Reliability Monitor to monitor performance. Additionally, it outlines managing performance using Task Manager, Resource Monitor, Process Explorer, and system configuration settings.
Fibre reinforced and ferrocement car park pavers by R Sri RavindrarajahSriravindrarajah Rasiah
Published at the Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Ferrocement and Thin Reinforced Cement Composites (FERRO 10),held in Havana, Cuba in Oct. 2012
IRJET- A Review on Response Spectrum Analysis over Flat Slab-Shear Wall Inter...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing the response of flat slab structures with shear walls during earthquakes. It summarizes several studies that used software like ETABS and STAAD Pro to model and analyze flat slab buildings with and without shear walls under seismic loading. The studies found that buildings with shear walls generally performed better with lower displacements and drifts. Shear walls were most effective when placed along the perimeter or in an L-shape in the building. Additional research is needed on the effect of shear walls in longer-span flat slab structures.
This document discusses managing system performance in Windows. It covers monitoring performance using tools like the Performance console and System Monitor, as well as performance logs and alerts. Factors that can affect performance are also addressed, such as memory, disk usage, CPU speed, and network speed. The document provides tips for improving performance related to memory, disks, scheduled tasks, and the CPU. Mobile processor performance is also briefly discussed.
El documento describe el sistema circulatorio, incluyendo el corazón y los vasos sanguíneos. Explica que el corazón bombea la sangre a través de las arterias al resto del cuerpo y las venas la devuelven al corazón. También describe las partes del corazón, como las aurículas y ventrículos, y sus funciones. Además, menciona algunos problemas cardíacos comunes como la insuficiencia cardíaca y el infarto de miocardio.
This document discusses configuring and managing permissions in the NTFS file system. It defines key terms like access control lists (ACLs), access control entries (ACEs), and security identifiers (SIDs). It describes how NTFS permissions work, including how they are stored, inherited, and how effective permissions are determined. It also provides examples of using CACLS.exe to view and modify permissions and discusses best practices for planning and assigning NTFS permissions.
Itt operating systems unit 05 lesson 06blusmurfydot1
This document discusses managing permissions in Windows and configuring printing. It covers NTFS and share permissions, the Windows permission architecture including ACLs and ACEs, and standard and special NTFS permissions. It also discusses sharing files and folders using Homegroups, public folders, and any folder sharing. The document concludes with an overview of the Windows printing architecture, adding local and shared printers, and managing printer permissions and documents.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de aprendizaje que se practicaban en pueblos antiguos, incluyendo el aprendizaje psicomotor, operativo y de discriminación de palabras y conceptos. Explica que estas formas de aprendizaje eran fundamentales para la supervivencia de los grupos y la transmisión de conocimientos de generación en generación.
This document discusses configuring TCP/IP addressing and internet security. It covers IP addressing schemes like CIDR and subnetting, and how they address problems with classful addressing systems. It also discusses internet security threats like viruses, worms, and trojans. Finally, it covers configuring and managing Windows Firewall to protect systems, including enabling the firewall, setting exceptions, and monitoring logs and alerts.
The document discusses configuring and managing computer security through policy-based security management. It covers using Local Security Policy and templates to configure security settings on individual systems, and Domain Security Policy to configure security across a domain by overriding local policies. It also discusses establishing an audit policy to monitor security and detect breaches by auditing access and events on critical systems and objects.
Building Advanced Web UI in The Enterprise Worldefim13
This document discusses building advanced web user interfaces for enterprise applications. It covers architectural concepts like building decoupled architectures with modular services and thin clients. It emphasizes the need for code separation, proper tooling, and performance/resource management for client-side JavaScript applications serving large-scale enterprise needs. Specific techniques mentioned include dependency management, MV* frameworks, reusable components, unit testing, build tools, code analysis tools, monitoring, optimizing assets, and reducing the number of requests.
El documento describe los elementos principales de un sistema informático, incluyendo el hardware y el software. El hardware se refiere a las partes físicas de una computadora como la unidad central de procesamiento, la memoria y los dispositivos de entrada y salida. El software son las instrucciones que le dicen al hardware qué hacer.
JavaScript frameworks allow business logic to run on the client by sending JSON data on page load rather than dynamic HTML. This allows JavaScript to set up objects and classes to make assumptions without round trips to the server, improving performance. Popular frameworks like Backbone, Ember, Angular, Knockout, and Meteor emphasize separating UI from logic, data binding, templating, and routing to enable single-page applications. Meteor stands out by using the same syntax on client and server and web sockets for automatic UI updates.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 07 lesson 10blusmurfydot1
The document discusses various methods for securing Windows 7, including authenticating and authorizing users, configuring password policies, using the Windows Firewall and Action Center, protecting data with encryption, and configuring parental controls. Authentication confirms a user's identity while authorization specifies allowed resources. Password policies and lockout policies enforce strong passwords. The Windows Firewall, Action Center, Windows Defender, and Encrypting File System help secure the system and data. Parental controls allow restricting children's access to websites and applications.
Assistive technology and differential instruction can help students with disabilities succeed. Teachers should learn how each student learns best and find resources through assistive technologies to support them. This may include using invisible clocks for students with ADHD to help with focus, ensuring closed captioning for students with auditory impairments, and allowing word processors for writing for students with mild disabilities. When implemented, these strategies can promote healthy learning and lead to academic achievement for all students.
Eric Fermin's portfolio highlights his career in the pharmaceutical industry where he introduced several innovations to increase brand recall, prescriptions, and sales growth by 90%. One example provided was a coloring books program that boosted sales of a pediatric brand. Another example summarized a "Stand & Deliver Campaign" targeting doctors to increase monthly sales of a statin drug by emphasizing its liver safety advantages over other statins through promotional materials and sales visits. The document also includes sample training slides on SAP MM transactions and presentations by Eric Fermin.
El pensamiento positivo y la mente humanaEuler Ruiz
El documento describe las relaciones entre el pensamiento positivo, las emociones y la mente humana. Explica que los pensamientos y sentimientos influyen el uno al otro, y que juntos dirigen el comportamiento y la personalidad. También describe las emociones básicas y su función adaptativa, señalando que los pensamientos positivos pueden mejorar la calidad de vida al influir las emociones.
The document discusses managing users and groups in Windows. It covers configuring and managing user accounts and properties. User accounts identify users and grant access to resources, while groups simplify administration and security. The document also discusses built-in and service accounts, managing passwords and cached credentials, and best practices for user administration.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 02blusmurfydot1
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 2 of an operating systems textbook, including virtualization technology, OS layers and modes, virtualization methods, popular virtualization products, OS generation, and the boot process. Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run concurrently on the same hardware through abstraction. It provides benefits like hardware sharing and isolation between guest systems. Common virtualization methods are system virtualization, para-virtualization, and simulation. Popular virtualization products discussed are VMWare Player, Microsoft Virtual PC, and Oracle VirtualBox. The operating system generation process customizes the OS for specific hardware, and the boot process loads the kernel to start the computer system.
IT109 Microsoft Windows 7 Operating Systems Unit 06 lesson 08blusmurfydot1
This document provides an overview of managing and monitoring Windows 7 performance. It discusses configuring Windows updates using Windows Update and WSUS. It also describes using tools like Event Viewer, Performance Monitor, and Reliability Monitor to monitor performance. Additionally, it outlines managing performance using Task Manager, Resource Monitor, Process Explorer, and system configuration settings.
Fibre reinforced and ferrocement car park pavers by R Sri RavindrarajahSriravindrarajah Rasiah
Published at the Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Ferrocement and Thin Reinforced Cement Composites (FERRO 10),held in Havana, Cuba in Oct. 2012
IRJET- A Review on Response Spectrum Analysis over Flat Slab-Shear Wall Inter...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on analyzing the response of flat slab structures with shear walls during earthquakes. It summarizes several studies that used software like ETABS and STAAD Pro to model and analyze flat slab buildings with and without shear walls under seismic loading. The studies found that buildings with shear walls generally performed better with lower displacements and drifts. Shear walls were most effective when placed along the perimeter or in an L-shape in the building. Additional research is needed on the effect of shear walls in longer-span flat slab structures.
One Museum Park West (Post-Tensioning case study)AMSYSCO Inc.
The One Museum Park West high-rise condominium tower in Chicago was originally designed with conventionally reinforced concrete slabs and transfer girders, but went over budget. A value engineering analysis proposed converting the structural design to unbonded post-tensioning, which would reduce costs by deleting some interior columns, transfer girders, and reducing girder depths. This option was chosen and resulted in $4 million in savings through reductions to concrete, rebar, forming costs, and other structure elements like caissons and walls. The post-tensioning supplier worked with the engineer of record to implement the new design, which increased PT usage from an initial 35,000 feet to 1.6 million feet and helped complete
This study investigates the optimal design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls to minimize cost. An evolutionary optimization method is used to determine the optimal values of design variables like wall thickness, reinforcement area, and dimensions. The objective is to minimize total cost including materials, formwork and excavation. Constraints include stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity based on Eurocode 2. Optimization is performed using the evolutionary method via Excel Solver for a range of wall heights, soil properties and surcharge loads. Results show that total cost increases with wall height and surcharge but is independent of soil friction.
This column is based on experience gained in the design, construction, and investigations of over 400 parking structures over the past 40 years. Most of the principles that I present are recognized and accepted in the design and construction of precast, prestressed concrete parking structures by experienced design engineers and precast concrete manufacturers.
This document provides guidelines for designing concrete pavements for city streets. It discusses factors to consider like subgrades, concrete mix design, street classification and traffic levels, geometric design, and thickness design. Six street classifications are defined based on traffic volumes, vehicle types, and maximum axle loadings. Proper subgrade preparation and compaction are emphasized. Concrete mix design should produce adequate strength and durability. Integral curbs are recommended for economy. Geometric design addresses issues like street widths, lanes, parking, and accommodating utilities. Thickness design utilizes methods that determine needs for plain, doweled, or reinforced concrete based on traffic levels.
IRJET - Review on Use of Precast Panels for the Improvement of PavementsIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of precast concrete panels for improving pavements. It discusses several precast panel systems that have been used internationally and in India, including precast prestressed concrete pavement systems, the Kwik slab system, the Michigan method, the Roman Road system, the Uretek method, and the Fort Miller super slab system. The review found that precast panels allow for controlled, off-site fabrication and rapid construction or repair of pavements. However, their use has been limited in flexible pavements. Available analysis and design methods can be adapted to improve different pavement types using precast panels.
The document provides information on pavement design, including different types of pavement structures and methods for designing asphalt and rigid pavements. It discusses asphalt pavement design using the AASHTO 1993 method, which involves determining the structural number required based on factors like traffic loading, material properties, and desired service life. It also outlines the rigid pavement design method, touching on considerations like soil properties, material selection, thickness design, drainage, and reinforcement.
Les technologies avancées et innovantes sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les infrastructures de transport, en
particulier dans les transports urbains. Bombardier Transport a récemment développé un nouveau système
d'alimentation par induction des véhicules électriques. La solution proposée intègre dans une dalle en béton
préfabriquée installée dans la chaussée, les câbles d'alimentation électrique permettant de créer un champ
d'induction électromagnétique. Un aspect clé du projet est le concept et la résistance au trafic lourd du module
proposé. A cet effet, il a été décidé de réaliser un essai en vraie grandeur avec le simulateur de trafic routier
lourd, le manège de fatigue de l'IFSTTAR à Nantes. Cinq dalles prototypes ont été testées, différenciées par leur
largeur et par l'épaisseur de la couverture en béton au-dessus des câbles. L’expérience consiste à soumettre ces
dalles à un million de passages du jumelage de 65 kN et à suivre le comportement mécanique de la chaussée des
dalles en mesurant les déformations et les déplacements en des points choisis. Cet article présente le concept de
la chaussée expérimentale en dalles préfabriquées, la solution de mise en place et le suivi du comportement de
ces dalles dans l’essai manège en cours.
PERFORMANCE OF THIN BONDED CONCRETE IN HIGH VOLUME ROADS: REVIEWIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the use of thin bonded concrete overlays for repairing and extending the life of concrete and asphalt pavements.
2) Thin bonded concrete overlays range from 4 to 7 inches thick and are applied in sections measuring around 6 by 6 feet.
3) When designed and constructed properly, thin concrete overlays can last 15-20 years with little maintenance and have low life-cycle costs.
The document provides several case studies of innovative thin overlay projects.
Double tees shows it's an excellent choice for parking decks and used in roof
applications where a long, clear span is required such as gyms and pools. Spans up to
22m can be achieved using Precast Double Tees. Double Tees are pre-fabricated
members on plants, which provides excellent quality control and speeds up the
construction process. Double tee slabs can be used for most applications requiring a
long span floor or roof system (10 m to +30 m) and/or additional load carrying
capability. More than that, Double tee slabs prove it has a good resistant to moisture
and corrosion. Parking garages, commercial buildings , office buildings, pool roofs
,gymnasiums, food processing plants, industrial buildings, paper mills, and water and
sewage treatment plants are all ideal applications. One or both ends of the slabs can
be cantilevered at for up to four times the slab depth. Double tee slabs are prestressed.
Which will increase the ability to carry heavy loads with allows for longer spans,
shallow depth. Further its permits better space planning and a lower floor/floor height.
Lengthening the span may be economical (fewer s labs to make and install). Maximum
span/depth ratios of forty almost be recommended for floors. Double-tees regularly be
used for many types of buildings structures. They are easily shipped and erected, very
economical, readily available, and contribute to early building occupancy.
Within three phase of study, started by prediction a powerful tool to simulate the
full behavior of prestressed concrete double tee beams with web openings under
flexure, and continue on its second phase by considering the effect of increasing
concrete compressive strength on the obtaining long span length, to this research study
(3rd phase) where the an optimization process carried out to check the effect of varying
the prestressing tendon value and its effective applied force. The effect of increasing
the prestressing force was clearly shown at plastic regain its start effect the
performance. Improving behaviour with higher moment capacity is the general view of
all tested samples reached 50%-78% comparing to the control beam without web
opening. While for varying the value of prestressing tendons, the beams with web
Post-tensioning is simply a method of producing prestressed concrete, masonry, and other structural elements. Post-tensioning is a form of prestressing. Prestressing simply means that the steel is stressed (pulled or tensioned) before the concrete has to support the service loads. Most precast, prestressed concrete is actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured. Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed.
IRJET- Cost Analysis of Two-Way Slab and Post Tension SlabIRJET Journal
The document compares the cost of two types of slabs - two-way slabs and post-tension slabs. It designs a 5m x 9.38m panel using both slab types based on Indian code provisions. Material quantities and costs are calculated and compared. The post-tension slab is found to be more economical with lower concrete and steel requirements. Design checks are performed to ensure the slabs meet strength, serviceability, and stress limits.
BTS 2016 - Composite SCL - Jiang Su_rev0.6Jiang Su
Utilising composite action to achieve lining thickness efficiency for sprayed concrete lined (SCL) tunnels.
The presentation discusses using composite action in SCL tunnels, where a primary lining is bonded to a secondary lining via a sprayed waterproofing membrane. Current design only considers the linings separately, but composite action allows load sharing and reduced thickness. The study uses numerical modeling to evaluate lining efficiency as the secondary lining thickness decreases from 300mm to 50mm. Results show the interface can withstand stresses and one-pass SCL is structurally possible, allowing more efficient tunnel design with thinner secondary linings. Further testing is needed to confirm long-term membrane behavior.
The Margaret Court Arena project involves transforming an outdoor tennis court into a 7,500 seat indoor entertainment venue. A key feature is the pleated copper roof that can open or close in under five minutes. The roof's unique design was achieved through a series of interlocking roof trusses that give the appearance of a missing top chord. Collaboration between project partners was essential to develop the erection methodology for the complex roof assembly. The roof represents a innovative structural solution that allows the venue to meet the design goals of sitting below the neighboring Rod Laver Arena roof while maintaining a sleek profile.
Jaipur metro rail corporation summer training reportRajendra Jhurawat
The document provides an overview of the Jaipur Metro Rail project from Mansarovar to Badi Chaupar. It discusses the civil engineering aspects of the project including the viaduct and underground structures. It also covers relocation of affected structures, design of pre-stressed concrete bridges, and types of pre-stressing including pre-tensioning and post-tensioning. Lists of references are also included.
Application of Elastic Layered System in the Design of RoadIJERA Editor
This document discusses the application of elastic layered system theory in road design. It can be used to calculate asphalt pavement thickness, analyze stress in cement concrete pavements, and calculate load stress in porous concrete bases. The elastic layered system assumes layers are made of homogeneous, isotropic materials and loads are applied as uniform circles. It provides a simple model that generally reflects actual stress conditions despite differences from reality. The document provides examples of using the theory to calculate pavement thickness and analyze deflection and stress at different points in the pavement structure.
The document summarizes a study that characterized the mechanical properties of the concrete-asphalt interface in bonded concrete overlays. Laboratory tests were conducted on composite cylindrical specimens under different temperatures, moisture conditions, and loading types. Results showed the interface stiffness was strongly related to and weaker than the asphalt stiffness. The interface softened significantly under wet conditions. Shear fatigue testing found damage occurred primarily in the asphalt, not the interface. Specimens fatigued dry recovered stiffness better than wet specimens, suggesting water exposure weakens the interface. The study provides insight into the mechanical behavior of the concrete-asphalt interface.
This document outlines the advantages of using post-tensioning in building structures. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, reduced floor thickness, increased floor area, faster construction speeds, and reduced material usage. It discusses common post-tensioning systems used in building floors and specialized structural elements. Post-tensioning provides more flexible and economical building structures compared to other methods.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
1. Precast
concrete
parking
structure
lighting study
Donald R. Monahan
There is a perception among some members of the design community
that lighting of precast concrete parking structures is not as efficient as
lighting of post-tensioned concrete (PT) parking structures. This per-
ception occurs because one assumes that there is more light blockage
from the closely spaced, precast concrete double-tee stems (5 ft [1.5 m]
spacing) compared with the wider spacing of beams (18 ft to 24 ft
[5.5 m to 7.3 m] spacing) in a PT concrete parking structure.
The Colorado Prestressers Association retained Walker Parking
Consultants to perform a study comparing lighting systems for precast
concrete parking structures versus PT concrete parking structures. This
study indicates that there is no difference (within the accuracy of the
calculation procedure) in horizontal illuminance on the floor, or verti-
cal illuminance on the perimeter walls, for identical lighting configu-
rations in precast concrete and PT concrete parking structures. This
conclusion requires that the bottom of each luminaire in the precast
concrete parking structure is pendant-mounted and that the luminaires
are no more than 6 in. (150 mm) above the bottom of the double-tee
stem and centered between the 5 ft double-tee stem spacing (Fig. 1).
This report describes the configuration of the two parking structures,
the lighting configuration, the design methodology, and the results of
the analysis.
Editor’s quick points Parking structure configuration
■ Walker Parking Consultants project no. 23-7072.00 The most common parking structure configuration throughout the
United States consists of a row of 90-degree parking spaces at 8 ft 6
■ This research was funded jointly by the Colorado Pre- in. to 9 ft (2.6 m to 2.7 m) wide by 18 ft (5.5 m) long on each side of a
stressers Association and the Precast/Prestressed Con- two-way traffic aisle in a 60-ft-wide (18 m) parking module. The park-
crete Institute. ing structure typically has two parking modules with one sloping floor
for vertical circulation and one flat floor usually positioned along the
■ The research objective was to dispel commonly held street frontage. Therefore, the width of the parking structure is approxi-
myths regarding lighting of precast concrete parking mately 120 ft (36.5 m) plus the thickness of perimeter walls.
structures.
The length of the parking structure is typically limited by the length
■ This study indicates that there is no difference in hori- of a city block (approximately 350 ft [107 m]) or the maximum ramp
zontal or vertical illuminance for identical lighting config- slope and floor-to-floor height in the parking structure. An 8 ft 2 in.
urations in precast concrete and post-tensioned parking (2.5 m) clearance is required for handicap parking, which is usually
structures. provided on the ground level. The code-required clearance in all other
PCI Journal November–December 2007 89
2. Figure 1. Light fixture configuration in precast concrete parking structure. Note: 1” = 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1’ = 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
areas is 7 ft (2.1 m). Typically, columns are located at the perimeter the order of 18 ft to 24 ft (5.5 m to 7.3 m). The col-
and at the center of the two parking modules. The parking area is then umn spacing in a precast concrete parking structure
unimpeded by columns (in other words, it is clear-span construction). is typically 30 ft (9.1 m). A 20 ft (6 m) column
The depth of the structure necessary to span 60 ft (18 m) is about 3 span was used for the PT parking structure so that it
ft (0.9 m). Therefore, the minimum floor-to-floor height is 11 ft 2 in. could be modular with the precast concrete col-
(3.4 m) at the ground floor and 10 ft (3 m) on upper floors. For user umn spacing. The end spans were set at 15 ft (4.6
comfort and additional construction tolerance, the design includes an m) to accommodate end parking. The length of the
extra 6 in. (150 mm) of ceiling height in the parking structure model. parking structure was then set at 330 ft (100 m) so
The ramped floor with parking is limited to a maximum slope of 1:15 that it would be compatible and modular with each
(6.67%) by the 2006 International Building Code.1 The ramp slope structural system. Figures 2 through 4 and the ap-
in some local jurisdictions (for example, Los Angeles, Calif.) and for pendix illustrate schematic design drawings of the
accessible parking is limited to 5%. For the ground-floor height of 11 two parking structures.
ft 8 in. (3.6 m), the length of the ramp must be at least 233 ft (71 m) at
a 5% slope. Allowing 42 ft (13 m) at each end for crossover aisles and Lighting configuration
end parking results in a total length of about 320 ft (98 m).
There is not a code requirement for general parking
The intent of this study was to create two parking structures that were area lighting; however, owners may be at risk for
as identical as possible except that one would have a PT concrete struc- damages in the event of personal injury lawsuits
tural system while the other would have a precast concrete structural that allege poor lighting was a contributing fac-
system. The column spacing in a PT parking structure is typically on tor. Therefore, the lighting must meet industry
Table 1. Recommended maintained illuminance for parking structures
Minimum horizontal Horizontal uniformity ratio, Minimum vertical
illuminance, FC* maximum:minimum† illuminance, FC‡
Basic 1.0 10:1 0.5
Day 2.0 10:1 1.0
Ramps**
Night 1.0 10:1 0.5
Day 50 25
Entrance areas††
Night 1.0 10:1 0.5
Stairways 2.0 1.0
Source: Data from Lighting for Parking Facilities
Note: FC = footcandle.
*
Depreciated (maintained) illuminance in footcandles at the time of lamp replacement calculated on the parking surface without any shadowing effect
from parked vehicles or columns.
†
Highest horizontal illuminance divided by the lowest horizontal illuminance should not be greater than the ratio indicated.
‡
Measured or calculated at 1.5 m (5 ft) above the parking surface.
**
Applies to clearway ramps (no adjacent parking).
††
Includes daylight infiltration plus electric lighting for a distance of 20 m (66 ft) inside the entry portal of the parking structure to facilitate the transi-
tion from bright daylight into the darker parking facility.
90 PCI Journal November–December 2007
3. standards. The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
(IESNA) is considered the authority for lighting of interior and exterior
spaces. The recommended practice for parking facility lighting is con-
tained in IESNA publication RP-20-98, Lighting for Parking Facili-
ties.2 Table 1 contains recommended illuminance values.
Light sources commonly utilized in parking structures consist of 150-
watt, high-pressure-sodium (HPS) lamps; 150- to 200-watt metal ha-
lide (MH) lamps; and 32-watt, linear T8 fluorescent lamps. Experience
indicates that equivalently maintained illuminance has been achieved
with 150-watt HPS fixtures or 175-watt MH fixtures or a fluorescent
Figure 2. The exterior of a precast concrete parking structure is used
fixture consisting of four T8 lamps with a high-frequency, high-light-
for illuminance comparison. output, electronic ballast. Also, the most economical lighting system
utilizes the highest wattage practical at the largest spacing that achieves
the IESNA-recommended illuminance in order to minimize the number
of fixtures, which minimizes cost.
The color of the light source is also a consideration. HPS lamps
produce a yellowish glow, while metal halide lamps produce a bluish-
white light. Fluorescent lamp colors can range from warm white to
cool white. Recent research indicates enhanced benefits of white light
sources for better peripheral vision and better visibility at low light lev-
els. Therefore, the trend in the industry is toward white light sources.
Fluorescent light sources are affected by temperature, whereas MH and
HPS lamps are not affected by temperature. Therefore, MH lamps are
recommended where winter conditions at the location of the project
Figure 3. The interior of a precast concrete parking structure is used for result in temperatures that are frequently below freezing.
illuminance comparison.
Therefore, a 200-watt metal halide fixture was chosen for this study at
a 40 ft (12.2 m) longitudinal spacing and 30 ft (9.1 m) lateral spacing.
The fixture consisted of a Lithonia PGR luminaire, though equivalent
fixtures would consist of a Kim PGL1HP or PGL4 luminaire or Gardco
Quadra GP1 luminaire. Figures 5 through 7 illustrate these fixtures.
Other recommended fixtures consist of a Quality Lighting Design 430
and Kim PGL5/6.
The lighting configuration was designed to comply with IESNA
parking facility lighting standards and is illustrated in the appendix.
Two rows of luminaires were provided in each parking module at the
quarter points of the parking module (in other words, 15 ft [4.6 m] to
either side of the drive aisle centerline). The longitudinal spacing of
the luminaires in each row was 40 ft (12.2 m), such that the luminaires
Figure 4. The interior of a post-tensioned parking structure is used for were centered between PT beams or precast concrete double-tee stems.
illuminance comparison. One row of luminaires was staggered 20 ft (6.1 m) with respect to the
row on the opposite side of the drive aisle. This configuration results in
illumination of more of the ceiling soffits, providing a brighter percep-
tion of the entire space.
The lighting configuration was identical to the configurations used in
the precast concrete parking structure and in the PT parking structure.
The only variable was the mounting height of the luminaires. The
depth of the fixture was about 12 in. (300 mm), so luminaires that
were flush-mounted to the ceiling have the bottom of the fixture 12 in.
below the ceiling. The mounting height was then varied at 16 in., 19
in., and 22 in. (406 mm, 483 mm, and 559 mm) below the ceiling to
determine the variation in illuminance at those mounting heights in the
PCI Journal November–December 2007 91
4. two parking structures. Because the precast concrete double-tee stems ing all of the individual light-loss factors together,
were 22 in. deep, the fixture mounting heights were 10 in., 6 in., 3 in., resulting in a total light-loss factor of 0.47 for this
and 0 in. (250 mm, 150 mm, 75 mm, and 0 mm) above the bottom of design.
the double-tee stems.
The light source consisted of a 200-watt, pulse-
Lighting calculations start metal halide lamp. Pulse-start metal halide
lamps have 25% greater light output than standard
The lighting calculations were performed by computer modeling us- metal halide lamps and 50% longer lamp life than
ing the software AGI32 by Lighting Analysts of Littleton, Colo. This standard metal halide lamps (15,000 hours com-
software allows the designer to build a three-dimensional model of the pared with 10,000 hours). Also, the orientation of
parking structure and lighting system and calculate the illuminance on the lamp affects the light output and lamp life. A
any surface or plane within the facility. The effect of light blockage of horizontal lamp orientation has lower light output
the physical structure is included in the analysis. Reflectance of light and a shorter lamp life than a vertical orientation.
from ceilings, walls, and floors is also included. Photometrically correct The fixtures selected for this study had a vertical,
renderings are produced with this software (Fig. 2–4). base-up lamp orientation.
As indicated previously, four different luminaire mounting heights Results
were considered for use in each parking structure. In addition, the il-
luminance was analyzed on Tables comparing the results of the generated light-
level 1 and level 2 due to the ing calculations between the precast concrete park-
difference in floor-to-floor ing structure and PT parking structure are included
height at those levels (11 ft in the Appendix. The comparisons are made at each
8 in. [3.6 m] at level 1 and different luminaire mounting height in order to
10 ft 6 in. [3.2 m] at level 2). compare identical lighting configurations.
The horizontal illuminance
was determined on the floor The results indicate that there is significant light
at a calculation point spac- blockage in the precast concrete parking structure
ing of 5 ft (1.5 m) in each when the luminaires are mounted directly to the ceil-
direction over the entire ing, as expected. However, when the luminaires are
floor area, and the vertical il- pendant mounted with the bottom of the fixture at 6
Figure 5. A Lithonia PGR luminaire can be used for lighting in luminance was determined at in. (150 mm) or less above the bottom of the double-
precast and post-tensioned concrete parking structures. a lateral point spacing of 5 ft tee stems (22 in. [559 mm] below the ceiling), then
at an elevation of 5 ft above there is no light blockage.
the floor along the perimeter
walls. Other considerations
Light-loss factors were Painting of the ceilings, beams, walls, and columns
included for lumen depre- enhances the brightness perception of the interior
ciation (0.65), luminaire of the parking structure as well as increases the illu-
dirt depreciation (0.9), and a minance values about 10% to 20% due to increased
design factor of 0.8 as recom- reflectance. The reflectance of plain concrete typi-
mend by the lamp manufac- cally ranges from 30% to 40%. When the surfaces
turer (General Electric). The are painted white or off-white, the reflectance
Figure 6. A KIM PGL luminaire can be used for lighting in light-loss factors represent the increases to approximately 70% to 80%. While the
precast and post-tensioned concrete parking structures. fraction of light available at illuminance values are only increased 10% to 20%,
the time of lamp replacement the brightness perception is doubled as the eye sees
per IESNA-recommended reflected light, not direct light.
practice.
References
Owners of parking struc-
tures typically do not replace 1. International Code Council (ICC). 2006. 2006
the lamps until they expire. International Building Code. Delmar Cengage
Therefore, the light-loss fac- Learning.
tors must be determined at 2. Illuminating Engineering Society of North
the end of the rated life of the America (IESNA). 1998. Lighting for Parking
lamp. The total light-loss fac- Facilities. IESNA publication RP-20-98. New
Figure 7. A Gardco GP1 luminaire can be used for lighting tor is determined by multiply- York, NY: IESNA. J
in precast and post-tensioned concrete parking structures.
92 PCI Journal November–December 2007
5. Appendix
Figure A-1. Isometric for illuminance comparison between precast concrete and post-tensioned garages.
Table A-1.1. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 1 with bottom of luminaire at 12 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on pavement
Average 5.3 5.9 90
Maximum 12.2 11.3 108
Minimum 1.4 2.9 48
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 6.8 8.0 85
Maximum 22.7 22.4 101
Minimum 0.5 0.6 83
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 6.7 8.5 79
Maximum 13.3 13.2 101
Minimum 0.7 1.9 37
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 1.6 10.7 15
Maximum 2.0 12.8 16
Minimum 1.1 8.3 13
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 1.7 10.8 16
Maximum 2.0 12.8 16
Minimum 1.3 8.3 16
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
PCI Journal November–December 2007 93
6. Table A-1.2. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 1 with bottom of luminaire at 16 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on pavement
Average 6.3 6.2 101
Maximum 13.0 12.6 103
Minimum 3.2 3.1 103
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 6.0 5.8 104
Maximum 14.6 14.5 101
Minimum 0.8 0.7 114
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 6.5 6.5 100
Maximum 10.4 10.3 101
Minimum 2.0 2.0 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 11.1 11.1 100
Maximum 15.6 15.5 101
Minimum 5.8 5.8 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 11.3 11.2 101
Maximum 15.6 15.5 101
Minimum 6.0 5.8 103
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
Table A-1.3. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 1 with bottom of luminaire at 19 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on Pavement
Average 6.3 6.3 101
Maximum 13.3 12.9 103
Minimum 3.2 3.1 103
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 5.2 5.0 104
Maximum 12.3 12.3 100
Minimum 0.7 0.7 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 5.7 5.7 100
Maximum 8.9 9.0 99
Minimum 1.8 1.8 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 10.6 10.6 100
Maximum 14.8 14.8 100
Minimum 5.1 5.1 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 10.8 10.7 100
Maximum 14.8 14.8 100
Minimum 5.3 5.2 102
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
94 PCI Journal November–December 2007
7. Table A-1.4. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 1 with bottom of luminaire at 22 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on pavement
Average 6.4 6.3 101
Maximum 13.7 13.2 104
Minimum 3.1 3.1 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 4.5 4.4 104
Maximum 10.8 10.7 101
Minimum 0.7 0.7 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 4.9 4.9 99
Maximum 7.6 7.6 100
Minimum 1.7 1.7 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 9.8 9.8 100
Maximum 13.7 13.7 100
Minimum 4.5 4.5 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 10.0 9.9 101
Maximum 13.8 13.7 101
Minimum 4.8 4.7 102
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
Table A-2.1. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 2 with bottom of luminaire at 12 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on pavement
Average 5.4 6.2 87
Maximum 13.9 12.6 110
Minimum 0.5 2.9 17
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 4.3 5.8 75
Maximum 9.7 15.2 64
Minimum 0.4 0.6 67
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 4.6 6.5 71
Maximum 10.7 10.7 100
Minimum 0.7 1.2 58
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 1.6 11.3 14
Maximum 2.0 15.5 13
Minimum 1.1 6.1 18
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 1.6 11.4 14
Maximum 2.0 15.5 13
Minimum 1.1 6.1 18
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
PCI Journal November–December 2007 95
8. Table A-2.2. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 2 with bottom of luminaire at 16 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on pavement
Average 6.5 6.6 98
Maximum 15.0 14.5 103
Minimum 1.2 2.9 41
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 3.1 3.0 104
Maximum 7.1 7.0 101
Minimum 0.7 0.7 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 3.3 3.4 99
Maximum 5.1 5.0 102
Minimum 1.4 1.3 108
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 6.9 6.9 100
Maximum 8.7 8.7 100
Minimum 3.3 3.2 103
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 6.9 6.9 100
Maximum 8.7 8.7 100
Minimum 3.3 3.2 103
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
Table A-2.3. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 2 with bottom of luminaire at 19 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on pavement
Average 6.7 6.7 100
Maximum 15.5 15.0 103
Minimum 2.8 2.8 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 2.8 2.7 103
Maximum 6.0 5.9 102
Minimum 0.7 0.7 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 2.9 3.0 98
Maximum 4.3 4.3 100
Minimum 1.3 1.3 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 5.9 5.9 100
Maximum 7.4 7.4 100
Minimum 2.9 2.8 104
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 5.9 5.9 100
Maximum 7.4 7.4 100
Minimum 2.9 2.8 104
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
96 PCI Journal November–December 2007
9. Table A-2.4. Comparison of precast concrete and post-tensioned illuminance at level 2 with bottom of luminaire at 22 in. below ceiling
Precast concrete, FC Post-tensioned concrete, FC Ratio of PC to PT, %
Horizontal illuminance on Pavement
Average 6.7 6.7 100
Maximum 16.0 15.5 103
Minimum 2.7 2.7 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, south wall
Average 2.5 2.4 103
Maximum 5.0 4.9 102
Minimum 0.7 0.7 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, center wall
Average 2.6 2.6 98
Maximum 3.7 3.8 97
Minimum 1.2 1.3 92
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, west wall
Average 4.8 4.9 99
Maximum 6.2 6.3 98
Minimum 2.6 2.6 100
Vertical illuminance at 5 ft, east wall
Average 4.8 4.9 100
Maximum 6.2 6.3 98
Minimum 2.6 2.5 104
Note: FC = footcandle; PC = precast; PT = post-tensioned. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.
PCI Journal November–December 2007 97
10. About the author concrete parking structures. This study indicates that there
is no difference (within the accuracy of the calculation pro-
The computer modeling, illuminance calculations, and cedure) in horizontal illuminance on the floor, or vertical
report were prepared by Donald R. Monahan, P.E., vice illuminance on the perimeter walls, for identical lighting
president of Walker Parking Consultants in Denver, Colo. configurations in precast concrete and PT concrete parking
Monahan is chair of the Off Roadway Lighting Subcom- structures. This conclusion is provided that the bottoms of
mittee of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North the luminaires in the precast concrete parking structure are
America and is chair of the task force that is preparing an pendant-mounted and that the luminaires are no more than
update to IESNA’s RP-20-98, Lighting for Parking Facili- 6 in. (150 mm) above the bottom of the double-tee stem
ties. He has authored numerous magazine articles as well and centered between the 5 ft double-tee stem spacing.
as lectured at parking-industry seminars and conventions
with regard to parking-facility lighting issues. He is also This report describes the configuration of the two parking
coauthor of the textbook Parking Structures: Planning, structures, the lighting configuration, the design methodol-
Design, Construction, Maintenance and Repair, third edi- ogy, and the results of the analysis.
tion, published in 2001 by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
He can be reached at don.monahan@walkerparking.com. Keywords
Synopsis Double-tee, illuminance, lighting, light-loss factor, lumen
depreciation, luminaire dirt depreciation, luminance, park-
There is a perception among some members of the design ing structure, post-tensioning.
community that lighting of precast concrete parking
structures is not as efficient as lighting of post-tensioned Review policy
concrete (PT) parking structures. This perception occurs
because one assumes that there is more light blockage This paper was reviewed in accordance with the Precast/
from the closely spaced, precast concrete double-tee stems Prestressed Concrete Institute’s peer-review process.
(5 ft [1.5 m] spacing) compared with the wider spacing
of beams (18 ft to 24 ft [5.5 m to 7.3 m] spacing) in a PT Reader comments
concrete parking structure.
Please address any reader comments to PCI Journal editor-
The Colorado Prestressers Association retained Walker in-chief Emily Lorenz at elorenz@pci.org, or Precast/
Parking Consultants to perform a study comparing lighting Prestressed Concrete Institute, c/o PCI Journal, 209 W.
systems for precast concrete parking structures versus PT Jackson Blvd., Suite 500, Chicago, IL 60606.
98 PCI Journal November–December 2007