This document provides information about writing paragraphs, including their structure and components. It defines a paragraph as a group of related sentences that focus on a single topic. It describes the key parts of a paragraph as the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence. It provides examples of different types of topic sentences and how to write effective supporting sentences. It also discusses how to write descriptive paragraphs about people and places.

1. Paragraph Writing
Ahmad Riaz Bilal Zai

2. Paragraph
• Paragraph is a group of related sentence that talks
about a single Topic.
– Group: a single sentence can never makes a paragraph
thus, a paragraph is always a collection of sentences.
– Related Sentences: All the sentences in a paragraph must
focus on main idea and it should not wander off the topic.
– Length of Paragraph: The length of paragraph ranges
between 5 to 10 sentences.
– The first sentence: the first sentence of a paragraph is
always indented.

3. Paragraph is a group of sentences
• Afghanistan has a rich history.
• India grows rice.
• They scream every night.
• English is a difficult language
• Japan manufacture Toyota Cars.

4. Paragraph is a group of Related Sentences
Ahmad
Ahmad is an intelligent student. He takes
first position every exam. In addition to this,
He gets an award for his best efforts from the
office of the school every year. The cats are
very decent animals and cats never annoy
human being. Ahmad is really famous for his
good behavior which makes everyone respect
him more than anyone else.

5. Parts of Paragraph
1.Topic Sentence
2.Supporting Sentences
3.Concluding Sentences

6. Topic Sentence
• Topic sentence is the first sentence of a
paragraph.
• It contains the main idea of the whole
Paragraph.
• It helps the reader understand what the
paragraph is going to talk about.

7. Parts of a topic sentence
• Topic:
– The topic is the title of your paragraph.
• Controlling Idea:
– The controlling idea contains your opinion about
the topic.

8. Example of Topic Sentence
• Potatoes are easy to grow.
Topic + Controlling Idea
• Afghanistan is a war-torn country.
• Cricket is a very difficult sort of sports.
• Water is transparent. ( Fact ) It is better to use
you opinion in controlling Idea rather than a fact.

9. Topic Sentence
• Another kind of topic sentence divides the
topic into different parts.
– Potatoes are good for you in three ways.
– There are four basic methods of eating French
fries.
– Potato-eaters fall into different groups.
– Cricket can be interesting game in three ways

10. More About Topic Sentence
Never launch your paragraph with an idea people already know. They won't
be willing to read along. However, if you throw at them a provoking Topic
Sentence, the reader would accept the challenge and gets impatient to know
what you want to say. If the reader is faced with a topic sentence such as,
• Aspirin is a medicine.
• Aspirin has a lot of side effects.
• Aspirin can cure headaches.
The reader won't be enthusiastic as to go on reading your paragraph.
• Aspirin can be fatal ( this is quite different it provoke a reader to read and
it is unique topic. )

11. Supporting Sentences
• They are those sentence that comes after the
topic sentence.
• They support and gives details about the
controlling idea of your topic sentence.
• Or they simply prove your idea that you have
stated it in your topic sentence.

12. Canada is a best country
• There are three reasons why Canada is one of the
best countries in the world. First, Canada has an
excellent health care system. All Canadians have access
to medical services at a reasonable price. Second,
Canada has a high standard of education. Students are
taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to
continue studying at university. Finally, Canada's cities
are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities
have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As
a result, Canada is a desirable place to live.
•

13. Example of paragraph with Topic and
supporting sentences
Aspirin
Aspirin can be a fatal poison. People are used to taking aspirin
whenever they feel pain. It is true that aspirin is an effective pain-
killer for example in headache cases. However, aspirin is like any
other medicine can be dangerously harmful. Any unregulated use of
it may result into the damage to the lining of the stomach,
prolonged bleeding , vomiting, sore, liver damage, and hepatitis. It
is scientifically proven that excessive use of aspirin turns it into a
toxin. Its toxic effects are Kidney Damage, severe metabolic trouble,
respiratory and central nervous system effects, strokes, fatal
disorder of the brain, intestines & lungs and eventually death. Thus,
the careful and regulated use of aspirin is most advisable so as not
to turn into a deadly poison.

14. Example of Topic Sentence and
supporting sentences
Bread
In my country, bread is an important part of our everyday
food. When we sit down for a meal, there is always bread on
the table. For breakfast, we have bread with butter or
cheese. Some people have jam or olives. For lunch, we have
bread with a meat or vegetable dish. Poor people eat more
bread with a small piece of meat or vegetable or cheese. For
example, the lunch of a worker may be a loaf of bread with
some yogurt. Again at dinner, we eat bread with whatever
food there is on the table. When there is rice, we have bread,
too. We think that if there is no bread, there is no food.

15. Paragraph Sample with concluding
Sentence
There are three reasons why I prefer jogging to
other sports. One reason is that jogging is a cheap
sport. I can practice it anywhere at any time with no
need for a ball or any other equipment. Another
reason why I prefer jogging is that it is friendly to my
heart. I don’t have to exhaust myself or do excessive
efforts while jogging. Finally, I prefer this sport
because it is safe. It isn’t as risky as other sports like
gymnastics, racing or horseback riding. For all these
reasons, I consider jogging the best sport of all.

16. Concluding Sentence
• It is the last sentence in a paragraph.
• It re-state the topic sentence in different words
• It usually begins with:
– Hence
– Therefore
– So
– That’s why
– Finally
– In conclusion
– Lastly ….

17. Paragraph Structure
Title
Topic Sentence: Topic + Controlling Idea
Supporting fact 1 ) _______________________
Supporting fact 2 ) _______________________
Supporting fact 3) ________________________
Concluding Sentence 4) ___________________

18. How to write Supporting Sentences
• In order to support your topic sentence try to
elaborate on the following segments
Personal Experience
Drastic facts
Example

19. Kinds of Paragraph
• Descriptive paragraph:
A descriptive paragraph explains how someone or
something looks like.
It generally describes a person, place or a thing.
In a descriptive paragraph we just try to make a
picture in the mind of the reader.

20. Describing a person
• When you want to describe a person try to
elaborate on the following aspects in a chronological
order:
– Appearance:
– Is how someone looks like on the outside.
– Use the following Adjective to describe appearance.
•Height: Tall or short
•Body: Thin, overweight and slim
•Hair: Curly hair, Straight hair, Blond hair, Short hair
•Face: Oval face, Round Face , Beard and moustache
•Eyes: Brown, green and Black
•look: Attractive, beautiful, Handsome, Gorgeous.

21. Continued….
•Personality:
»Intelligent- Smart- Clever- Hardworking- Passionate.
» Nasty- kind- Tidy- generous- friendly
»Introvert- Extrovert
»Helpful- Honest..
• Habits:
Tap finger.
Crack knuckles.
Bite fingernail.
Chew the pen or pencil.
Roll eyes
Twirl hair
Rub the back of their neck
 smoker- Drinker
Wink- snore…

22. Sample Structure
• General Information
• Appearance
• Personality
• Habit
• Conclusion.

23. Descriptive Paragraph Sample
Topic Said Kaihan General Info
I think I am very lucky to have Said Kaihan as one of my real best
friend. He is 20 years old. He has been my friend since my childhood.
He is medium heighted with slim body. He has got round face and
brown eyes and straight hair. He has small mouth along with fragile
moustache and dense beard. Furthermore, He looks really attractive
when he is wearing traditional clothes. Following this, He is really
generous. He helps needy people. Beside this, He is extrovert when he
is alone he extensively gets bored that’s why he always likes to have
many friend around him. Now, I want to disclose one of his secret
habit that’s he usually bites his fingernails. Finally I ask Allah to keep
our relationship as drastic as it is.
Personality conclusion Appearance Habit

24. Describing a place
• Location
• People
– How are the people
• Climate
– How is the weather
• Tourist attractions
– Parks, Resorts ….
• What is it famous for
• How is the food

25. Useful expression
• The views are………
• You shouldn’t miss
• It is located in…..
• It is far away from….
• What I don’t like about is….
• Popular tourist attraction is….
• It is well known for its…..

26. Location
• By the sea
• On the cost
• In the country
• In the north, south, east, west
• On the river of …..
• In the mountain
• Near the forest…

27. Place description adjective
• Peaceful:
• Ancient
• Beautiful
• Charming
• Cosmopolitan: having people from different parts
• Boring
• Compact: not very big
• Noisy
• Stunning

28. Adjective
• Huge
• Polluted
• Touristic
• Exciting
• Popular
• Crowded
• Contemporary
• Expensive
• Hospitable
• Historic

29. Areas in the town
• Down town: commercial part of the city
• Outskirt: the country
• Industrial zone
• Residential zone