Structure of a paragraph, parts of a paragraph

1. 1

2. •Is derived from the Greek words
“para” which means beyond and
“graphein” meaning to write
which when put together
denotes explanation.
2

3. •Refers to a group of
related sentences
developing a single topic
or a part of a larger topic.
3

4. PURPOSE:
To make it easy for one to
communicate ideas by setting off the
single topic which is developed or by
providing clear distinctions between
the separate parts of a larger
composition.
4

5. NECESSARY:
1st – It breaks up the monotony of a solid
printed text.
2nd – It breaks up a composition into
convenient units and promotes the
coherent treatment of a subject by
attending to one thing at a time.
3rd – It has a psychological value in that
every new paragraph marks a new
beginning; the reader feels the simulation
of renewed interest with each indentation
that appears on the page.
5

6. •The first sentence is indented and all
other sentences are aligned to form a
block.
•The sentences must be connected to
each other in thought and so you get
an idea of what the writer is talking
about. The paragraph conveys only
one main idea.
6

7. •There is no fixed number of sentences
required for a paragraph.
•Long paragraph irritates readers, so
each paragraph should be of
convenient size for reasonable length.
•The average length is somewhere
between 100 to 200 words for student
writing more than five sentences per
paragraph.
7

8. 1. INTRODUCTION
the first section of a paragraph that
includes the topic sentence and any other
sentences at the beginning of the
paragraph that give background
information or provide a transition. In short,
it contains the central idea.
8

9. 2. BODY
follows the introduction and discusses
the controlling idea, using facts, arguments,
analysis, examples, and other information.
It develops, explains and supports the main
idea of the paragraph.
9

10. 3. CONCLUSION
the final section summarizes the
connections between the information
discussed in the body of the
paragraph and the paragraph’s
controlling idea.
10

11. The ancient Egyptians believed in many
different gods and goddesses and each one had their
own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony
across the land. Some gods and goddesses took part
in creation. Other gods and goddesses brought the
flood every year. Some offered protection, and some
tookcareofpeopleaftertheydied.Egyptianshadlocal
gods who represented towns, and minor gods who
represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians
believed that it was important to recognize and
worship these gods and goddesses so that life
continuedsmoothly.
11

12. The ancient Egyptians believed in many
different gods and goddesses and each one had their
own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony
across the land. Some gods and goddesses took part
in creation. Other gods and goddesses brought the
flood every year. Some offered protection, and some
tookcareofpeopleaftertheydied.Egyptianshadlocal
gods who represented towns, and minor gods who
represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians
believed that it was important to recognize and
worship these gods and goddesses so that life
continuedsmoothly.
12

13. The ancient Egyptians believed in many
different gods and goddesses and each one had their
own role to play in maintaining peace and harmony
across the land. Some gods and goddesses took part
in creation. Other gods and goddesses brought the
flood every year. Some offered protection, and some
tookcareofpeopleaftertheydied.Egyptianshadlocal
gods who represented towns, and minor gods who
represented plants or animals. The ancient Egyptians
believed that it was important to recognize and
worship these gods and goddesses so that life
continuedsmoothly.
13

14. 14

15. •It develops a single thought to
which the reader’s mind gets
focused.
•Topic Sentence – the most
important way of attaining
unity in a paragraph.
15

16. •Unity is important because it aids the
reader in following along with the writer’s
ideas. The reader can expect that a given
paragraph will deal only with one main
topic. When a new paragraph begins, this
signals that the writer is moving on to a
new topic.
16

17. • Paragraph unity may be violated by including
too many or too few details. The length of a
paragraph is not a measure of its
effectiveness. Unity is impaired if some of
these details are not actually related to the
basic thought in the paragraph. Including too
many details results in what is called “straying
away from the subject.”
17

18. 18

19. • It is actually found in the
paragraph or it is one of the
sentences that compose the
paragraph.
19

20. • It cannot be actually found in
the paragraph. However, it
can extracted from the
paragraph and can be easily
and clearly stated.
20

21. It may be located:
1. At the beginning
2. At the end
3. At the beginning and restated at the
end
4. In the middle
21

22. Through the centuries rats have
managed to survive despite all our efforts to
destroy them. We have poisoned them and
trapped them. We have fumigated, flooded, and
burned them. We have tried germ warfare. Some
rats even survived atomic bomb tests conducted
on Entwek Atoll in the Pacific after World War II.
In spite of all our efforts, these enemies of
ours continue to prove that they are the most
indestructible of pests.
22

23. Tennis is a fascinating game. This is true
in the case of those who participate in and of
those who merely watch the play. It offers a
challenge to the skill of the participants and
gives them the benefit of outdoor exercise.
The spectator has the advantage of being
able to watch both players, to compare their
shots, and to note their errors in judgement.
The spectators, in order to derive the most
enjoyment from the play, must follow the
game almost as keenly as if he were playing.
When one is thus lost in the effort of
achievement, or in the hope for the success
of his favorite player, he forgets for a time the
cares of everyday life.
23

24. •The quality of sticking together.
•There is an orderly progression of
thought.
•Each sentence adds something to the
one preceding it and the totality of
sentences develops the central
thought adequately.
24

25. 25

26. 3 Kinds of arrangement:
•Chronological order
•Space order
•Logical Order
26

27. Chronological order
-time order in which the
incidents occurred.
27

28. Example:
The tower of London is known to have many
ghosts. The tower stood since 1066, when Duke
William of Normandy invaded England, and
throughout its history it has been used as prison
and place of execution which may be why some
people say it’s one of the scariest places on
earth. There are many tales of ghosts here. It
was said that Anne Boleyn, the second wife of
King Henry III was beheaded on Tower Green in
1536 when she didn’t give birth to a boy. Lady
Jane Grey was only seventeen when she was
executed on the 12th of February 1554, after only
nine days as queen to Henry VIII. Their ghosts
had been seen around the tower.
28

29. Space order
-details are arranged right to left,
left to right, top to bottom, bottom
to top, etc.
29

30. Example:
I am in one of the most luxurious homes I
have ever been in. The lounge is wonderful! In
the middle is a superb leather sofa of no less
than six people can sit. In front, there is a
marvelous coffee table, made of wood with glass
top. On the wall, behind the sofa is a great
painting. And opposite the sofa is a huge state-
of-the-art wide screen television. Behind the
sofa, against the wall, is a very modern desk,
with a computer and lots of work-line things. Oh!
There are some beautiful flowers on the window
that adds a feminine touch to the room. Who
lives in a house like this?
30

31. Logical order
-details are arranged from general to
specific, from specific to general, or in
climatic order.
31

32. Example:
In the future we will find that coal,
oil and uranium are alike in this: We
can depend on none of them in the 21st
century. The oil will be almost gone by
then. The coal, in the quantities
needed, will destroy the land while
being dug out and will pollute the air
while being burned. Uranium will
always have with it the dangerous
radioactive contamination of the world.
32

33. As you develop your paragraph
you have to clarify, explain or
rephrase information to keep the
important ideas in your mind.
33

34. 4 Ways:
•By repeating a key word or term
•By using synonyms for the key word
•By using a derivative of the key word
•By using general term for a specific
key word or a specific term for a
general key word
34

35. Example:
The “laws” of science differs from the “laws”
of a country in two ways. First, a scientific law
may need modifying. This need arises with the
discovery of a fact which seems to contradict
what the “law” would lead one to expect. The law
may, in fact, have to be abandoned altogether.
Second, a scientific “law” says: “This is likely to
be an explanation,” or “This accounts for the
facts as far as we know them.” But the “law” of a
country says: “You must ____,” or “You must not
____.” The scientific “law” has no moral force; it
is not binding on human behavior nor approved
or opposed by human conscience.
35

36. 4 Ways:
•By using general term for a specific
key word or a specific term for a
general key word
Example:
Astronautics is a combination of many
sciences. This field of specialization is
mastered by the astronaut.
36

37. The use of synonyms
Example:
All scientists have the tendency
to be meticulous in their treatment
of data. This inclination to be extra
careful in handling details in their
experiments seems to be
inherited in them.
37

38. The use of derivatives
Example:
Some plants were exposed to the
sunlight. This exposure made them
sturdy.
The use of a general term for a specific
key word
Example:
Astronautics is a combination of
many sciences. This field of
specialization is mastered by the
astronaut.
38

39. Transitional words and phrases
signal specific kinds of
relationships between the parts of
the sentences, between
sentences in a paragraph, and
between paragraph in a longer
composition.
39

40. Common Transitional Words/Phrases:
To show addition: and, also, as well as,
further, moreover, likewise
To show time: once, after, always, as
soon as, eventually, later, then
To show place: in front of, on the other
side, inside, nearby, next to
To show conclusion: therefore, thus, for
this reason, hence, as a result
To contrast : but, even so, on the other
hand, nevertheless, yet, on the
contrary
40

41. Common Transitional
Words/Phrases:
To illustrate or explain: for example,
namely, specifically, such as, that is
To emphasize: indeed, in fact,
specifically, of course, most important
To summarize: on other words, in short,
of the whole, to sum up
41

42. •The important ideas here are made to
stand. In writing, certain ideas can be
emphasized by the use of such
techniques:
a. Position
b. Proportion
c. Parallel structures
42

43. The emphatic parts of the
paragraph are the beginning and
the end; therefore, you must
either begin or end with the most
important idea.
43

44. Proportion means regulating the length
of the introduction, discussion, and
conclusion in relationship to each other.
In the introduction, the reader is told on
what will be discussed in the paragraph.
The middle part contains the
substance of the topic which has to be
developed more fully. This part is
emphasized by the fact that more space is
devoted to it.
44

45. An idea can be emphasized by
using a series of statements or
questions which are parallel in
structure.
45