This document summarizes the availability of indicators on violence against women recommended by the UN Statistical Commission from 59 nationally representative surveys. It finds:
- Total rates of physical/sexual violence were available in a minority of surveys, pointing to methodological obstacles. Age-specific rates were available in about a third.
- Relationship to the perpetrator was the main focus, but classifications varied significantly between surveys.
- Last two indicators on intimate partner violence need reformulating to include both physical and sexual violence using "and/or". Their denominators could also just use ever-partnered women like other indicators.
- Frequency was largely missing across all indicators, being available in only a small number of surveys. Standard
This document summarizes the availability of statistical indicators on violence against women from 59 nationally representative surveys. It finds that:
1) Only one indicator - physical violence during lifetime by relationship to perpetrator - was available in over 80% of surveys. Other indicators were available in fewer surveys.
2) Relationship to the perpetrator focused primarily on intimate partners but classifications varied greatly between surveys.
3) Total rates of physical/sexual violence in last 12 months and lifetime were available in only 17-50% of surveys, pointing to methodological challenges.
4) Age-specific rates for physical/sexual violence were available in about one-third of surveys.
5) Very few surveys provided data on
Sexual Offenders Risk, Recidivism, and Social Policiessoissues
This document discusses sex offender policies and related research findings. It summarizes studies that have found relatively low recidivism rates for sex offenders, often lower than other types of criminals. For example, a US DOJ study found a 5.3% recidivism rate for sex offenders over 3 years, compared to 43% for non-sex offenders. Treatment is also shown to reduce recidivism. However, sex offender laws like registration and notification are enacted in response to public fear rather than evidence, and these laws may negatively impact offenders and their rehabilitation without clear evidence that they reduce reoffending.
This study examined the relationship between phallometric assessments (measures of sexual arousal) and two risk assessment tools (RRASOR and MnSOST-R) in a sample of 367 incarcerated sex offenders. Preliminary analyses found that age was significantly correlated with phallometric and risk assessment scores, but not race or victim type. Offenders were grouped by victim relationship (intrafamilial, extrafamilial, adult only). Risk scores differed between groups, but phallometric scores did not, though adult offenders showed higher arousal overall. Primary analyses found no significant associations between phallometric indices and scores on the MnSOST-R or its subscales. Victim relationship type did not impact these relationships
1) The document presents research on the effects of exposure to civil conflict in Peru on political beliefs and participation. It analyzes survey data on Peruvians' trust in government, views on democracy and civil rights, and civic participation, linked to data on violence during the Peruvian civil war from 1980-2000.
2) The results show that exposure to violence during sensitive childhood and adolescent stages is associated with more negative views of democracy and lower civic participation, but does not impact other political outcomes.
3) The authors discuss assumptions, threats to identification like migration, and ideas for future research extensions like analyzing effects by type and perpetrator of violence and inter-generational impacts.
Gabriella Grant, Director of the California Center of Excellence for Trauma Informed Care, presented at the 8th Annual Fall Trauma Conference on trends in violence over time. She summarized that while the US homicide and violent crime rates have significantly decreased over the long term, it remains more armed than other nations due to high gun ownership. The pandemic saw a rise in homicides but an overall crime decrease. Firearm deaths have increased disproportionately in the US compared to other countries with stricter gun laws and lower ownership rates.
Correlates of criminal behavior among female prisonersashtinadkins
The study examined relationships between attachment, childhood experiences, sensation seeking, and criminal behavior among 348 female inmates. Measures of attachment, adverse childhood events, alcohol use, and sensation seeking were administered and correlated with criminal behaviors. Preliminary results found several scales significantly correlated with number of crimes, including risk taking behaviors, adverse childhood events, experiences of partner abuse, and insecure attachments. Further path analyses may provide a more complex model of criminality accounting for different types of crimes.
This study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 1,143 individuals ages 16-22 to examine patterns of sexual violence perpetration over time. Three key profiles of perpetration were identified for both younger (16-18) and older (19+) age groups: 1) a high perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment, rape, coercive sex, and sexual assault; 2) a middle perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment; and 3) a low perpetration profile with low probabilities of any perpetration. While most individuals remained stable in their perpetration profiles over time, some escalated or reduced their perpetration behaviors. Few gender differences were found except that males ages 16-18 were more
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear their children will face consequences if they leave. They also worry about financial independence and being re-victimized by communities. The cycle of violence and trauma bonding make leaving difficult as well.
This document summarizes the availability of statistical indicators on violence against women from 59 nationally representative surveys. It finds that:
1) Only one indicator - physical violence during lifetime by relationship to perpetrator - was available in over 80% of surveys. Other indicators were available in fewer surveys.
2) Relationship to the perpetrator focused primarily on intimate partners but classifications varied greatly between surveys.
3) Total rates of physical/sexual violence in last 12 months and lifetime were available in only 17-50% of surveys, pointing to methodological challenges.
4) Age-specific rates for physical/sexual violence were available in about one-third of surveys.
5) Very few surveys provided data on
Sexual Offenders Risk, Recidivism, and Social Policiessoissues
This document discusses sex offender policies and related research findings. It summarizes studies that have found relatively low recidivism rates for sex offenders, often lower than other types of criminals. For example, a US DOJ study found a 5.3% recidivism rate for sex offenders over 3 years, compared to 43% for non-sex offenders. Treatment is also shown to reduce recidivism. However, sex offender laws like registration and notification are enacted in response to public fear rather than evidence, and these laws may negatively impact offenders and their rehabilitation without clear evidence that they reduce reoffending.
This study examined the relationship between phallometric assessments (measures of sexual arousal) and two risk assessment tools (RRASOR and MnSOST-R) in a sample of 367 incarcerated sex offenders. Preliminary analyses found that age was significantly correlated with phallometric and risk assessment scores, but not race or victim type. Offenders were grouped by victim relationship (intrafamilial, extrafamilial, adult only). Risk scores differed between groups, but phallometric scores did not, though adult offenders showed higher arousal overall. Primary analyses found no significant associations between phallometric indices and scores on the MnSOST-R or its subscales. Victim relationship type did not impact these relationships
1) The document presents research on the effects of exposure to civil conflict in Peru on political beliefs and participation. It analyzes survey data on Peruvians' trust in government, views on democracy and civil rights, and civic participation, linked to data on violence during the Peruvian civil war from 1980-2000.
2) The results show that exposure to violence during sensitive childhood and adolescent stages is associated with more negative views of democracy and lower civic participation, but does not impact other political outcomes.
3) The authors discuss assumptions, threats to identification like migration, and ideas for future research extensions like analyzing effects by type and perpetrator of violence and inter-generational impacts.
Gabriella Grant, Director of the California Center of Excellence for Trauma Informed Care, presented at the 8th Annual Fall Trauma Conference on trends in violence over time. She summarized that while the US homicide and violent crime rates have significantly decreased over the long term, it remains more armed than other nations due to high gun ownership. The pandemic saw a rise in homicides but an overall crime decrease. Firearm deaths have increased disproportionately in the US compared to other countries with stricter gun laws and lower ownership rates.
Correlates of criminal behavior among female prisonersashtinadkins
The study examined relationships between attachment, childhood experiences, sensation seeking, and criminal behavior among 348 female inmates. Measures of attachment, adverse childhood events, alcohol use, and sensation seeking were administered and correlated with criminal behaviors. Preliminary results found several scales significantly correlated with number of crimes, including risk taking behaviors, adverse childhood events, experiences of partner abuse, and insecure attachments. Further path analyses may provide a more complex model of criminality accounting for different types of crimes.
This study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 1,143 individuals ages 16-22 to examine patterns of sexual violence perpetration over time. Three key profiles of perpetration were identified for both younger (16-18) and older (19+) age groups: 1) a high perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment, rape, coercive sex, and sexual assault; 2) a middle perpetration profile with a high probability of sexual harassment; and 3) a low perpetration profile with low probabilities of any perpetration. While most individuals remained stable in their perpetration profiles over time, some escalated or reduced their perpetration behaviors. Few gender differences were found except that males ages 16-18 were more
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear their children will face consequences if they leave. They also worry about financial independence and being re-victimized by communities. The cycle of violence and trauma bonding make leaving difficult as well.
This document outlines ethical and safety guidelines for conducting research on violence against women. It discusses the importance of prioritizing the safety of respondents and researchers, ensuring methodological soundness, maintaining confidentiality, properly selecting and training interviewers, minimizing distress for respondents, establishing referral mechanisms, appropriately interpreting and using results, and only including violence questions in other surveys if basic ethical standards can be followed.
This document discusses two major sources of data on violence against women (VAW): administrative records and population-based surveys. Administrative records from police, courts, hospitals provide data on service use and procedures but do not reflect the true magnitude of the problem or provide perpetrator data. Population-based surveys can measure prevalence and provide deeper understanding through individual data, but have methodological limitations and ethical issues. The document cautions that service-based data does not represent the actual situation and uses an example from Nicaragua to show how increased reporting could be due to more services rather than increased violence.
This document is a random string of letters and numbers without any discernible meaning or essential information to summarize. It does not contain enough context to generate a useful 3 sentence or less summary.
For module 2 – chapter 3.3 un core indicatorsVíctor Barragán
The document outlines 8 UN core indicators for tracking violence against women (VAW). The indicators measure the total and age-specific rates of women subjected to physical, sexual, and psychological violence in the last 12 months and lifetime by the severity, relationship to perpetrator, and frequency. The indicators also measure rates of economic violence, female genital mutilation, and violence by current or former intimate partners. Denominators for the indicators include all women or ever-partnered women depending on the specific indicator.
The document discusses tools for collecting quantitative data, specifically the development of questionnaires. It provides two examples of developing questionnaires for studies on violence against women. The WHO multi-country study questionnaire was developed over many years through an extensive process of literature review, expert consultation, translation, pilot testing and revision to improve cross-cultural comparability. It includes questions on health outcomes, consequences of violence, and women's responses to violence. The South Africa study similarly involved focus groups, pilot testing and incorporating local expressions of mental distress to develop a culturally appropriate questionnaire.
BWN/451 Your Personal Brand and Social Media451 Marketing
This document discusses how to establish and maintain a personal brand on social media. It recommends listening to what people say about your brand online, defining your brand and voice, and being consistent across major platforms like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and blogs. For each platform, it provides goals and tips, such as sharing content and expertise on Twitter, setting professional boundaries on Facebook, connecting with contacts on LinkedIn, and using a blog as a central hub. It also discusses tools for monitoring discussions about your brand online.
This document discusses how to build a personal brand using social media. It recommends researching yourself online to understand your current online reputation and presence. It also suggests managing your reputation by posting relevant content on platforms like LinkedIn, asking for recommendations, and following thought leaders to find good content to share. Building an online personal brand with social media can help establish yourself as a thought leader, influence purchase decisions and startup growth, and impact potential job opportunities.
Domestic Violence: A Cross-sectional StudySHUBHAM SINGH
This document summarizes a study on domestic violence against women in a rural area of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India. The study found that 41.25% of women reported experiencing some type of domestic violence. Women aged 20-40, illiterate women, housewives, and those from Hindu or nuclear families reported higher rates of violence. The most common forms of violence were physical/emotional (30.3%) and physical only (24.24%). The primary causes of violence cited were arguments over money and alcohol influence. The study recommends education programs for women and community efforts to address alcohol abuse to help prevent domestic violence.
Journal of Sociology and Social Work June 2017, Vol. 5, No. TatianaMajor22
This document summarizes a journal article that uses critical race theory to explore differences between African American and Caucasian women who perpetrate intimate partner violence. The study found that African American women in the sample were more likely to score higher on measures of physical conflict and parenting attitudes. The document provides background on intimate partner violence among African American female perpetrators and the use of critical race theory as a framework. It discusses how critical race theory acknowledges the intersections of race, gender, and other factors that influence the experiences of African American women with intimate partner violence.
Presented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT
OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS
FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
7
Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship
1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010Victim-Offender Relationship1994-19981999-20042005-2010Stranger
Non-stranger21%
79%25%
75%22%
78%Intimate Partner
(includes former spouse, BF, GF)28%30%34%Relative9%3%6%Acquaintance42%42%38%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, acces.
This study analyzed data from a 3-wave longitudinal online survey of over 1,000 youth to identify predictors of online interpersonal victimization (sexual solicitation and harassment) over a 2-year period. Around half of youth experienced some victimization during this time. Regardless of when measured, online aggressive behavior, internet use, offline victimization and weaker parental bonds consistently predicted increased risk. The model correctly classified most youth who were not victimized or re-victimized but struggled with those who were newly or formerly victimized. The study aims to help identify at-risk youth and inform prevention efforts focusing on reducing aggressive behaviors across online and offline contexts.
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Sexual Assault Rates GTA by: Joshua & PrestonJoshuaS15
1) Males are the dominant offenders of sexual assault in the GTA, targeting females as victims more than males.
2) Children under 19 are victimized at higher rates than adults over 20. Sexual offenders are more interested in children as victims.
3) Offenders typically use physical force to attack victims rather than firearms.
A research report on root causes, risk factors and preventive strategies. Research by Midrift Hurinet and the Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY).
A cross sectional analysis on Domestic violence among married women of reprod...BANAFULRoy
This document summarizes a study on domestic violence among married women in Bangladesh. The study found that 91% of women reported their husband's controlling behavior. 83% said their husbands restricted access to healthcare. 57% reported being sexually abused by their husbands in the past year. Only 19% of physically abused women disclosed the abuse to others and 17% sought help. The study highlights the need for better implementation of domestic violence laws in Bangladesh and increasing support services for abused women.
Assessment Of Hate Crime Offenders The Role Of Bias Intent In Examining Viol...Heather Strinden
This study examined 204 hate crime offenders to investigate their criminal histories and risk of future violence. It found that over half had prior criminal convictions. Risk assessment scores on the HCR-20 scale were comparable to other offender groups and correlated with the severity of the hate crime. Offenders who targeted racial minority victims had more extensive and severe criminal histories. Those belonging to bias-oriented groups committed more severe hate crimes and had more violent criminal histories. The findings suggest differences in bias intent and group affiliation are important to consider in assessing violence risk in hate crime offenders.
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence SurveyDr Lendy Spires
Sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence are major public health problems in the United States. Many survivors of these forms of violence can experience physical injury, mental health consequences such as depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, and suicide attempts, and other health consequences such as gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and gynecological or pregnancy complications. These consequences can lead to hospitalization, disability, or death. Our understanding of these forms of violence has grown substantially over the years. However, timely, ongoing, and comparable national and state-level data are lacking. Less is also known about how these forms of violence impact specific populations in the United States or the extent to which rape, stalking, or violence by a romantic or sexual partner are experienced in childhood and adolescence. CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control launched the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey in 2010 with the support of the National Institute of Justice and the Department of Defense to address these gaps. The primary objectives of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey are to describe: • The prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence • Who is most likely to experience these forms of violence • The patterns and impact of the violence experienced by specific perpetrators • The health consequences of these forms of violence The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey is an ongoing, nationally representative random digit dial (RDD) telephone survey that collects information about experiences of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence among non-institutionalized English and/ or Spanish-speaking women and men aged 18 or older in the United States.
This study investigates the reporting behavior of sexual assault survivors to police and whether their actions during the assault influence reporting. The study finds that victims who cooperated with their attacker were very unlikely to report to police, likely due to fears of stigma and not being believed. In contrast, victims who resisted their attacker were more likely to report. The implications are that stigma prevention strategies, like police training and victim advocates, could encourage more reporting and better support survivors' recovery process.
This document discusses gender-based violence in the U.S., focusing on domestic abuse and sexual assault. It explores the historical relationship between patriarchy and violence against women. While such attitudes remain normalized in society today, women of all backgrounds experience these forms of violence. The document then outlines two approaches to addressing this issue: responding through improving police response and supporting survivors, and preventing further assaults through education and awareness programs. It stresses the importance of continued research to evaluate effective policies and methods for holding perpetrators accountable and changing social views.
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear the consequences of leaving on their children and economic independence is difficult. Social pressures from family/community to remain in relationships also influence decisions.
The study surveyed 779 youth ages 17-25 about their experiences with sexual violence perpetration. It found that those who perpetrated against romantic partners differed in their tactics, reasons, and blame attribution compared to those who perpetrated against non-romantic partners. Specifically, romantic partner perpetrators were more likely to feel guilty or angry, target partners because of personal feelings, and blame the victim, whereas non-romantic partner perpetrators were more likely to use alcohol and feel horny as reasons to target strangers. The study concludes more research is needed to better understand and prevent sexual violence depending on the relationship between perpetrator and victim.
The document summarizes a study on young adult female perpetrators of sexual violence in the United States. The study surveyed 779 youth ages 17-25 online in 2016. It found that slightly over a third of reported sexual violence perpetration behaviors were committed by women. Specifically, 34% of female perpetrators reported engaging in sexual assault, 38% in rape, and 37% in coercive sex. Most female perpetrators knew the male victims prior to the assault, which commonly involved pressuring or making the victim feel guilty rather than physical force. Perpetrators reported feeling horny, angry or guilty as reasons for the aggression. [END SUMMARY]
This document outlines ethical and safety guidelines for conducting research on violence against women. It discusses the importance of prioritizing the safety of respondents and researchers, ensuring methodological soundness, maintaining confidentiality, properly selecting and training interviewers, minimizing distress for respondents, establishing referral mechanisms, appropriately interpreting and using results, and only including violence questions in other surveys if basic ethical standards can be followed.
This document discusses two major sources of data on violence against women (VAW): administrative records and population-based surveys. Administrative records from police, courts, hospitals provide data on service use and procedures but do not reflect the true magnitude of the problem or provide perpetrator data. Population-based surveys can measure prevalence and provide deeper understanding through individual data, but have methodological limitations and ethical issues. The document cautions that service-based data does not represent the actual situation and uses an example from Nicaragua to show how increased reporting could be due to more services rather than increased violence.
This document is a random string of letters and numbers without any discernible meaning or essential information to summarize. It does not contain enough context to generate a useful 3 sentence or less summary.
For module 2 – chapter 3.3 un core indicatorsVíctor Barragán
The document outlines 8 UN core indicators for tracking violence against women (VAW). The indicators measure the total and age-specific rates of women subjected to physical, sexual, and psychological violence in the last 12 months and lifetime by the severity, relationship to perpetrator, and frequency. The indicators also measure rates of economic violence, female genital mutilation, and violence by current or former intimate partners. Denominators for the indicators include all women or ever-partnered women depending on the specific indicator.
The document discusses tools for collecting quantitative data, specifically the development of questionnaires. It provides two examples of developing questionnaires for studies on violence against women. The WHO multi-country study questionnaire was developed over many years through an extensive process of literature review, expert consultation, translation, pilot testing and revision to improve cross-cultural comparability. It includes questions on health outcomes, consequences of violence, and women's responses to violence. The South Africa study similarly involved focus groups, pilot testing and incorporating local expressions of mental distress to develop a culturally appropriate questionnaire.
BWN/451 Your Personal Brand and Social Media451 Marketing
This document discusses how to establish and maintain a personal brand on social media. It recommends listening to what people say about your brand online, defining your brand and voice, and being consistent across major platforms like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and blogs. For each platform, it provides goals and tips, such as sharing content and expertise on Twitter, setting professional boundaries on Facebook, connecting with contacts on LinkedIn, and using a blog as a central hub. It also discusses tools for monitoring discussions about your brand online.
This document discusses how to build a personal brand using social media. It recommends researching yourself online to understand your current online reputation and presence. It also suggests managing your reputation by posting relevant content on platforms like LinkedIn, asking for recommendations, and following thought leaders to find good content to share. Building an online personal brand with social media can help establish yourself as a thought leader, influence purchase decisions and startup growth, and impact potential job opportunities.
Domestic Violence: A Cross-sectional StudySHUBHAM SINGH
This document summarizes a study on domestic violence against women in a rural area of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan, India. The study found that 41.25% of women reported experiencing some type of domestic violence. Women aged 20-40, illiterate women, housewives, and those from Hindu or nuclear families reported higher rates of violence. The most common forms of violence were physical/emotional (30.3%) and physical only (24.24%). The primary causes of violence cited were arguments over money and alcohol influence. The study recommends education programs for women and community efforts to address alcohol abuse to help prevent domestic violence.
Journal of Sociology and Social Work June 2017, Vol. 5, No. TatianaMajor22
This document summarizes a journal article that uses critical race theory to explore differences between African American and Caucasian women who perpetrate intimate partner violence. The study found that African American women in the sample were more likely to score higher on measures of physical conflict and parenting attitudes. The document provides background on intimate partner violence among African American female perpetrators and the use of critical race theory as a framework. It discusses how critical race theory acknowledges the intersections of race, gender, and other factors that influence the experiences of African American women with intimate partner violence.
Presented by
John Lynch, Yamhill Co. Juv. Dept.
SUPERVISION & TREATMENT
OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS
1
Almost every hand you’ve shaken has touched a penis.
THINK ABOUT THIS
FOR A SECOND…
To gain knowledge regarding the broad range of considerations when supervising offenders who have committed sexual offenses and to examine effective intervention strategies.
LEARNING GOAL
Myths about sex offenders
Common characteristics of sex offenders
Sexual offense recidivism rates
Risk factors that are/are not associated
with recidivism
Common tactics of sex offenders
WE WILL COVER…
“Success-oriented” supervision model
The importance of communication
Specialized supervision conditions and
success-oriented goals
How to respond to violations
WE WILL COVER…
Effective interventions
Common treatment goals
Use of the polygraph
Doing your job better & reducing your
stress
WE WILL COVER…
SEX OFFENDER VERSION
7
Most sexual offenses are committed by strangers.
Most sexual offenses are committed by someone known to the victim or victim’s family, regardless if the victim is a child or an adult.
Approximately 60% of boys and 80% of girls who are sexually victimized are abused by someone known to the child or the child’s family.
From 2005 to 2010, 78% of sexual violence involved an offender who was a family member, intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance.
Debunking the Myths
Bullet 2 – (60% boys / 80% girls) is from Lieb, Quinsey, and Berliner, 1998.
In a 2009 study conducted by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 13,471 juvenile sex offender cases were evaluated which revealed that in 88.2% of reported incidents, the victim was either a family member or acquaintance.
Only 2.5% involved a victim who was considered a stranger to the offender.
Victim Relationship
Rape and sexual assault victimizations against females by victim-offender relationship
1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010Victim-Offender Relationship1994-19981999-20042005-2010Stranger
Non-stranger21%
79%25%
75%22%
78%Intimate Partner
(includes former spouse, BF, GF)28%30%34%Relative9%3%6%Acquaintance42%42%38%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 1994–2010.
Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010 (March 2013). Special report published by the US Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Sexual offense rates are higher than ever and continue to climb.
Despite the increase in publicity about sexual crimes, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female (age 12 or older) rape or sexual assault victimizations has declined 58%.
Debunking the Myths
Only a fraction of those who commit sexual offenses are apprehended and convicted for their crimes.
Debunking the Myths
Debunking the Myths
This figure taken from the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) website, acces.
This study analyzed data from a 3-wave longitudinal online survey of over 1,000 youth to identify predictors of online interpersonal victimization (sexual solicitation and harassment) over a 2-year period. Around half of youth experienced some victimization during this time. Regardless of when measured, online aggressive behavior, internet use, offline victimization and weaker parental bonds consistently predicted increased risk. The model correctly classified most youth who were not victimized or re-victimized but struggled with those who were newly or formerly victimized. The study aims to help identify at-risk youth and inform prevention efforts focusing on reducing aggressive behaviors across online and offline contexts.
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Sexual Assault Rates GTA by: Joshua & PrestonJoshuaS15
1) Males are the dominant offenders of sexual assault in the GTA, targeting females as victims more than males.
2) Children under 19 are victimized at higher rates than adults over 20. Sexual offenders are more interested in children as victims.
3) Offenders typically use physical force to attack victims rather than firearms.
A research report on root causes, risk factors and preventive strategies. Research by Midrift Hurinet and the Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY).
A cross sectional analysis on Domestic violence among married women of reprod...BANAFULRoy
This document summarizes a study on domestic violence among married women in Bangladesh. The study found that 91% of women reported their husband's controlling behavior. 83% said their husbands restricted access to healthcare. 57% reported being sexually abused by their husbands in the past year. Only 19% of physically abused women disclosed the abuse to others and 17% sought help. The study highlights the need for better implementation of domestic violence laws in Bangladesh and increasing support services for abused women.
Assessment Of Hate Crime Offenders The Role Of Bias Intent In Examining Viol...Heather Strinden
This study examined 204 hate crime offenders to investigate their criminal histories and risk of future violence. It found that over half had prior criminal convictions. Risk assessment scores on the HCR-20 scale were comparable to other offender groups and correlated with the severity of the hate crime. Offenders who targeted racial minority victims had more extensive and severe criminal histories. Those belonging to bias-oriented groups committed more severe hate crimes and had more violent criminal histories. The findings suggest differences in bias intent and group affiliation are important to consider in assessing violence risk in hate crime offenders.
National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence SurveyDr Lendy Spires
Sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence are major public health problems in the United States. Many survivors of these forms of violence can experience physical injury, mental health consequences such as depression, anxiety, low self- esteem, and suicide attempts, and other health consequences such as gastrointestinal disorders, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and gynecological or pregnancy complications. These consequences can lead to hospitalization, disability, or death. Our understanding of these forms of violence has grown substantially over the years. However, timely, ongoing, and comparable national and state-level data are lacking. Less is also known about how these forms of violence impact specific populations in the United States or the extent to which rape, stalking, or violence by a romantic or sexual partner are experienced in childhood and adolescence. CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control launched the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey in 2010 with the support of the National Institute of Justice and the Department of Defense to address these gaps. The primary objectives of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey are to describe: • The prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence • Who is most likely to experience these forms of violence • The patterns and impact of the violence experienced by specific perpetrators • The health consequences of these forms of violence The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey is an ongoing, nationally representative random digit dial (RDD) telephone survey that collects information about experiences of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence among non-institutionalized English and/ or Spanish-speaking women and men aged 18 or older in the United States.
This study investigates the reporting behavior of sexual assault survivors to police and whether their actions during the assault influence reporting. The study finds that victims who cooperated with their attacker were very unlikely to report to police, likely due to fears of stigma and not being believed. In contrast, victims who resisted their attacker were more likely to report. The implications are that stigma prevention strategies, like police training and victim advocates, could encourage more reporting and better support survivors' recovery process.
This document discusses gender-based violence in the U.S., focusing on domestic abuse and sexual assault. It explores the historical relationship between patriarchy and violence against women. While such attitudes remain normalized in society today, women of all backgrounds experience these forms of violence. The document then outlines two approaches to addressing this issue: responding through improving police response and supporting survivors, and preventing further assaults through education and awareness programs. It stresses the importance of continued research to evaluate effective policies and methods for holding perpetrators accountable and changing social views.
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear the consequences of leaving on their children and economic independence is difficult. Social pressures from family/community to remain in relationships also influence decisions.
The study surveyed 779 youth ages 17-25 about their experiences with sexual violence perpetration. It found that those who perpetrated against romantic partners differed in their tactics, reasons, and blame attribution compared to those who perpetrated against non-romantic partners. Specifically, romantic partner perpetrators were more likely to feel guilty or angry, target partners because of personal feelings, and blame the victim, whereas non-romantic partner perpetrators were more likely to use alcohol and feel horny as reasons to target strangers. The study concludes more research is needed to better understand and prevent sexual violence depending on the relationship between perpetrator and victim.
The document summarizes a study on young adult female perpetrators of sexual violence in the United States. The study surveyed 779 youth ages 17-25 online in 2016. It found that slightly over a third of reported sexual violence perpetration behaviors were committed by women. Specifically, 34% of female perpetrators reported engaging in sexual assault, 38% in rape, and 37% in coercive sex. Most female perpetrators knew the male victims prior to the assault, which commonly involved pressuring or making the victim feel guilty rather than physical force. Perpetrators reported feeling horny, angry or guilty as reasons for the aggression. [END SUMMARY]
The Effect of Gender and Type of Force on Perceptions of Sex TraffickingAmanda Langley
1. This study examined how mock jurors perceive sex trafficking cases based on the defendant's gender (male or female) and type of force used (physical abuse or coercion).
2. Results showed that male defendants and cases involving physical abuse were seen as more typical of sex trafficking. Male defendants also increased the likelihood of a guilty verdict.
3. The type of force used indirectly affected verdicts, as physical abuse led to lower perceptions of defendant credibility and higher chances of a guilty verdict. This suggests jurors may be unclear on defining sex trafficking versus domestic violence.
Jennie UIC Minority Health Midwest Conference Presentation FINALJennie Thai
This study examined experiences of physical and sexual violence among 280 Latina sexual minority women in a large Midwestern city. The key findings were:
1. Over two-thirds of participants experienced at least one type of victimization. Re-victimization and experiences of both physical and sexual violence were common.
2. Sexual violence was more likely to occur before age 18, while physical violence and combined types of violence were equally likely before and after age 18.
3. Reporting violence to police or seeking medical/psychological treatment in response to victimization was alarmingly low. Help-seeking behaviors varied based on age and type of violence experienced.
4. More culturally competent outreach and victim
Violence against women and girls in LAC and recent health system mandatesWebmaster PAHO-WHO
This document outlines a presentation on violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean and recent health system mandates to address it. It discusses the high prevalence and health impacts of violence against women globally and in the region. It also summarizes key elements of the PAHO Regional Strategy and Plan of Action and the WHO Global Plan of Action to strengthen health systems' role in preventing and responding to violence against women. The presentation reviews how the regional strategy was developed and outlines its objectives and indicators to monitor progress in collecting data, strengthening policies and budgets, improving health services and increasing prevention of violence against women.
1847
American Economic Review 100 (September 2010): 1847–1859
http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.100.4.1847
Three-quarters of all violence against women is perpetrated by domestic partners, with poor
women disproportionately affected. The estimated costs of domestic violence in terms of medi-
cal care and declines in productivity exceed $5.8 billion annually (Centers for Disease Control
2003). In this paper I examine the impact of the gender wage gap on levels of domestic violence
in the United States. An economic theory of household bargaining that incorporates violence
predicts that increases in a woman’s relative wage increase her bargaining power and lower levels
of violence by improving her outside option. To test the predictions of this theory, I estimate the
impact of the gender wage gap on violence against women by exploiting exogenous changes in
the demand for labor in female dominated industries relative to male dominated ones. I find that
decreases in the wage gap reduce violence against women.
This research addresses a number of limitations in existing work. First, most previous studies
of the relationship between women’s income and domestic violence fail to establish a causal rela-
tionship by failing to account for the potential for omitted variable bias or reverse causality. Even
the handful of papers that do consider this potential endogeneity focus largely on a woman’s own
wage when a household bargaining model suggests both that a woman’s relative wage matters
and that potential, not actual, wages determine bargaining power and levels of violence. Finally,
previous work is based on survey data which are prone to nonrandom underreporting and are not
consistently collected over time.
To overcome these shortcomings, I employ two strategies. First, I develop a new measure of
violence based on administrative data: female hospitalizations for assault. These data represent
an improvement over individual survey data because they do not necessarily rely on self-reports
of violence, are consistently collected over a long period of time, and include the universe of
women in California (roughly 15 million individuals). Second, to overcome the endogeneity of
individual wages and account for the fact that theory predicts that potential, not actual, wages
affect violence, I analyze the impact of the wage gap as a function of local demand for female
and male labor on domestic violence. To do so I take advantage of the fact that certain industries
have traditionally been dominated by women (e.g., services) and others by men (e.g., construc-
tion) to create sex-specific measures of prevailing local wages based on the industrial structure
of the county and statewide wage growth in industries dominant in each county. Constructed in
this way, this measure of the gender wage gap reflects sex-specific labor demand (see Timothy
Bartik 1991; Olivier J. Blanchard and Lawrence F. Katz 1992) not underlying w.
Parte 5 modulo 1 Mooc Desarrollo Personal Ciiet-UsachVíctor Barragán
Este documento habla sobre los personajes internos, recursos personales y talentos, y la sombra. Explica que los personajes internos son las diferentes partes de la personalidad y cómo vemos la realidad. También describe los recursos personales como las habilidades y talentos que nos permiten lograr metas. Finalmente, señala que la sombra es reconocer las partes oscuras de uno mismo, aceptar su influencia y obtener información valiosa de ella.
Parte 4 modulo 1 Mooc Desarrollo Personal Ciiet-UdesantiagoVíctor Barragán
Este documento presenta información sobre la personalidad y el eneagrama. Brevemente describe la personalidad como un patrón de tendencias, actitudes y pensamientos que caracterizan a una persona y persisten a lo largo de la vida. Luego explica que el eneagrama divide las personalidades en nueve tipos agrupados en tres triadas basadas en emociones fundamentales como la rabia o el miedo. Finalmente, resume la visión de sí mismo de cada uno de los nueve tipos de personalidad del eneagrama.
Parte 3 modulo 1 Mooc Desarrollo Personal Ciiet-UdesantiagoVíctor Barragán
El documento clasifica las emociones en primarias y secundarias, y placenteras y displacenteras. Explica que nuestras conductas, ya sea por acción u omisión, responden a nuestras decisiones y que evaluaremos las consecuencias como positivas o negativas dependiendo de si fueron reforzadas o castigadas por nosotros mismos o los demás. Además, proporciona la dirección y contactos de CIET.
Parte 2 modulo 1 Mooc Desarrollo Personal Ciiet-UdesantiagoVíctor Barragán
Este documento describe cómo nuestra personalidad se forma a través de las creencias internalizadas por nuestras experiencias y relaciones. Algunas creencias de la infancia como la timidez pueden no ser funcionales de adultos. Reconocer nuestros pensamientos y emociones nos permite comprender mejor nuestras creencias y lo que nos limita o potencia.
Parte 1 modulo 1 Mooc Desarrollo Personal Ciiet-UsachVíctor Barragán
Este documento describe cómo la personalidad y los diálogos internos afectan el funcionamiento psicológico. Explica que el estilo personal indica cómo enfrentamos los estímulos en la vida y cómo está influenciado por la biografía, cultura, creencias y factores personales. También señala que darse cuenta de los procesos internos es fundamental para entender cómo tomamos decisiones, sentimos emociones y actuamos.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la salud pública y la economía mundial. Muchos países implementaron medidas de confinamiento que restringieron los viajes y cerraron negocios no esenciales. Aunque estas acciones ayudaron a reducir la propagación del virus, también provocaron una desaceleración económica a nivel mundial. Con el tiempo, las vacunas han comenzado a implementarse y muchos países ahora están reabriendo gradualmente a medida que la pandemia comienza a estar bajo control.
Google Académico permite buscar trabajos académicos completos, citas recibidas por trabajos, autores y sus publicaciones, y trabajos sobre temas específicos publicados en revistas concretas. El documento proporciona ejemplos de búsquedas que se pueden realizar en Google Académico.
Este documento describe los pasos fundamentales del Método Indagativo (ABP), que incluyen la identificación y problematización de un tema, la búsqueda de información de varias fuentes, la interpretación y organización de los datos obtenidos, y la elaboración y publicación de un discurso propio. Explica cada paso en detalle y proporciona ejemplos de organizadores gráficos como esquemas y cuadros comparativos que pueden usarse para interpretar la información.
Este documento presenta una pauta de evaluación para proyectos de aula con uso de TICs. La pauta contiene 6 criterios (Presentación, Proceso de elaboración, Objetivos, Actividades, Evaluación, Aplicación) con sus respectivos indicadores y descriptores. Se evaluará el proyecto con una escala de 0 a 24 puntos según cómo se presenten los indicadores para cada criterio de manera excelente, aceptable, regular o mínima.
Supervising interview teams for a study requires attention to team composition, dynamics, and regular feedback and support. Supervisors should monitor interviewers daily and weekly to ensure high response rates, disclosure rates, and quality of interviews while preventing burnout or interpersonal issues from affecting the study. Field diaries and short supervisor questionnaires also help oversee interviewers and evaluate their experiences conducting the study.
This document discusses various modes of administering survey questionnaires and their advantages and disadvantages. It lists face-to-face interviews, self-completion of paper questionnaires, self-completion on a PDA, self-completion computer-assisted interviews, postal questionnaires, internet questionnaires, and telephone interviews. For each mode, it provides some example advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, ensuring understanding and completeness, safety, representativeness, and respondent comfort. Face-to-face interviews allow the most support but are the most resource-intensive, while self-administered options are less costly but provide less oversight. Telephone interviews are cheaper than face-to-face but present privacy and sampling challenges.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of including a module on violence against women (VAW) in either a dedicated survey on VAW or as a module in a survey on another topic. For a dedicated VAW survey, advantages include a sample designed for the purpose, specially trained interviewers, and easier implementation of safety measures. Challenges are that it is more expensive and time-consuming. Including the module in another survey is cheaper but risks lower data quality due to sample and interviewer limitations and greater non-disclosure from respondents. Ethical and safety measures are still needed regardless of survey type.
The UNECE VAW module aims to obtain reliable estimates for UN core violence against women indicators and assess the extent of unreported violence. It includes questions on demographic characteristics, partner violence (psychological, economic, physical, sexual), and violence by others since age 15. For partner violence, there are separate questions for current/most recent and previous partners regarding controlling behavior, economic abuse, emotional abuse, physical violence, sexual violence, frequency, injuries, and non-reporting. Violence by others questions cover physical and sexual violence perpetrators, reference periods, and severity. Training and support materials are also provided to help implement the module effectively and safely.
This document discusses two major sources of data on violence against women (VAW): administrative records and population-based surveys. Administrative records from police, courts, hospitals provide data on service use and procedures but do not reflect the true magnitude of the problem or provide perpetrator data. Population-based surveys can measure prevalence and provide deeper understanding through risk factors and consequences, but have methodological limitations and raise ethical issues regarding safety. Service-based data alone do not represent the actual situation and are difficult to interpret without considering factors like increased services or reporting.
Violence against women has significant negative health consequences for victims. Women who experience partner violence have worse general health, more health symptoms, and increased risk of mental distress and suicidal thoughts. Violence can also negatively impact children who witness it, increasing risks of behavioral issues, low birth weight, and emotional problems. Many women never report the violence due to shame, fear of further violence, or lack of support systems. When they do seek help, it is usually from family rather than formal agencies. Domestic violence represents a major global women's health issue with both immediate and long-lasting impacts.
1) A woman in Peru describes sleeping in fields with her children over 10 times to escape her husband's physical abuse.
2) A global WHO study from 2005 found that between 15-71% of ever-partnered women experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime. Pregnancy is not a protected time, with 1-12% of pregnant women experiencing abuse.
3) Partner violence often involves multiple forms, with 1/3-1/2 of physically abused women also experiencing sexual violence and almost all also experiencing severe emotional abuse.
The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using a violence against women (VAW) module either as part of a dedicated VAW survey or as part of a survey on another topic. Using the module as part of a dedicated VAW survey has advantages such as allowing for a sample designed specifically for the purpose, specially trained interviewers, and easier implementation of safety and ethical measures. However, it is more expensive. Using the module as part of another survey is cheaper but presents challenges like sample representativeness and ensuring proper training and safety protocols are followed for the VAW questions.
The UNECE VAW module aims to obtain reliable estimates for UN core violence against women indicators and gain insight into unreported violence. It includes questions on demographics, partner violence of various types (psychological, economic, physical, sexual), and violence by others since age 15. Partner violence questions cover current/most recent and previous partners, controlling behavior, and impacts. Violence by others addresses physical and sexual violence perpetrators and frequencies. Materials provided include an explanation, interviewer training, and guides for analysis and reporting while maintaining safety and ethics.
This document summarizes statistical analysis techniques for assessing the validity of survey results on violence against women. It discusses how stratified analysis and multivariate logistic regression can be used to control for confounding variables. An example is provided showing how multivariate analysis revealed that poverty, urban residence, and high parity independently increase women's risk of violence. The document also describes how more advanced techniques like life table analysis can provide additional insights, such as that high parity may result from violence rather than be a risk factor for it.
AVAILABILITY OF THE FIRST SET OF INDICATORS RECOMMENDED BY THE STATISTICAL COMMISSION
1. AVAILABILITY OF THE FIRST SET OF INDICATORS
RECOMMENDED BY
THE STATISTICAL COMMISSION1
1
Extract “Methodological Overview of Surveys on Violence against….” Meeting of the Friends of the
Chair of the United Nations Statistical Commission on Statistical Indicators on Violence against Women 9 -
11 December 2009 Aguascalientes, Mexico; United Nations Statistical Commission ESA/STAT/AC.193/1United
Nations Statistics Division Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía de México November 2009
2. 2. Indicators on Violence against
Figure 1. Availability of statistics on physical
Women violence against women in the last 12 months by
indicator components
100
21. These indicators have been
presented in Tables 1 to 6, and 80
their description is elaborated in
paragraphs below. 60
Percent
2.1 Total and age-specific rate of 40
women subjected to physical violence
in the last 12 months by severity of 20
violence, relationship to the
perpetrator(s) and frequency 0
Total rate Age-specific Total rate by Total rate by Total rate by
22. Availability of this indicator in nationally
representative surveys is presented in
Table 1 and Figure 1, as well as its
disaggregation by severity, relationship to
the perpetrator(s), and frequency.
Total rate
23. Total rate of women subjected to physical
violence in last 12 months was available
in ten surveys (17%). In one national
survey, that figure encompassed total
violence, not just physical, and therefore,
it could be an overestimate,
which has to be taken into account when rate severity relationship frequency
comparing indicators themselves.
Age-specific rate
3. 24. Further disaggregation for age groups was available for just three surveys, but in 10-year age
groups. In one of them, age specific rate was not calculated for the total number of interviewed
women in each age group; instead, it presents a simple breakdown of the total rate, by age groups.
Presenting data in such a way limits comparisons with standard age-specific rates, coming from
other surveys.
25. However, standard age-specific rate was available in another fifteen surveys as well, although total
rate was not presented. These rates were coming from WHO-VAW Multi-country surveys.
Severity
26. Disaggregation by severity of physical violence suffered by women in the past 12 months was
available in less than half of the considered surveys (27 or 44%). Categories “moderate” and
“severe” were provided in 24 surveys, while acquired injuries, as an indicator of severity of violence,
were presented in four surveys.
Relationship to the perpetrator
27. Relationship to the perpetrator, distinguished for at least an intimate partner, was available in almost
two thirds of the surveys (38 or 63%). Out of these 38, 30 mentioned just an intimate partner as a
perpetrator, while the rest (eight) of the surveys considered other categories of perpetrators. If not
indicated differently, total rate by the relationship to the intimate partner as a perpetrator is
presented as a proportion of ever-partnered or ever-married women who experienced intimate
partner violence during the last twelve months.
Frequency
28. The information on frequency of women subjected to physical violence in the last 12 months was
available in just two surveys (3%), but disaggregated by either severity or age group, and therefore,
their values have not been presented in Table 1.
2.2 Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to physical violence during lifetime by severity
of violence, relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
29. Availability of this indicator in nationally Figure 2. Availability of statistics on physical
representative surveys is presented in violence against women during lifetime by indicator
Table 2, as well as its disaggregation by components
severity, relationship to the perpetrator(s), 100
and frequency. 80
Total rate 60
Percent
30. Total rate of women subjected to physical 40
violence during lifetime was retrieved
from 30 surveys (50%). There is possible 20
overestimation of the total rate which
comes from the one national survey, 0
since it presents both physical and sexual
Total rate Age-specific Total rate by Total rate by Total rate by
rate severity relationship frequency
violence. The total rate from another
3
4. survey is also of the vague quality, since women were asked for experience with violence in their
families, but not directly whether it happened to them.
Age-specific rate
31. Disaggregation of rates for age groups was available in 17 surveys (29%), although in seven of
them, the total rate was not available; these were coming from WHO-VAW Multi-country surveys.
Severity
32. Disaggregation by severity of lifetime physical violence against women was available in two thirds of
the considered surveys – in 39 surveys (66%). Both categories “moderate” and “severe” were
considered in 28 surveys, while acquired injuries, as the single indicator of severity of violence, were
presented in 5 surveys.
Relationship to the perpetrator
33. Statistics on relationship to the perpetrator(s), for at least one and the most common category -
current or former intimate partner - was available in a significant majority the surveys, i.e. 49
surveys (83%). In general, total rate of women subjected to physical violence by the intimate partner
as a perpetrator is presented as a proportion of ever-partnered or ever-married women who
experienced physical intimate partner violence during their lifetime. In two surveys, this rate is a
proportion of women who experienced physical violence starting from age 15; in one survey, it is a
proportion of women who experienced moderate (and severe) abuse, while in another one, the rate
referred to the last five years, not the lifetime.
34. Six surveys recognized and separately measured intimate partner violence perpetuated by current
partner and former partner. Further disaggregation by perpetrators other than intimate partner was
available in fifteen surveys.
Frequency
35. Frequency of different acts of physical violence against women was available in just six surveys
(10%). In two of them, data are disaggregated by either severity of violent acts, or age group, and,
therefore, their values have not been presented in Table 2. In three surveys, data on frequency are
available, but just among women who experienced violence by perpetrators other than intimate
partners. In one survey, frequency statistics are available, although the question itself is unclear and
imprecise; the indicator is noted in Table 2, under an assumption that women are the victims of the
violent acts happening in their families. It could be implied that generating statistics on frequency in
this manner refers primarily (or exclusively) to intimate partner violence, although that is not
completely clear.
36. This practically means that none of the surveys provided reliable data of frequency of physical
violence against women during their lifetime, no matter of perpetrator. All six generated values have
their own limitations and they are not mutually comparable.
2.3 Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual violence in the last 12 months by
relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
4
5. 37. Availability of this indicator from Figure 3. Availability of statistics on sexual violence
nationally representative surveys is against women in the last 12 months by indicator
presented in Table 3, as well as its components
disaggregation by relationship to the 100
perpetrator(s) and frequency. 80
Total rate 60
Percent
38. Total rate was retrieved from just eight 40
surveys (13%). For one of them, it is
not clear whether available rate presents 20
sexual violence by all perpetrators, or
just by an intimate partner. 0
Total rate Age-specific rate Total rate by Total rate by
relationship frequency
Age-specific rate
39. Disaggregation by age groups was available in one third of the surveys – in 20 surveys (34%). Five
years age groups, as proposed by the friends of the Chair, were available in 15 surveys, while at
the other five, a combination of 5-year and 10-year intervals was presented.
Relationship to the perpetrator
40. Information on the relationship to the perpetrator was generated in 38 surveys (64%), for at least
whether the violence was perpetrated by the intimate partner. For the other, non-partner
perpetrators, out of these 38 surveys, data were available in just four of them. One survey made
distinction between current and former intimate partners as perpetrators of violence.
5
6. Frequency
41. Frequency of this act was available in just one survey, and it refers to a spouse (intimate partner) as
a perpetrator.
42. This practically means that frequency is largely missing for this indicator as well.
2.4 Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual violence during lifetime by
relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
43. Availability of this indicator in nationally
representative surveys is presented in Figure 4. Availability of statistics on sexual violence
Table 4, as well as its disaggregation by against women during lifetime by indicator
relationship to the perpetrator(s) and components
frequency. 100
80
Total rate
60
44. This indicator was retrieved from 20% of
Percent
the surveys (12 out of 59 surveys). 40
Age-specific rate 20
45. Age-specific rate was available for 18 0
Total rate Age-specific rate Total rate by Total rate by
surveys (29%). Five years age groups, relationship frequency
as proposed by the friends of the Chair,
were available in 16 surveys. In four surveys (four), statistics by 5-year age groups were available
only for violence perpetrated by the intimate partner.
Relationship to the perpetrator
46. Information on the relationship to the perpetrator was available for 42 surveys (71%), where at least
an intimate partner was distinguished as a perpetrator. A few surveys distinguished violence
perpetuated by current and former partners. In 28 surveys information on the relationship to the
perpetrator, in addition to an intimate partner, includes data for other categories of perpetrators of
sexual violence as well.
Frequency
47. Frequency of this act was available in just 4 surveys (6%). In three of them, frequency is broken
down in just two groups (1-2 times, and three and more times), exclusively for non-intimate partner
violence. Hence, this indicator is also largely missing.
2.5 Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual or physical violence by current or
former intimate partner in the last 12 months by frequency
48. Availability of this indicator in nationally representative surveys is presented in Table 5, as well as its
disaggregation by age and frequency.
6
7. Total rate
49. In the process of developing this methodological overview it became apparent that the last two set
of indicators – intimate partner violence –
pose methodological challenges. The first
one, also recognized in the report of the Figure 5. Availability of statistics on sexual or
physical by current or former intimate partner in the
Friends of the Chair, is that these two last 12 months and during lifetime by indicator
indicators overlap with the first four, components
since they are a subset of the former. 100
This may confuse the developers of 80
statistical instruments for measuring
violence against women. 60
Percent
40
50. In addition, the way these two indicators
are defined - as either physical OR 20
sexual violence, performed by an 0
intimate partner – would imply that one Total rate Age- Total rate Total rate Age- Total rate
form of violence excludes the other. For specific
rate
by
frequency
specific
rate
by
frequency
example, analysts and compilers of
results might be unsure whether to add all the occurrences of both physical and sexual violence
suffered by a woman or to focus on the one with most incidences. Physical violence by intimate
partner is much more frequent than sexual violence; therefore applying the definition as it stands
might underestimate occurrences of sexual violence. Sexual violence in many cases appears along
with physical violence, i.e. overlap with it.
51. Consequently, this indicator and the accompanying rate can be defined as physical AND/OR sexual
violence, among ever-partnered women. Some national surveys considered this comprehensive
indicator, which is the case when WHO-VAW method was applied. When indicator concerns just
physical violence, it was indicated in footnotes to Table 5.
52. Total rate of women subjected to intimate partner violence in the last 12 months was available from
62 surveys (63%). Four of them considered just physical violence, and therefore, such a figure could
be underestimated because data for sexual violence are missing.
Age-specific rate
53. Further disaggregation by age groups of women suffering violence was available for less than half of
surveys – 29 surveys (49%). Five years age groups, as proposed by the Friends of the Chair, were
available in 23 surveys, while for the rest of them, different combinations of age intervals were
presented.
Frequency
54. Frequency of this act was available in thirteen surveys, or 22%.
2.6 Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual or physical violence by current or
former intimate partner during lifetime by frequency
55. Availability of this indicator in nationally representative surveys is presented in Table 6, as well as its
disaggregation by age and frequency.
7
8. Total rate
56. This indicator was retrieved from more than three quarters of the surveys – 46 surveys (78%, Table
6). As mentioned above, indicator proposed in this way might be missing certain number of women
who experienced both sexual and physical intimate partner violence during their lifetime, and
therefore, in certain cases (indicated in the footnotes) this indicator is underestimated.
Age-specific rate
57. Further disaggregation for age groups was available for more than half of the surveys – 31 surveys
(53%). Five years age groups, as proposed by the friends of the Chair, were available in 26
surveys, while for the rest of the surveys (five), different combinations of age groups were
presented.
Frequency
58. Frequency of this act was available in just three surveys (5%).
Concluding remarks
59. Statistics for only one indicator – women experiencing physical violence during lifetime by
relationship to the perpetrator - were generated by over 80% of the total number of surveys
subjected to this analysis. And even for that indicator the list of relationship in most cases included
current or former intimate partner, not the fully developed list of different relationships. Data for all
the other indicators were generated by a fewer number of surveys. It is especially telling to note the
very low number of surveys that were generating information on frequency of violence against
women for all forms violence.
60. The relationship to the perpetrator of violence against women was one of the major focuses of all
the surveys. It is necessary to note that the classification of perpetrators in most cases stopped at
the intimate partner (current or former) and in cases where it was extended, it differed significantly
from one survey to the other.
61. The relative lack of the availability of the total rate of women subjected to physical violence in the last
12 months and during lifetime (17% and 50%, respectively) and sexual violence in the last 12 months
and during lifetime (14% and 20%, respectively) points to the need to further investigate the type of
methodological obstacles that prevented such computations. Similarly, the availability of statistics on
age-specific rates for both physical and sexual violence was available in about one-third of the
surveys and this also calls for additional technical analysis on the computation of rates.
62. It appears that the last two indicators of the interim set – physical or sexual violence by current of
former immediate partner in the last 12 months and during lifetime – need to be revisited. The first
conclusion is that they should be reformulated in the line of including the and/or qualifier, replacing
just the or.
63. More substantially, these two indicators differ from the first four only by the fact that both physical
and sexual violence are added together and that the denominator for the rates refers to ever-
partnered women only – not to the total number of women in 5-year age groups. The fact that they
are essentially redundant with the first four appears to generate confusion in applying the interim set
of indicators. This overview found that even for the first four indicators the denominator is more
8
9. often than not the total number of ever-partnered women when age-specific rates of women
subjected to violence are calculated.
64. Furthermore, given the ongoing discussion that the definition of the intimate partner should not be
limited only to a partner in sexual intercourse, but could also be extended to a non-sexual
relationship – boyfriend, for example – raises the questions how significant is the difference between
the number of ever-partnered women and the total number of women in each age group. It can be
expected that the differences might be somewhat significant in very early ages under consideration
– 15 and 16; the broader definition of intimate partner would certainly decrease these differences to
the minimum in older ages – implying that almost all women over 18 were in some kind of
relationship that falls within the category of intimate.
65. The variability of the capacities of surveys for measuring violence against women included in this
overview to generate indicators as defined in the report of the Friends of the Chair points to the
need to move beyond indicators and to define and develop a set of classifications of violence,
severity of violence, definition and classification of relationship to the perpetrator, and frequency; the
need to develop international guidelines that will provide a sound and comprehensive
methodological package for instituting violence against women statistical surveys in national
statistical systems; and the need to follow-up these activities with training and capacity-building.
9
10. ANNEX A. List of the countries and sources
Country Source
ALBANIA Reproductive Health Survey
ARMENIA WRC 2007 Domestic Violence and Abuse of Women in Armenia, May 2007
AZERBAIJAN Demographic and Health Survey 2006, module on domestic violence
AUSTRALIA (1) Personal safety 2005. Australian Bureau of Statistics.
International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS) - Australian
AUSTRALIA (2) component, 2003
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
BANGLADESH –
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
city and province Organization, 2005
Instituto Nacional De Estadistica, Encuesta Nacional de Demografia y Salud,
BOLIVIA 2003
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
BRAZIL –
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
city and province Organization, 2005
CAMBODIA (1) Violence against women. A baseline survey. Cambodia Final Report, 2005
Kishor, Sunita and Kiersten Johnson. Profiling Domestic Violence – A Multi-
CAMBODIA (2) Country Study. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro, 2004
CANADA (1) Measuring Violence Against Women: Statistical Trends, 2006
General Social Survey on Victimization - Violence Against Women module,
CANADA (2) 2004
Kishor, Sunita and Kiersten Johnson. Profiling Domestic Violence – A Multi-
COLOMBIA Country Study. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro, 2004
Men's violence against women. Extent, characteristics ad the measures against
violence - 2007. English Summary. Minister for Gender Equality National
DENMARK Institute of Public Health, Denmark, National Health Survey, 2000
Kishor, Sunita and Kiersten Johnson. Profiling Domestic Violence – A Multi-
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Country Study. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro, 2004
10
12. Violence and abuses against women inside and outside family, ISTAT, 2006,
also
Measuring violence: indicators from the Italian violence against women surveys.
Submittet by ISTAT, Ms Maria Giuseppina Muratore. Expert Group Meeting on
ITALY indicators to measure violence against women, Geneva, 8-10 October 2007
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
JAPAN - city Organization, 2005
Kiribati family health and support study:
KIRIBATI a study on violence against women and children, 2008
Violence against women in Koreaand its indicators. Invited paper, prepared by
Whasoon Byun, Korean Women’s Development Institute. Expert Group Meeting
KOREA on indicators to measure violence against women, Geneva, 8-10 October 2007
CAHRV project: Comparative reanalysis of prevalence of violence against
women and health impact data in Europe – obstacles and possible solutions,
December 2006. (the report was prepared within the Co-ordination Action on
Human Rights Violations (CAHRV) and funded through the European
LITHVANIA Commission, 6th Framework Programme, Project No. 506348.
The Maldives Study on Women's Health and Life Experiences. Initial results on
prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses to violence. Author: Emma
MALDIVES Fulu
ENDIREH-2006’S achievements and limitations in determining indicators for
measuring violence against women in Mexico. Invited paper. Submitted by
Mexico, prepared by Eva Gisela Ramirez. Expert Group Meeting on indicators to
MEXICO measure violence against women, Geneva, 8-10 October 2007
MOLDOVA Demographic health survey (DHS), 2005
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
NAMIBIA - city Organization, 2005
Kishor, Sunita and Kiersten Johnson. Profiling Domestic Violence – A Multi-
NIKARAGUA Country Study. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro, 2004
Thomas Haaland, Sten-Erik Clausen and Berit Schei
Couple Violence - different perspectives. Results from the first national survey
NORWAY in Norway. NIBR Report: 2005:3
PARAGUAY Encuesta nacional de demografía y salud sexual y reproductiva endssr 2004
12
13. Kishor, Sunita and Kiersten Johnson. 2004. Profiling Domestic Violence – A
Multi-Country Study.
PERU Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro.
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
PERU –
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
city and province Organization, 2005
Beata Gruszczyńska, Przemoc wobec kobiet w Polsce. Aspekty
prawnokryminologiczne, Oficyna Wolters Kluwer, Warszawa 2007.
POLAND Survey on Violence Against Women in Poland. Key Findings.
VIOLENłA DOMESTICĂ ÎN ROMÂNIA. Ancheta Sociologica La Nivel
ROMANIA National, Martie – Aprilie 2008
RUSSIA Violence in family. Moscow, June - Decembre 2006
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
SAMOA Organization, 2005
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
SERBIA - city Organization, 2005
Representative Research on Prevalence and experience of Women with Violence
SLOVAKIA against Women [VAW] in Slovakia. Bratislava, May 2008
Solomon Islands Family Health and Safety Study: A study on violence against
women and children. Report prepared by the Secretariat of the Pacific
SOLOMON ISLANDS Community for Ministry of Women, Youth & Children’s Affairs, 2009
Macro-survey regarding violence against women
http://www.migualdad.es/violencia-mujer/estadistica.html this link is broken,
SPAIN data are not the part of the report
SWITZERLAND Delivery of the report pending
CAHRV project: Comparative reanalysis of prevalence of violence against
women and health impact data in Europe – obstacles and possible solutions,
December 2006 (the report was prepared within the Co-ordination Action on
Human Rights Violations (CAHRV) and funded through the European
SWEDEN (1) Commission, 6th Framework Programme, Project No. 506348)
13
14. SWEDEN (2) Partner violence against women and men. A summary of report 2009:12.
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
THAILAND –
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
city and province Organization, 2005
WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against
UNITED REPUBLIC OF
Women. Initial results in prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses.
TANZANIA –
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts C. World Health
city and province Organization, 2005
National Research on Domestic Violence Against Women in Turkey. Ankara,
TURKEY January 2009
Homicides, Firearm Offences and Intimate Violence 2006/07, 3rd edition
(Supplementary Volume 2 to Crime in England and Wales 2006/07) David
Povey (Ed.), Kathryn Coleman, Peter Kaiza, Jacqueline Hoare and Krista
UNITED KINDGDOM Jansson
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). U.S. Department of Justice.
UNITED STATES OF Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Intimate partner violence
AMERICA in the U.S., 2005
Kishor, Sunita and Kiersten Johnson. Profiling Domestic Violence – A Multi-
ZAMBIA Country Study. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro, 2004
14
15. ANNEX B. Availability of indicators proposed by Friends of Chair (1-6)
1. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to physical violence in the last 12 months by severity
of violence, relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
Availability / total number %
of surveys
1.1 Total rate 10/59 17
1.1.1. Age-specific rate 18/59 30
1.2. Total rate by severity 27/59 44
1.3. Total rate by relationship to perpetrator 38/59 63
1.4. Total rate by frequency 2/59 3
2. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to physical violence during lifetime by severity of
violence, relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
Availability / total number %
of surveys
2.1 Total rate 30/59 50
2.1.1. Age-specific rate 17/59 29
2.2. Total rate by severity 39/59 66
2.3. Total rate by relationship to perpetrator 49/59 83
2.4. Total rate by frequency 6/59 10
3. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual violence in the last 12 months by relationship
to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
Availability / total number %
of surveys
3.1 Total rate 8/59 14
3.1.1. Age-specific rate 20/59 34
3.2. Total rate by relationship to perpetrator 38/59 64
3.3. Total rate by frequency 1/59 2
4. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual violence during lifetime by relationship to the
perpetrator(s) and frequency
Availability / total number %
of surveys
4.1 Total rate 12/59 20
4.1.1. Age-specific rate 18/59 30
4.2. Total rate by relationship to perpetrator 42/59 71
4.3. Total rate by frequency 4/59 7
5. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual or physical violence by current or former
intimate partner in the last 12 months by frequency
Availability / total number %
of surveys
5.1 Total rate 38/59 63
5.1.1. Age-specific rate 29/59 49
5.2. Total rate by frequency 13/59 22
15
16. 6. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to sexual or physical violence by current or former
intimate partner during lifetime by frequency
Availability / total number %
of surveys
6.1 Total rate 46/59 78
6.1.1. Age-specific rate 31/59 52
6.2. Total rate by frequency 3/59 5
16
17. TABLES
Table 1. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to physical violence in the last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
Dominican R.
Cambodia (1)
Cambodia (2)
Australia (1)
Australia (2)
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Ethiopia pr.
El Salvador
Canada (1)
Canada (2)
Azerbaijan
Japan city
Brazil city
Colombia
#
Germany
Denmark
Armenia
Ecuador
Albania
Finland
Kiribati
Ireland
Bolivia
France
Egypt
India
Haiti
Italy
city
pr.
14
1.1 Total rate 4.5 8.0 4.7 8.0 3.7 11.6 2.7
15 16 17
1.1.1 Age-specific rate
15-19 36.4 19.3 19.0 13,0 20.7 0.0
20-24 26.3 23.7 18.9 12.3 32.9 7.0 1.7
25-29 25.9 18.5 8.7 7.4 34.7 5.0
30-34 27.5 15.5 17.9 9.2 34.5 4.0 2.7
35-39 9.0 12.9 5.6 4.5 27.8 5.5
40-44 20.8 6.9 9.3 2.7 22.5 2.5 2.4
45-49 2.4 9.2 8.1 3.4 14.7 1.3
50-54 15.3 1.3
55-59 10.1 1.1
60-64 0.7 1.1
65-69 0.3
70-74
1.2 Total rate by severity
acquired injuries
18 19
(consequences) 39.7 4.0 14.0
moderate (by type) 8.7 6.5 5.0 14.0 39.7 1.8 17.8 7.4 11.7 2.4
severe (by type) 17.3 9.3 3.3 3.4 10.4 5.0 6.1 21.6 3.2 1.4 0.7
1.3 Total rate by
relationship to the
20
perpetrator(s) yes
intimate partner (current or
former) 30.5 3.0 19.0 15.8 8.3 15.4 2.0 2.5 11.0 12.5 7.0 29.0 10.0 6.3 21.0 10.3 1.7 3.1
other than intimate partner: 4.0 1.3 1.1
family member 36.8 0.2
friends, neighbours 36.8 0.2
work or school 20.5 0.1
professional caregivers or
helpers 20.5
casual acquaintances 20.5 0.3
unknown person (stranger) 21.9 2.0 0.4
g 21
1.4 Total rate by frequency yes yes
once
few (2-10)
many (>10)
#
Confidentiality of study is compromised since 16% of the interviews were conducted in a presence of someone else than woman
14
not just physical, but total violence last 12 months is given here, and therefore, perhaps overestimated figure
15
age-intervals are following: 18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and >55, sum up 100%
16
age-intervals are given as following: 16-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51-60
17
age-intervals are given as following: 16-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-69
18
injuries ended in emergency room
19
severity of intimate partner violence, rate is given among ever-partnered women
20
available, but just segregated by severity (moderate/severe), and therefore, is not presented here
21
available, but just segregated by age-groups
18. Table 1. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to physical violence in the last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency (cont’d)
Tanzania city
Thailand city
Namibia city
Tanzania pr.
Solomon Is.
Thailand pr.
Sweden (1)
Sweden (2)
Serbia city
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Lithuania
Romania
Maldives
Peru city
Moldova
Slovakia
Peru pr.
Norway
Zambia
Mexico
Poland
Samoa
Russia
Turkey
Korea
Peru
USA
UK
1.1 Total rate 16.7 4.4 4.7
1.1.1 Age-specific rate
15-19 20.0 33.9 30.9 28.0 14.3 16.1 25.5 25.9 32.1
20-24 22.5 25.7 32.7 27.6 6.1 21.9 22.5 12.4 22.6
25-29 11.4 20.9 26.5 22.5 2.3 19.0 20.9 10.8 11.3
30-34 14.7 17.5 23.7 16.8 3.2 13.9 19.2 7.7 14.9
35-39 16.5 8.0 25.8 16.4 2.6 10.2 14.1 5.6 14.8
40-44 13.0 18.8 19.1 7.8 1.4 6.9 7.6 7.7 6.5
45-49 16.3 4.2 15.6 13.3 2.2 2.7 12.7 1.5 11.8
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
1.2 Total rate by severity
acquired injuries
(consequences) 38.5
22
moderate (by type) 5.3 11.8 7.4 3.8 5.6 1.6 6.4 8.0 2.8 5.1 1.9 2.8
23
severe (by type) 10.6 4.0 9.6 21.0 12.3 1.6 8.3 10.7 5.1 8.3 1.8 0.7
1.3 Total rate by relationship
24
to the perpetrator(s)
intimate partner (current or
former) 5.7 15.9 13.2 6,6 16.9 24.8 17.9 3.2 14.8 18.7 7.9 13.4 10.0 3.4 4.2 26.5
other than intimate partner: 2.9
family member 2.4 1.9 1.7
friends, neighbours 7.0
work or school 1.6
professional caregivers or
helpers
casual acquaintances
unknown person (stranger) 6.5
1.4 Total rate by frequency
once
few (2-10)
many (>10)
22
simple assault
23
aggravated assault
24
average annual rate per 1,000 persons (female) age 12 or older, by perpetrator
21
19. Table 2. Total and age-specific rate of women subjected to physical violence during lifetime by severity of violence, relationship to the perpetrator(s) and frequency
Dominican R.
Cambodia (1)
Cambodia (2)
Australia (1)
Australia (2)
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Ethiopia pr.
El Salvador
Canada (1)
Canada (2)
Azerbaijan
Japan city
Brazil city
Colombia
#
Germany
Brazil pr.
Denmark
Armenia
Ecuador
Albania
Finland
Kiribati
Bolivia
France
Ireland
Egypt
India
Haiti
Italy
city
pr.
21.0
25
2.1 Total rate 8.2 13.3 48.0 23.4 41.0 23.9 35.0 43.5 37.0 35.2 18.8
26 27
2.1.1 Age-specific rate
15-19 8.6 44.9 25.7 24.1 27.0 22.8 3.6
20-24 10.8 40.0 34.0 21.5 36.0 42.0 19.0 10.4
25-29 14.9 47.0 48.6 28.3 30.5 49.5 12.2
30-34 39.6 45.6 26.8 31.5 56.9 23.9 13.8
35-39 15.1 34.3 44.8 28.6 40.7 50.0 16.5
40-44 32.3 39.3 24.3 37.7 49.7 21.4 11.8
45-49 15.4 25.6 43.1 36.0 29.6 44.1 11.9
50-54 19.1
55-59
60-64 14.0
65-69 9.6
28 29 30 f
2.2 Total rate by severity
acquired injuries 41.4 38.0 54.1 50.0 19.0 37.0 79.1 60.7 18.9 8.0 52.0
moderate 27.0 21.0 22.3 37.3 11.7 13.7 15.9 51.0 39.7 17.8 13.3 16.6 9.2 14.4
29.7
31
severe 12.0 18.7 19.4 14.9 15.5 20.0 3.9 49.0 10.4 6.1 35.4 4.2 1.4 3.8 45.6
2.3 Total rate by relationship to
the perpetrator(s)
83.9 50.7
intimate partner (current or former) 32 33
31.0 39.7 41.7 52.3 27.2 33.8 22.5 16.4 7,0 34 44.1 22.3 34.4 24.0 48.7 31.0 22.8 28.8 18.9 12.0 12.9 60.0
i i
Intimate partner – current 50.2 6.9 17.0
i i
Intimate partner - former 18.5 44.1 44.7
other than intimate partner: 27.0 17.4 10.7 20.9 13.0 4.9 12.0 0.5 9.8 4.7 11.0
family member 84.2 71.3 75.5 75.0 72.5 0.3 1.7 68.8
h i
family member male 2.5 32.6 19.1
i
family member female 38.4 26.3
86.0
father/stepfather 10.6i 35
29.4
i
mother/stepmother 23.8
i
sister/brother 9.2 0.5
h i
daughter/son 1.1 0.1
friends, neighbours 0.3 0.1 1.6
i
work or school 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.8 9.8
professional caregivers or helpers 0.0
casual acquaintances 17.9 29.9 20.0 8.3 16.1 0.1 2.6 26.6
h
boyfriend 4.4
i
unknown person (stranger) 14.9 13.0 0.4 0.0 8.6 6.3 0.1 2.0 0.2 3.6 18.8 13.4
h i 36
mother in law 19 1.6 1.0
h i
father in law 7.0 0.0
11.5
others 0.5 i 37
1.1 7.9 7.8 14.6 14.1 0.3 0.0
yes yes
38 39 40
2.4 Total rate by frequency
25
Sample includes only ever-married women
26
age intervals are in a five-year groups, except 30-39 and 40-49 age groups
27
age-intervals are given as following: 16-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, and 65-69 (Italy)
28
indicators of different types of each violent acts are available, but they are not presented as moderate or severe, and therefore, not typed into the matrix.
29
severity of violent acts among all women who experienced violence, summed up 100%
30
injuries in the most severe violent situation, the question were “Did your partner’s violence caused injuries to you?”
31
severity of violence is assessed by perpetrators (their perceptions), but also by acts of violence and by perpetrators, whereas total rate is not given
32
among women who experienced moderate physical abuse (rate is also available among women who experienced severe physical abuse)
33
among women who experienced physical violence as of age of 15
34
rate is given for the last five years, not a lifetime
35
Both mother and father (parents)
36
Both mother and father in law (parents in law)
37
category ”others” comprise the following: acquaintance or neighbour, counsellor or psychologist or psychiatrist, ex-boyfriend or girlfriend, doctor, teacher, minister or priest or clergy, prison officer and other known person.
22
20. once
few (2-10) 54.6
many (>10) 43.8
#
Confidentiality of study is compromised since 16% of the interviews were conducted in a presence of someone else than woman
38
frequency is available but just when segregated by each violent act in the group of moderate/severe abuse
39
frequency (sometimes/often) is available but just when segregated by age-groups
40
among all women experienced non-IPV
23