This study investigates the reporting behavior of sexual assault survivors to police and whether their actions during the assault influence reporting. The study finds that victims who cooperated with their attacker were very unlikely to report to police, likely due to fears of stigma and not being believed. In contrast, victims who resisted their attacker were more likely to report. The implications are that stigma prevention strategies, like police training and victim advocates, could encourage more reporting and better support survivors' recovery process.
Domestic violence is a silent crisis in the developing and
underdeveloped countries, though developed countries also
remain drowned in the curse of it. In developed countries, victims
can easily report and ask help on the contrary in developing and
underdeveloped countries victims hardly report the crimes and
when it's noticed by the authority it's become too late to save or
support the victim. If this kind of problems can be identified at the
very beginning of the event and proper actions can be taken, it'll
not only help the victim but also reduce the domestic violence
crimes. This paper proposed a smart system which can extract
victim's situation and provide help according to it. Among of the
developing and underdeveloped countries Bangladesh has been
chosen though the rate of reporting of domestic violence is low,
the extreme report collected by authorities is too high. Case studies
collected by different NGO's relating to domestic violence have
been studied and applied to extract possible condition for the
victims.
Domestic violence is a silent crisis in the developing and
underdeveloped countries, though developed countries also
remain drowned in the curse of it. In developed countries, victims
can easily report and ask help on the contrary in developing and
underdeveloped countries victims hardly report the crimes and
when it's noticed by the authority it's become too late to save or
support the victim. If this kind of problems can be identified at the
very beginning of the event and proper actions can be taken, it'll
not only help the victim but also reduce the domestic violence
crimes. This paper proposed a smart system which can extract
victim's situation and provide help according to it. Among of the
developing and underdeveloped countries Bangladesh has been
chosen though the rate of reporting of domestic violence is low,
the extreme report collected by authorities is too high. Case studies
collected by different NGO's relating to domestic violence have
been studied and applied to extract possible condition for the
victims.
Alcohol mediates the relationship between alcohol and reporting rape to the p...Heather Flowe
Â
This study experimentally examined within a hypothetical rape scenario the role of victim alcohol intoxication and self-blame in perceiving and reporting to the police non-consensual sexual intercourse as rape. Participants (N = 79) consumed alcohol (mean BAC = .075%) or tonic water, and alcohol expectancy was manipulated. Thereafter, they participated in an interactive hypothetical dating scenario that allowed them to control the level of intimacy occurring. Once they stopped consenting, an act of rape was depicted. Alcohol consumption and expectancy did not affect the likelihood that forced non-consensual intercourse was perceived as rape. However, women who believed they had consumed alcohol as opposed to tonic were less likely to indicate they would report the rape to the police. The association between rape reporting and alcohol expectancy was fully mediated by participant self-blame. The implications of the results are discussed.
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
Â
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Innovations in Domestic Violence Intervention Poster PresentationPatricia Hall
Â
This is a poster presentation created by researchers at UNC Greensboro, April 2013, to illustrate the Offender Focused Domestic Violence Initiative used in High Point, NC. This initiative is based on the highly successful model created to reduce drug and gun related violence in High Point. Begun in April 2012, the first year's results will be presented in November, 2013/
Alcohol mediates the relationship between alcohol and reporting rape to the p...Heather Flowe
Â
This study experimentally examined within a hypothetical rape scenario the role of victim alcohol intoxication and self-blame in perceiving and reporting to the police non-consensual sexual intercourse as rape. Participants (N = 79) consumed alcohol (mean BAC = .075%) or tonic water, and alcohol expectancy was manipulated. Thereafter, they participated in an interactive hypothetical dating scenario that allowed them to control the level of intimacy occurring. Once they stopped consenting, an act of rape was depicted. Alcohol consumption and expectancy did not affect the likelihood that forced non-consensual intercourse was perceived as rape. However, women who believed they had consumed alcohol as opposed to tonic were less likely to indicate they would report the rape to the police. The association between rape reporting and alcohol expectancy was fully mediated by participant self-blame. The implications of the results are discussed.
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
Â
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Innovations in Domestic Violence Intervention Poster PresentationPatricia Hall
Â
This is a poster presentation created by researchers at UNC Greensboro, April 2013, to illustrate the Offender Focused Domestic Violence Initiative used in High Point, NC. This initiative is based on the highly successful model created to reduce drug and gun related violence in High Point. Begun in April 2012, the first year's results will be presented in November, 2013/
M3A2
by Jennif er Augustus
Submission dat e: 02- Oct- 2017 03:05AM (UT C- 0700)
Submission ID: 855766133
File name: DomesticViolenceAgainstWomen.docx (26.89K)
Word count : 1229Charact er count : 7085
D
Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 1
Domestic Violence Against Women Name
Institution Date
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 2
II
Typical IJerpetrator of domestic violence against women
a
Violence against women can be defined as any act of gender -rel ated violen ce that is
likel y to result in or actually results in menta l, se xual, or physical suffering or harm to women including coercion , threats of violent acts or arbitrary depri vation of libert y, whether in private
or public life. In some cases, men are abused by partners (Saili, Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). However , domestic violence is in most cases directed toward women. Abusive relationships often involve an imbalance of control and power. The perpetrator uses intimidating , hurtful
beha viors and words to control their partner (Saili Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). It might be easy for one to identify domestic viol ence at initial stages . While some relationships tend to be clearly abusive abuse often begins subtly and worsen over time.
Domestic violen ce is about control and power. The perpetrator usua lly wants to dominate the survivor/vict im and wants to secure all the po\ver in the relationship and employs violence to maintain or establish power and authority (Ellsberg , et al., 2015). Perpetrators of domestic violence are often not deranged or sick, but have lea rned, manipulat ive and abusive beha viors and techniques that allow them to control and dominate others and obtain the desired responses (Ellsberg , et al. 2015). In most cases, an abuser will restrict the outlets of a victim , forbidding them from maintaining outside employment family ties and friends . This has an isolating
impact , creating dependenc y and leaving victims with no external support. Perpetrators also limit the options of a survivor by disallowing access to credit cards, checking accoun ts, or other sources of financial independence or mone y.
There is no typical perpetrator of domestic violence against women , but psychologists
have ident ified some characteristics that are common among the perpetrntors (Ellsberg , et al.,
m
2015). Many perpetra tors of domestic violence against women often suffer from low self-esteem ,
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 3
and their sense of identity and self is often tied to their partner. Thus, if perpetrators feel the y are somehow losing their victims either through emotional detachment , di vorce , separa tion , or pregnancy (the fear their vic tims will replace love for them with the lo ve for the coup le' s child) , they will lash out (Gracia , 2014). In case victims leave through any of the above-mentioned
methods , perpetrators usua lly feel they are losing their self ...
Research Review The Impact of DomesticViolence on Children.docxdebishakespeare
Â
Research Review: The Impact of Domestic
Violence on Children
Dr John Devaney1
Summary: This paper reviews the research on the prevalence and impact of
domestic violence on children, and considers how professionals should respond to
childrenâs needs to best provide support and ensure their safety.
Keywords: domestic violence, impact on children, child abuse, coping mechanisms,
brain development, toxic stress, interventions, child protection.
Introduction
Domestic violence is a significant problem for those whose life is affected
by this issue, the social, health and criminal justice agencies that respond
to it, and wider society that must bear the costs. Whilst domestic violence
is not a new phenomenon, the past thirty years has seen increas-
ing public awareness and a growing political consensus that something
needs to be done, even if what should be done is less clear (Holt and
Devaney, 2015). Over time our understanding about the presentation,
dynamics and impact of domestic violence has developed, resulting in the
need to define what is it that society needs to tackle. This, however, has
not been a trouble free endeavour, with definitions and understanding of
violence varying across research studies, regions and cultural settings
(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014). In Northern
Ireland domestic violence (also referred to as domestic abuse or intimate
partner violence in the literature) has been defined as:
Threatening, controlling, coercive behaviour, violence or abuse
(psychological, physical, verbal, sexual, financial or emotional) inflicted
79
IRISH PROBATION JOURNAL Volume 12, October 2015
1 John Devaney, PhD. is a senior lecturer in social work in the School of Sociology, Social Policy
and Social Work at Queenâs University Belfast. Email [email protected]
IPJ Vol 12cl revised_IPJ 21/09/2015 15:10 Page 79
on anyone (irrespective of age, ethnicity, religion, gender or sexual
orientation) by a current or former intimate partner or family member.
(Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety and
Department of Justice, 2013)
In a British Crime Survey it was reported that half of those who suffered
domestic violence in the previous year were living with a child aged
sixteen years or younger (Mirrlees-Black, 1999). Within the United
Kingdom it is estimated that up to one million children have been
exposed to domestic violence (UNICEF, 2006). Yet in spite of these
stark statistics there has been, until recently, a systemic failure by public
agencies to appreciate that the presence of domestic violence should be
an indicator of the importance of assessing the needs of children to both
support and protection when living in the same household as the victim.
This article seeks to summarise the key messages from the research
literature on the prevalence and impact of domestic violence on children,
and to draw some conclusions about how professionals should respond
to childrenâs needs for safety and suppo ...
Domestic Violence
Toya Jones
Devry University
Introduction
Domestic violence is a described as a pattern of threatening or assaultive conduct that an individual uses against another party in a relationship. The relationships are profiled as follows; the victim and the abuser live together, dating, had dated married or are divorced. Most of the violence is intentioned to cause one to cede control or direction to an abuser.
The victims of this kind of violence are people from all segments of the society. Most of the victims of this type of violence are women, though an increasing number of men are falling victim to this type of violence (Harne & Radford, 2008). Statistics on the number of people who suffer this type of violence are hard to come by since most of the violence occurs behind closed doors though experts speculate 1 in 5 women experience it in their lifetime.
According to Harne & Ranford (2008), experts report that the prevalence of domestic violence is on the increase with almost 80% of shelters for domestic violence victims seeking their services in the past 5 years. It was also reported that almost 70 % percent of the women in the shelters stayed longer and this was attributed to mostly economic factors and psychological issues.
Dynamics of Domestic Violence
While economic factors contribute to the domestic violence issue, the trigger for the economic aspect of the problem is a psychological factor that needs to be addressed in order to stem the cycle of domestic abuse. According to Sherman, Schmidt & Rogan (1992), the psychological factor involves an abuser developing a destructive thinking pattern makes them believe they have to be in control of a victim. The abuser could also develop an unhealthy relationship that makes the abuser believe that the victim is responsible for their good fortune or happiness. It is this two underlying psychological factors that create a fertile environment for the vice to be perpetrated.
Most of the victims of domestic violence are women and the abuse traverses all age sets and social spheres. Men account for around 14 % of the victims of domestic violence. The number of men coming out to report violence towards them is on the increase. Johnson & Ferraro (2000), report that this has been attributed to the increased social awareness programs that have broken the societal bounds that men were traditionally associated with before. This rise in the number of men suffering domestic violence has also been attributed to the same sex couples. Same sex couples contributed to 80% of the men who reported suffering from domestic violence. The increased awareness campaign and societal acceptance is the reason for this increase.
According to Tolman & Raphael (2000), societal expectation of men is also a factor that has contributed to the rise in domestic violence. The traditional patriarchal view of men that they are masculine, strong and powerful and that women are subservient to thi ...
From the SoConstans);Louisiana SAffairs MenConstans); JeanmarieColbert3
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Criminal Behavior and Repeat
Violent Trauma
A CaseâControl Study
John T. Nanney, PhD, Erich J. Conrad, MD, Michael McCloskey, PhD, Joseph I. Constans, PhD
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Introduction: Repeat violent injury is common among young urban men and is increasingly a focus
of trauma centerâbased injury prevention efforts. Though understanding risk factors for repeat
violent injury may be critical in designing such interventions, this knowledge is limited. This study
aims to determine which criminal behaviors, both before and after the initial trauma, predict repeat
violent trauma. Gun, violent, and drug crimes are expected to increase risk of subsequent violent
injury among victims of violence.
Methods: A caseâcontrol design examined trauma registry and publicly available criminal data for
all male patients aged o40 years presenting for violent trauma between April 2006 and December
2011 (NÂź1,142) to the sole Level 1 trauma center in a city with high rates of violence. Logistic
regression was used to determine criminal behaviors predictive of repeat violent injury. Data were
obtained and analyzed between January 2013 and June 2014.
Results: Regarding crimes committed before the first injury, only drug crime (ORÂź5.32) predicted
repeat violent trauma. With respect to crimes committed after the initial injury, illegal gun
possession (ORÂź2.70) predicted repeat victimization. Initiating gun (ORÂź3.53) or drug crime
(ORÂź5.12) was associated with increased risk.
Conclusions: Prior drug involvement may identify young male victims of violence as at high risk of
repeat violent injury. Gun carrying and initiating drug involvement after the initial injury may
increase risk of repeat injury and may be important targets for interventions aimed at preventing
repeat violent trauma.
(Am J Prev Med 2015;49(3):395â401) Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Journal of Preventive
Medicine
Introduction
V
iolent trauma plagues young men in many
urban, typically African American, commun-
ities.1â4 Violence is the leading cause of death for
African American men aged 18â35 years and remains a
theastern Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System (Nanney,
epartment of Psychiatry (Nanney, Conrad, Constans),
e University School of Medicine; South Central Veterans
Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (Nanney,
partment of Psychology (Constans), Tulane University, New
siana; Department of Psychological Sciences (Nanney),
issouri-Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri; and the Depart-
chology (McCloskey), Temple University, Philadelphia,
rrespondence to: John T. Nanney, PhD, University of
Louis, Department of Psychological Sciences, 1 University
adler Hall Room 236, Saint Louis MO 63121. E-mail:
.edu.
$36.00
i.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.021
...
This article co-written by Dr. Robert J. Winn which aims to quantify the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Philadelphia who report to be victims of domestic violence.
1. Dunford | 2016
1
Context and Research Questions
Approximately 14 percent to 25 percent of women
in the United States experience some type of
sexual assault in their lifetimes (Dietz et al. 2015,
598). There are myths in society about rape that
include: if a victim1 of a sexual assault did not fight
the offender the individual âwanted itâ and if the
victim cooperated with the offender they âwanted
itâ as well. Rape and sexual assault victims, unlike
other victims of crimes, face the stigma that is
associated with sexual assault and are burdened
with proving that it was not consensual and was
done through force.
Law enforcement can also hold these same
assumptions while investigating and taking reports.
Law enforcement officers âare less likely to view
victims as being credible when they do not
physically or verbally resist the attack or when they
do not exhibit bruises or symptoms of physical
traumaâ (Smith, Wilkes, and Bouffard 2014, 543).
Still, law enforcement are often the initial
individuals the survivor encounters after a sexual
assault if the police are notified. They can be the
first step in holding the offender accountable,
receiving justice, and connecting the survivor with
resources.
This study investigates the reporting behavior of
survivors of sexual assault and whether their action
at the time of the assault influences their reporting
to police. Individuals who cooperated with the
offender are expected to report less often to the
police than victims of general crime because of the
threat of stigma from law enforcement personnel.
1 I will useâvictimand âsurvivorâ interchangeablyin this brief. Theterm
âvictimâis usedin the dataset but âsurvivorâis usedby anti-violence
academics and advocates becauseit is based in empowerment.
This research is important because stigma can
potentially prevent a survivor from reporting not
just to law enforcement but disclosing to
healthcare providers, counselors, social workers,
friends, and family. Also, survivors are more likely
to experience Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD) if there are self-blame attributions and
avoidance of coping. If the victim perceives they
are to blame from the law enforcement officerâs
perception,
or if they never reported because of the fear of
not being believed if they did not resist, then they
are more likely to experience PTSD (Dietz et al.
2016).
Findings
Victims of sexual assault are less likely in general
than victims of general crime to report to the
police, 45.6% compared to 53.9%. This relationship
is statistically significant (p value < .01) but is a
weak association (Lambda=.012). However, when
looking at the victims who stated they cooperated
with the offender, 100% of victims of sexual
assault who cooperated with the offender did
NOT report to the police. This is statistically
significant (p-value < .01) and has a strong
relationship (Lambda=.723). This indicates that
there is a very strong relationship between being a
victim of sexual assault who cooperated with their
attacker and did not report to the police. On the
other end, sexual assault victims who resisted the
offender were more likely to report to the police
than victims of general crime. 75.4% of victims of
sexual assault who resisted the offender reported
Stigma Threat in Police Reporting Behavior of Survivors of Sexual
PolicyBrief byAmyDunford April 2016
2. Dunford | 2016
2
to the police compared to 55.1% of victims of
general crime. However, this association is less
strong and has a weak association (Phi= .082).
Implications
Overall, the study shows that victims who
cooperated with the offender do not report to the
police because of stigma threat. The fear that law
enforcement will not believe them because their
lack of resisting suggests they âwanted itâ is very
apparent from the data above. In comparison,
victims of non-sexually violent crimes reported at
higher levels if they cooperated. Society would
never ask someone who was a victim of a crime to
bear the burden of legitimizing their victimhood by
proving they fought back, why should we ask
victims of sexual assault to do the same? This has
vast consequences for victims of sexual assault.
âStigma threat-motivated nondisclosureâ is
dangerous because it is could be an indicator for
later revictimization and impacts a survivorâs
recovery and healing process (Miller et al. 2011,
120). Disclosure to the legal system, the medical
system, and the self-acknowledgement of sexual
assault, all aid in the recovery process and
sometimes can prevent the onset of PTSD. Two
solutions to lower the chance of stigma threat in
disclosing to law enforcement are as follows:
increasing sensitivity training of law enforcement
and the presence of survivor advocates. With
sensitivity training, Officers are more likely to use
sensitive techniques when equipped with
sensitivity training and survivors who worked with
advocates experience less secondary victimization
from legal personal (Smith, Wilkes, and Bouffard
2014). Policy should be used to create law
enforcement trainings around trauma-informed
methods and supporting survivor advocates.
Methods
The data for this report was drawn from the
National Crime Victimization Survey from 2014.
Data is collected through a nationally-represented
sample of households through asking questions to
victims of crimes. It is reported that 90,380
households and 158,090 individuals were
interviewed. The response rate was 84 percent for
households and 87 percent for eligible persons.
The estimated victimization rate of 20.1 per 1,000
has a standard error of 1.2. With a 95 percent
confidence interval, the victimization rate falls
between 17.7 and 22.5 per 1,000 persons.
The independent variable of being a victim of
sexual assault (n =121,430) was compared to the
dependent variable of reporting to the police
(n=7,469, 084). The control variables of cooperated
with offender and resisted offender were then
used. I ran cross tabulations to look at the
relationship of the independent variable on the
dependent variable and then I controlled for
âcooperated with offenderâ and âresisted
offender.â Statistically significance tests were done
using Chi-square to assess the significance of the
relationships. Lambda, Phi, and Cramerâs V were
then conducted to analyze the strength of these
relationships.
References
Deitz, Mandi F., Stacey L. Williams,Sean C. Rife, and Peggy
Cantrell.2015.âExamining Cultural,Social,and Self-Related
Aspects of Stigma in Relation to Sexual Assaultand Trauma
Symptoms.â Violence Against Women 21 (5): 598-615.
Mennicke, Annelise, Delaney Anderson, Karen Oehme, and
Stephanie Kennedy. 2014.âLaw Enforcement Officersâ
Perception of Rape and Rape Victims:A Multimethod Study.â
Violence and Victims 29 (5): 814-827.
Miller,Audrey K., Erika J. Canales,Amanda M. Amacker,
Tamika L. Backstrom, and CristineA. Gidyez. 2011. âStigma-
Threat Motivated Nondisclosureof Sexual Assaultand Sexual
Revictimization:A Prospective Analysis.âPsychology of
Women Quarterly 35 (1): 119-128.
Smith, Molly,NicoleWilkes,and Leana A. Bouffard.2014.
âRape Myth Adherence Among Campus Law Enforcement
Officers.âCriminal Justice and Behavior 43 (4): 539-556.