Paper Topic 7 – Opportunity and Labeling
Seminar in Criminology – CJ7020 (Feldmeyer)
Instructions: Please pick ONE of the following questions (CHOICE A or B) and write a response paper. Make sure to answer all parts of the question. Your response should be based on the material from the lectures and reading. Your response should be 2-3 pages in length, double spaced (times new roman, 12pt font, 1 inch margins). Your paper is DUE 03-03-16 (SUNDAY) by 9:00AM.
______________________________________________________________________________
CHOICE A: OPPORTUNITY THEORY
Opportunity has been a key component of many criminological theories, but it has often been given little direct attention. Cloward and Ohlin changed this by offering the first theory to give center stage to opportunity.
1. What are the main arguments of the theory, and why does crime occur according to Opportunity Theory? In particular, how does this perspective build on Merton’s strain theory of crime?
2. Are there other theories that could also benefit from incorporating the ideas of Opportunity Theory? Pick one or two and explain how Opportunity Theory might be used to inform or extend Control theories, Learning theories, Deterrence theory, Labeling theory, or Biological theories. How could you combine Opportunity theory with one or two of these other perspectives
3. Last, what types of policy suggestions for reducing crime might you draw from Cloward and Ohlin’s opportunity theory or alternatively from Cohen and Felson’s Routine Activities theory?
CHOICE B: LABELING THEORY
Deterrence is the primary justification for punishment in the U.S. criminal justice system. But labeling theory suggests that punishment may not always work the way deterrence theory suggests.
1. What are the main arguments of the theory, and why does crime occur according to Labeling Theory? What is the effect of punishment according to Labeling Theory, and how does this contrast with arguments of Deterrence theory?
2. Pick 1 or 2 other theories and tell me how they might be combined with Labeling theory? For example, how might Social Learning or Social Bonding be connected to criminal labeling? Or, how would labeling connect with Strain or Opportunity to inform or extend these other theories?
3. Last, what types of policy suggestions for reducing crime might you draw from Labeling perspectives?
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Presentation Details:
Slides: 6
Duration: 00:18:32
Filename: C:\Users\PadenSL\Desktop\Opportunity\Opportunity.pptx
Description:
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Slide 1
Opportunity Theory
Duration: 00:00:15
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
OPPORTUNITY THEORY
Hello. In this presentation, I’m going to provide
a short discussion of Opportunity perspectives
on crime and discuss how it builds on and
connects with several other theories we’ve
discussed in previous modules.
Slide 2 .
Directions Answer 5 questions out of the following 15 questions a.docxeve2xjazwa
Directions:
Answer 5 questions out of the following 15 questions and be sure to answer all parts of each multi-part question. Be sure to answer each question comprehensively and provide sufficient and substantive details, breadth, and depth. Your responses must demonstrate critical thinking and analysis as well as a substantive understanding and depth of knowledge of the subject matter. Overly brief and truncated responses will not be suitable. You will have 2.5 hours to complete this exam.
1.
Certainty, severity, and celerity are the key elements of deterrence theory. Can crime be reduced by making the prescribed punishment so certain and severe that a rational individual would be deterred from committing criminal acts? Explain why or why not using specific criminological theories for support. Moreover, address how plea bargaining in criminal justice counters the premise of deterrence theory.
2.
Should social scientists continue investigating and promoting biological causes of criminal behavior as promoted by major contributors to biological positivism such as Cesare Lombroso regarded by some as the father of criminology? Provide examples of past biological causes and explain why such past research could be validly criticized on the grounds that it promotes racist, sexist, or class-based stereotypes of criminals.
3.
Conceptually, social learning theory has been applied to the fields of sociology, psychology, criminal justice, and criminology to explain how criminal values, ideas, techniques, and expressions are transmitted from one individual to another. Provide an in-depth and comprehensive overview of social learning theory and also provide a real-life example.
4.
Differential association theory, as developed by Sutherland, is a learning theory that concentrates on one’s associates and the normative definition. Thoroughly explain differential association theory and provide a detailed real-life example of the theory.
5.
Learning theorists believe that deviant behavior can be eliminated or modified by taking away the reward of the behavior, increasing the negative consequences of the behavior, or changing the balance of reward/punishment for the behavior. Do you agree or disagree with the beliefs of learning theorists? Fully and comprehensively explain your reason for agreement or disagreement.
6.
Labeling theorists seek to understand what transpires after an individual is identified for committing a criminal act and society labels the offender. This approach differs from the view of choice, biological predisposition, psychological factors, social learning factors, and societal bond and control theories, which seek to explain the first offense and any subsequent criminal acts. Therefore, is labeling theory a true theory? Defend your answer and include specific elements of labeling theory.
7.
Anomie was coined by sociologist Durkheim and first applied to French society in the examination of rates of suicide. The concept of anomie.
Paper Topic 6 – Control TheoriesInstructions IN YOUR OWN WORDS.docxherbertwilson5999
Paper Topic 6 – Control Theories
Instructions: IN YOUR OWN WORDS, please write a response to the following question. Make sure to answer all parts of the question. Your response should be based on the material from the attached readings. Again, your response should be 2-3 pages in length, double spaced (times new roman, 12pt font, 1 inch margins). Paper is due 2/21/2016 at 10:00pm EST
______________________________________________________________________________
CONTROL THEORIES
Travis Hirschi has had an important influence on criminology, first authoring Causes of Delinquency in 1969 and then A General Theory of Crime in 1990 with Michael Gottfredson. This question asks you to trace Hirschi’s work, showing how he demarcated the distinctive nature of control theories and then offered two major versions of control perspectives.
In particular, your answer should address the following issues:
1. According to Hirschi, define what makes a perspective a control theory. For example, what is its distinctive premise about human nature? What question does the theory ask? How does control theory differ fundamentally from the assumptions underlying its two major competitors: differential association/social learning theory and strain theory.
2. Discuss Hirschi’s social bond theory. What is the theory? Discuss each social bond, including how each bond acts as a control.
3. Then, discuss Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory. How is it a control theory? What is low self-control and what is the source of low self control? Also, how did Hirschi’s self-control theory represents a fundamental critique of his earlier social bond theory?
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Presentation Details:
Slides: 5
Duration: 00:12:00
Filename: C:\Users\PadenSL\Desktop\Self Control.ppt
Description:
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Slide 1
Control Theories 2
Duration: 00:00:21
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
CONTROL THEORIES 2
In the last presentation I described Hirschi’s
Social Bond theory and the Techniques of
Neutralization. In this presentation, I will briefly
describe Self Control theory (another control
theory that Hirschi was involved in) as well as
a newer theory, the Age-Graded Theory of
Control.
Slide 2
A General Theory of Crime Self-
Control Theory
Duration: 00:03:06
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME – SELF
CONTROL THEORY
In the last presentation, I described Hirschi’s
Social Bond theory, which has been very
influential in criminology and has received
substantial attention and support as an
explanations of why people DON’T commit
crime. It’s rare for a criminologist to develop
one big idea that is as powerful and widely
used as Hirschi’s Social Bond theory. But he
didn’t stop there. In 1990, he teamed up with
Michael Gottfredson and developed another
control theory called the Self Control theory of.
How to Write an Evaluation Essay: Examples and Format. Sample Self Evaluation Essay | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. 002 Evaluation Essays Free Pdf Format Download Justifying An Student .... 019 Critical Evaluation Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Evaluation Essay Example | Template Business. FREE 7+ Evaluation Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. Critical Evaluation Essay Outline. 37 Outstanding Essay Outline Templates (Argumentative, Narrative .... How to Write a Self Evaluation Essay. Expository essay: Analysis paper outline. A Guide for writing an Evaluation Essay with Examples and Tips. Evaluation Essay Outline Example. Evaluation Essay - 9+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. Unforgettable Evaluation Essay Outline ~ Thatsnotus. School essay: Evaluation essay outline. 009 Essay Example Critical Evaluation Critically Evaluate Analysis .... School essay: Evaluation essay outline example. What Is an Evaluation Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You | YourDictionary. 008 Critical Essay Outline Format 130831 Example ~ Thatsnotus. ⛔ Evaluation introduction examples. Chapter 36. Introduction to .... Evaluation Essay Sample | Master Template. FREE 22+ Useful Outline Templates in PDF | MS Word | Apple Pages .... Template for Evaluation Report Awesome Free Download 56 Process .... FREE 16+ Sample Essay Templates in PDF Evaluation Essay Outline
Balanced Scorecard Essay. Balanced scorecard in restaurant Essay Example Top...Brandy Rose
The Balanced Scorecard - 524 Words | Free Essay Example on GraduateWay. ⇉The Balanced Scorecard Essay Essay Example | GraduateWay. (DOC) Balanced Scorecard essay 1000 words 1 | Ani Avanesyan - Academia.edu. Balanced Scorecard Essay - Federal Resume. Adoption of the Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Helpful Balanced Scorecard Template for Strategy Execution | monday.com .... The Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... The Balanced Scorecard Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Applying balanced scorecard - 282 Words - NerdySeal. 31 Professional Balanced Scorecard Examples & Templates. Balanced Scorecard Essay – Telegraph. How To Make A Balanced Scorecard Template Pdf Template - Riset. Balanced Scorecard of Halifax, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well .... the balanced scorecard essay. strategy simulation the balanced scorecard harvard. Balanced Scorecard Templates. Essays Balanced Scorecard Bachelor Thesis : — Balanced scorecard .... Balanced essay. Balanced Scorecard essay. 2022-11-05. Balanced Scorecard Approach in Organizations - 1932 Words | Report Example. Figure 1 from Application of the Balanced Scorecard in Higher Education .... balanced scorecard | Pathways International. Walmart Balanced Scorecard | Case Study Example. Balanced Scorecard Example Manufacturing Company. balanced scorecard exle intrafocus | Strategy map, Balance, Example. Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. The Cleveland Clinic's Balanced Scorecards - 5953 Words | Report Example. A Balanced Scorecard. Balanced Scorecard Assignment Report Example | Topics and Well Written ....
Directions Answer 5 questions out of the following 15 questions a.docxeve2xjazwa
Directions:
Answer 5 questions out of the following 15 questions and be sure to answer all parts of each multi-part question. Be sure to answer each question comprehensively and provide sufficient and substantive details, breadth, and depth. Your responses must demonstrate critical thinking and analysis as well as a substantive understanding and depth of knowledge of the subject matter. Overly brief and truncated responses will not be suitable. You will have 2.5 hours to complete this exam.
1.
Certainty, severity, and celerity are the key elements of deterrence theory. Can crime be reduced by making the prescribed punishment so certain and severe that a rational individual would be deterred from committing criminal acts? Explain why or why not using specific criminological theories for support. Moreover, address how plea bargaining in criminal justice counters the premise of deterrence theory.
2.
Should social scientists continue investigating and promoting biological causes of criminal behavior as promoted by major contributors to biological positivism such as Cesare Lombroso regarded by some as the father of criminology? Provide examples of past biological causes and explain why such past research could be validly criticized on the grounds that it promotes racist, sexist, or class-based stereotypes of criminals.
3.
Conceptually, social learning theory has been applied to the fields of sociology, psychology, criminal justice, and criminology to explain how criminal values, ideas, techniques, and expressions are transmitted from one individual to another. Provide an in-depth and comprehensive overview of social learning theory and also provide a real-life example.
4.
Differential association theory, as developed by Sutherland, is a learning theory that concentrates on one’s associates and the normative definition. Thoroughly explain differential association theory and provide a detailed real-life example of the theory.
5.
Learning theorists believe that deviant behavior can be eliminated or modified by taking away the reward of the behavior, increasing the negative consequences of the behavior, or changing the balance of reward/punishment for the behavior. Do you agree or disagree with the beliefs of learning theorists? Fully and comprehensively explain your reason for agreement or disagreement.
6.
Labeling theorists seek to understand what transpires after an individual is identified for committing a criminal act and society labels the offender. This approach differs from the view of choice, biological predisposition, psychological factors, social learning factors, and societal bond and control theories, which seek to explain the first offense and any subsequent criminal acts. Therefore, is labeling theory a true theory? Defend your answer and include specific elements of labeling theory.
7.
Anomie was coined by sociologist Durkheim and first applied to French society in the examination of rates of suicide. The concept of anomie.
Paper Topic 6 – Control TheoriesInstructions IN YOUR OWN WORDS.docxherbertwilson5999
Paper Topic 6 – Control Theories
Instructions: IN YOUR OWN WORDS, please write a response to the following question. Make sure to answer all parts of the question. Your response should be based on the material from the attached readings. Again, your response should be 2-3 pages in length, double spaced (times new roman, 12pt font, 1 inch margins). Paper is due 2/21/2016 at 10:00pm EST
______________________________________________________________________________
CONTROL THEORIES
Travis Hirschi has had an important influence on criminology, first authoring Causes of Delinquency in 1969 and then A General Theory of Crime in 1990 with Michael Gottfredson. This question asks you to trace Hirschi’s work, showing how he demarcated the distinctive nature of control theories and then offered two major versions of control perspectives.
In particular, your answer should address the following issues:
1. According to Hirschi, define what makes a perspective a control theory. For example, what is its distinctive premise about human nature? What question does the theory ask? How does control theory differ fundamentally from the assumptions underlying its two major competitors: differential association/social learning theory and strain theory.
2. Discuss Hirschi’s social bond theory. What is the theory? Discuss each social bond, including how each bond acts as a control.
3. Then, discuss Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory. How is it a control theory? What is low self-control and what is the source of low self control? Also, how did Hirschi’s self-control theory represents a fundamental critique of his earlier social bond theory?
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Presentation Details:
Slides: 5
Duration: 00:12:00
Filename: C:\Users\PadenSL\Desktop\Self Control.ppt
Description:
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Slide 1
Control Theories 2
Duration: 00:00:21
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
CONTROL THEORIES 2
In the last presentation I described Hirschi’s
Social Bond theory and the Techniques of
Neutralization. In this presentation, I will briefly
describe Self Control theory (another control
theory that Hirschi was involved in) as well as
a newer theory, the Age-Graded Theory of
Control.
Slide 2
A General Theory of Crime Self-
Control Theory
Duration: 00:03:06
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME – SELF
CONTROL THEORY
In the last presentation, I described Hirschi’s
Social Bond theory, which has been very
influential in criminology and has received
substantial attention and support as an
explanations of why people DON’T commit
crime. It’s rare for a criminologist to develop
one big idea that is as powerful and widely
used as Hirschi’s Social Bond theory. But he
didn’t stop there. In 1990, he teamed up with
Michael Gottfredson and developed another
control theory called the Self Control theory of.
How to Write an Evaluation Essay: Examples and Format. Sample Self Evaluation Essay | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. 002 Evaluation Essays Free Pdf Format Download Justifying An Student .... 019 Critical Evaluation Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Evaluation Essay Example | Template Business. FREE 7+ Evaluation Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. Critical Evaluation Essay Outline. 37 Outstanding Essay Outline Templates (Argumentative, Narrative .... How to Write a Self Evaluation Essay. Expository essay: Analysis paper outline. A Guide for writing an Evaluation Essay with Examples and Tips. Evaluation Essay Outline Example. Evaluation Essay - 9+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. Unforgettable Evaluation Essay Outline ~ Thatsnotus. School essay: Evaluation essay outline. 009 Essay Example Critical Evaluation Critically Evaluate Analysis .... School essay: Evaluation essay outline example. What Is an Evaluation Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You | YourDictionary. 008 Critical Essay Outline Format 130831 Example ~ Thatsnotus. ⛔ Evaluation introduction examples. Chapter 36. Introduction to .... Evaluation Essay Sample | Master Template. FREE 22+ Useful Outline Templates in PDF | MS Word | Apple Pages .... Template for Evaluation Report Awesome Free Download 56 Process .... FREE 16+ Sample Essay Templates in PDF Evaluation Essay Outline
Balanced Scorecard Essay. Balanced scorecard in restaurant Essay Example Top...Brandy Rose
The Balanced Scorecard - 524 Words | Free Essay Example on GraduateWay. ⇉The Balanced Scorecard Essay Essay Example | GraduateWay. (DOC) Balanced Scorecard essay 1000 words 1 | Ani Avanesyan - Academia.edu. Balanced Scorecard Essay - Federal Resume. Adoption of the Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well .... Helpful Balanced Scorecard Template for Strategy Execution | monday.com .... The Balanced Scorecard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays .... The Balanced Scorecard Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written .... Applying balanced scorecard - 282 Words - NerdySeal. 31 Professional Balanced Scorecard Examples & Templates. Balanced Scorecard Essay – Telegraph. How To Make A Balanced Scorecard Template Pdf Template - Riset. Balanced Scorecard of Halifax, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well .... the balanced scorecard essay. strategy simulation the balanced scorecard harvard. Balanced Scorecard Templates. Essays Balanced Scorecard Bachelor Thesis : — Balanced scorecard .... Balanced essay. Balanced Scorecard essay. 2022-11-05. Balanced Scorecard Approach in Organizations - 1932 Words | Report Example. Figure 1 from Application of the Balanced Scorecard in Higher Education .... balanced scorecard | Pathways International. Walmart Balanced Scorecard | Case Study Example. Balanced Scorecard Example Manufacturing Company. balanced scorecard exle intrafocus | Strategy map, Balance, Example. Online Essay Help | amazonia.fiocruz.br. The Cleveland Clinic's Balanced Scorecards - 5953 Words | Report Example. A Balanced Scorecard. Balanced Scorecard Assignment Report Example | Topics and Well Written ....
Your initial post should be 2-3 paragraphs in length.Inclu.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be
2-3 paragraphs
in length.
Include one peer reviewed journal article to support your post. You can search for a journal article from Welder Library EResources. (Ex: Risk of social media or social media polices, etc.).
Your
initial post is due by Thursday
. This allows you and your classmates time to read and reply.
Make sure to demonstrate critical thinking and analysis by using research and personal work experiences.
For full credit, you are required to
respond
to a minimum of two classmates
. Please begin your reply by addressing the student by name. Your
responses
must be completed by Sunday at midnight
.
Please refer to the rubric for the grading requirements. You can view the rubric by clicking on the wheel in the upper right corner and selecting "show rubric."
Scott Lefor,
The release of information to the public – including through social media – can impact everything from a company’s image before the public to an individual’s image before a company. Jackson et al. (2020) note that while “strategic HR use of social media can build the employer’s reputation in the labor market and help HR professionals to reach candidates and current employees,” the use of social media can also “lead to the disclosure of trade secrets” or present a negative image of the company (p. 21). While companies place substantial hours and dollars into cultivating a favorable brand image before the public, a careless comment or complaint by an employee or contractor on social media can go viral and counteract such marketing efforts. In such cases, companies may find themselves forced to address such comments or complaints before the public in an attempt to save the brand image they have worked so hard to build.
In addition to impacting the image of a company, careless social media posts can also impact potential and current employees before the company. According to Melton and Miller (2015), while “most students appear to know that the content they post” on social media could be viewed negatively by “potential employers,” many students continue to do so (p. 678). Through social media, what would have been a careless comment if spoken aloud becomes a permanent statement viewable by countless individuals. Furthermore, comments and images referencing illegal activities or poor decision-making and communicating abilities become enshrined for potential and current employers to reference and base hiring and firing decisions upon.
It is worth noting that careless comments via social media can go beyond “negative,” and can sometimes involve trade secrets (as noted). While negative comments can cast a shadow over a company’s brand, comments revealing trade secrets can jeopardize long-term strategies, losing hard-won competitive edges. As referenced above, Melton and Miller (2015) assert that even though individuals know of such risks, many continue to post comments that can be understood to be “careless.”
In short, informa.
Your initial post should be made during Unit 2, January 21st at 4.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be made during
Unit 2, January 21st at 4:00 pm.
Submissions after this time will not be accepted.
Please respond to the following questions:
In 6-7 sentences, compare and contrast one of the dance television shows referenced in this unit (try to choose a show that has not already been referenced by another student) to that of the American Dance Marathons, considering such questions as:
How does the socioeconomic and sociopolitical climate of the time affect how dance is presented and how the participants are treated/portrayed?
Discuss the Issue of exploitation, who was exploited, who did the exploiting, and how?
What aspects were theatre, and what aspects were real? How were these exaggerated?
What are the reinforced stereotypes present in the competitions?
Tell us about the idea that drama sells.
Use specific terminology and concepts discussed in class thus far. Make sure that you are citing all sources, or being clear that your statement is your idea/belief/observation.
.
Your initial post should be at least 450+ words and in APA forma.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be at least
450+ words
and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced). Post the actual body of your paper in the discussion thread then attach a Word version of the paper for APA review
2 Replies each with minimum
100 words
.
.
Your initial post should be made during Unit 2, january 21st at 4.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be made during
Unit 2, january 21st at 4:00 pm.
Submissions after this time will not be accepted.
Please respond to the following questions:
Using the “Tools to Analyze Dance on Screen” document (based off of the video about film analysis), find and provide a link to a music video (not yet shown in class or by another student). Analyze how the video is representing the “brand” for the artist, what the video is representing, and how dance is used to accomplish this. What does this video say about their values and interests and who they are?Analyze by focusing on some of the following: the use of the camera, editing, and art direction, in addition to the dancing/movement and use of the body. Use specific terminology and concepts discussed in class thus far. Make sure that you are citing all sources, or being clear that your statement is your idea/belief/observation.
.
Your initial post should be made during, Submissions after this time.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be made during, Submissions after this time will not be accepted.
Please respond to the following questions:
Consider the movie caricature assigned to your last name, provide a brief description/definition of the caricatures and provide a movie/television/cartoon/internet character that fits this caricature, and one that counters it. Provide a brief explanation of how both do/do not fit. Make sure that you are citing all sources, or being clear that your statement is your idea/belief/observation.
Last names starting with A-E:
The Tom Caricature
Last names starting with F-J:
The Mammy Caricature
Last names starting with K-O:
The Brute/Buck Caricature
Last names starting with P-S:
The Coon Caricature
Last names starting with T-Z:
The Jezebel
.
Your essay should address the following.(a) How is the biologic.docxdanhaley45372
Your essay should address the following.
(a) How is the biological and social elements distinguished in Language?
(b) Explain briefly the phonology, syntax and semantics of language.
(c) The common features of language and pre linguistic mentality.
(d) What has language got that prelinguistic mentality lacks?
(e) What are the features of consciousness tat language lacks?
(f) What are the functions of language and explain the difference between representation and expression.
(g) Show the features of language that is active in creating society.
(h) Sho how commitments are part and parcel of using langue.
(i) How does language enable us to construct social institutions?
The essay should be written in nontechnical, straightforward, ordinary language. The essay should be a approximately a 1000 words, without errors that might impede their understanding as a reader. If you use a technical term please immediately say how the term is to be understood.
.
Your initial post is due by midnight (1159 PM) on Thursday. You mus.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post is due by midnight (11:59 PM) on Thursday. You must write at least 400 words on Olive Senior's "The Pain Tree" and Ana Menéndez's "Her Mother's House" (in other words, at least 200 words for each story).
Instead of relying on plot summary you will support your interpretation by using and analyzing textual evidence. When you quote the story make sure you cite the page number: for instance, after the quotation put the page number in parenthesis (60). Avoid writing out "on page 60". When you quote a passage from the story make sure you introduce the context and that you are analyzing the meaning of what you quoted.
I encourage your own formulations, but address the following prompts (you can address them in any order and be sure to write at least three or more paragraphs):
In the short stories, you are going to encounter protagonists attempting to reconnect and remember (as in "putting together again") their Caribbean "home" spaces. How have their perceptions of their Caribbean homelands been shaped by their parents? What new perceptions do they gain and how does this transform their view of themselves and their history?
Victor Shklovsky argues that
ostranenie
("making strange" in Russian, and also translated as estrangement/defamiliarization) is the essence of literature. Where in the two stories do we encounter descriptions of estranged perception? Analyze the significance of these moments in the stories. Be sure to consult and cite Shkovsky's essay (especially his definition of
ostranenie
on page 80) to support your analysis.
For our annotation assignment, we learned how to notice patterns and overlooked meanings that helped us understand "Sonny's Blues" more fully. In "The Pain Tree" and "Her Mother's House" what patterns, connections or implied meanings did you notice structuring the stories?
.
Your individual sub-topic written (MIN of 1, MAX 3 pages)You.docxdanhaley45372
Your individual sub-topic written (MIN of 1, MAX 3 pages)
Your portion of the White Paper must include one of the following:
1. Introduction/Summary
2. History/Background and Context
3. Problem (Defined)
4. Discussion to relate point of view from sources used
5. Writer takes a position
6.
Solution
/s
7. Conclusion.
.
Your HR project to develop a centralized model of deliveri.docxdanhaley45372
Your HR project to develop a centralized model of delivering HR services has progressed through very critical stages of the project thus far. It is now time to present actionable, decision-making information to project leaders. This can be best accomplished when projects have been successfully managed, devoid of any major risks, and have been properly closed out and finalized.
Write a five to six (5-6) page paper in which you:
1. Explain what it means to successfully direct and manage project work and identify and discuss 3-4 strategies you might use to manage and sustain progress in your HR project. Be specific.
2. Identify and discuss a minimum of 3 strategies that could be used to address and resolve any risks within the control of the project. HINT: See Exhibit 14.5 in the textbook. Is any one of the strategies you selected more important than the others? Why?
Exhibit 14.5
RISK EVENT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES RISKS WITHIN PROJECT CONTROL
Understand and control WBS
Closely monitor and control activity progress
Closely manage all project changes
Document all change requests
Increase overtime to stay on schedule
Isolate problems and reschedule other activities
Research challenging issues early
RISKS PARTIALLY WITHIN PROJECT CONTROL
Establish limits to customer expectations
Build relationships by understanding project from client’s perspective
Use honesty in managing client expectations
Work with client to reprioritize cost, schedule, scope, and/or quality
Carefully escalate problems
Build team commitment and enthusiasm
RISKS OUTSIDE PROJECT CONTROL
Understand project context and environment
Actively monitor project environment
Understand willingness or reluctance of stakeholders to agree to changes
3. Describe 2-3 actions a project manager may take as they begin to close out the project. Be sure to justify using the actions you discuss.
4. Review Project Management in Action: The Power of Lessons Learned (pages 518-520 in the textbook) and provide an overview to the project team on the significance of the information. Be specific.
Pg 518-520 from book
PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN ACTION The Power of Lessons Learned Projects are discrete. They have a beginning and an end, at which time the project team disbands and moves on to other things. Despite the fact there has inevitably been significant tacit learning during the project, there is often only a limited capture of this into a sharable form for future reuse. Too often, as the project team dissolves, the learning fades into the memories of individuals minds. This makes it extremely difficult for others to benefit in the future from the insights learned. The usual excuses for this loss echoing through the corridors include just too hard, not enough time, team disbanded before we had the chance, and many more. The key error here is the incorrect assumption that learning during or from projects is an added bonus or a nice- to-have luxury. This is not the case in best.
Your Immersion Project for this course is essentially ethnographic r.docxdanhaley45372
Your Immersion Project for this course is essentially ethnographic research. When you hear the words
ethnography
or
ethnographic research
, you may think of Margaret Mead or Franz Boas performing their research on cultures outside their own countries and living among their research subjects. Contemporary ethnographic research includes many other types of research scenarios, such as urban ethnography, neighborhood studies, and even microstudies of groups as small as families and individuals.
Ethnography
is any systematic study of people and cultures, usually conducted through observation, interviews, dialogues, participation, and historical research. Ethnography is used across disciplines as varied as anthropology, linguistics, sociology, advertising, and of course, human services and social work.
Your Immersion Project is just that—a study of a population group with the goal of better understanding the culture of the group. As you complete this project over the course of the semester, keep in mind one of the classical hallmarks of ethnographic research, pioneered by Boas: The beliefs and activities of humans have to be interpreted within their own cultural terms and not evaluated or judged through the cultural lens or terms of the observer or researcher. That is, human beliefs and behavior are culturally relative.
This week, you submit your Immersion Project Paper, one of two culminating parts of your Final Project for this course (along with your narrated PowerPoint, which is due in Week 10).
This 7- to 10-page paper will be a culmination of what you have experienced and explored throughout your work on this project. Since everyone’s experience will be different, the content of the paper will vary for each student; however, there are two sections that everyone should include:
Reflection on your Immersion Project:
Observation: What observational activity did you attend and what insight did it give you into your selected population?
Dialogue: How did you carry out your dialogue? Reflect on your experience and what insight it gave you into your selected population.
Reaction and Critical Analysis of your experience: This section should incorporate your reflections on your experiences, what you learned about the group, what you learned about yourself, and how your perceptions of this group have changed over time.
Several areas to address in this section:
Description of the group
Values/belief orientation
Social interactions (relationships within and between group members)
Religious/spiritual beliefs
Roles and expectations
Language and communication
.
Your country just overthrew its dictator, and you are the newly .docxdanhaley45372
Your country just overthrew its dictator, and you are the newly elected President. Unfortunately, due to the divisions in the country and the years of war, economic, military, and political structures are non-existent. A group of loyalists to the old dictator have been detonating bombs, murdering civilians, assassinating leaders, and terrorizing towns with help from a neighboring country's dictator.
Create a comprehensive plan for your new government. While creating this government identify 1) the governing style of your government and the principles that govern your leaders (see rubric); 2) the functions of various branches of government; 3) how to maintain public good in domestic areas through at least two programs; 4) an economic structure that is most beneficial to your citizens; 5) ways to create national unity; 6) ways to combat terrorism and violence; and, 6) international organizations to join
.
Your have been contracted by HealthFirst Hospital Foundation (HHF),.docxdanhaley45372
Your have been contracted by HealthFirst Hospital Foundation (HHF),?
Your have been contracted by HealthFirst Hospital Foundation (HHF), a charitable organization that provides services to community clinics in Atlanta, Georgia. Due to the organization's tremendous growth, it will need to computerize its operations. By doing so, HHF will be able to continue to meet the needs of both its benefactors and their employees. To this end, it has decided to move its operation to a more modern facility, where it will install a Local Area Network (LAN), and you will be managing the network implementation.
Department # of Employees
Administration 18
Human Resources 9
Accounting 13
Hospital Relations 12
Media Relations 4
Board Room 0
MIS 6
Total 62
Feasibility of the proposed change
HHF has examined its resources and budgetary constraints and determined that the installation of the LAN is feasible. There is a need to maintain as low a budget as possible.
Project Goals
The goals for the LAN project are as follows:
Fully functional networked system
Design a boardroom in which any department's information can be accessed and expressed
Illustrate the complete network and boardroom design
Maintain as low a price as possible
Current state
The new facility consists of 5 six-cubicle work areas and a separate MIS Department and a boardroom. (See the schematic below) Each work area also includes a closed office for the department head.
Deliverables
The deliverables are outlined below:
Begin compiling your project plan by choosing network servers, routers, and hubs. Describe your network model, topology, and selections with an explanation of your choices in a memo to Roger Chen, the chief information officer at HHF. Be sure to use terms and concepts that you have learned in this course.
.
Your group presentationWhat you need to do.docxdanhaley45372
Your group presentation
What you need to do
Your presentation
groups
You can self-select groups (no more than 6)
Or I will put you into groups
Each group will present for a maximum of 20 minutes
You can self-select your topic
Everyone gets the same mark
Do not complain to me about the social loafers
Your presentation
Follow the rubric
Follow the format as presented in the applied cultural proficiency lectures
Let’s review..
How to get the most marks: (part a)
How to get the most marks in part b
During your tutorials, you will be required to peer review the other presentations. You need to demonstrate an understanding of the determinants of health in the presentation (0/10) and to demonstrate an understanding of the APIE system (0/10). See the rubric to get the best points:
Putting it all together
For your group assignments…
Choosing your topic:
Go to Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/)
Choose a topic that interests you
Choose a program that interests you
Your presentation might look like this:
6
Pick one of these
https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/
Aunty Kerrie & Papa Ron
Aunty Kerrie & Papa Ron
Then you work your way
through the APIE
Check it out to see if you want to do it…
Your presentation MIGHT look like this…
Using the tools from the lectures…
assessment
How did the programmers decide it was a problem?
Eg, did they measure anything with the ABS? use any of the other assessment tools?
if the programmers did not demonstrate it, how do you think they should/might have assessed this problem?
Examples from the lectures:
Y
feel
hear
see
e.g. did the programmers ask the community?
Should they have?
How did they know it was a problem?
Did they do a holistic assessment?
Why was there a need in this community?
Why was there .
Your contribution(s) must add significant information to the dis.docxdanhaley45372
Your contribution(s) must add significant information to the discussion. Your reply should be a very minimum of 250 words.
Research, read, and then write in your own words. Explain examples and incorporate evidence. Cite your sources within your sentences.
Provide complete citations at the end of your posts. A complete citation includes both the website’s title and
Do not copy and paste stuff….that will cause you to lose points and far more importantly, you will have lost the richness of understanding this information.
ADD COMMENT AND INFORMATION TO THE TEXT BELOW
Many people are skeptical that climate change is even occurring on our beautiful planet. Some places worldwide feel its effects through increased temperatures, which is desirable to some. However, many other places, like the lovely island Fiji, are suffering from the effects of climate change. A Youtube video, “Climate Change Fiji,” posted by the user
UN Climate Change
describes the terrible circumstances faced by civilians who are forced to flee their homes due to rising sea levels (www#1). The loss of beach shores has resulted in a drastic decrease in marine life and land species who rely on coastal areas to survive. According to an article posted by author Sarah Taylor, to the site
EuroNews,
titled “Fiji prepares for ‘Climate Refugees’,” since the 19th century, sea levels have risen by around 25 centimeters worldwide (www#2). This rise in sea levels is attributed to the seemingly neverending rise of greenhouse gas emissions into our atmosphere. Another Youtube video, “Climate Change and Fiji,” posted by the user
COP23fj
emphasizes that Fiji is only one of many other Pacific Islands to be battling climate change (www#3). However, Fijians have taken the lead as the spokespeople for all Pacific Islanders to feel protected and not neglected.
These negative biological implications seem to occur in other places around the world, right? Wrong. Our very own city, San Diego, has been facing and will continue to tackle the negative effects of climate change. A typed interview conducted by the Environmental Health Coalition with Kayla Race exemplifies the many ways climate change appears in our communities, including prolonged heat waves, more intense wildfires, increased water costs, and disruptions on electricity (www#4). My family and I have personally been affected by the increased water (and energy) costs and the interruptions on our electricity. We don’t use our AC system and rely on fans for a cool down from our heatwave, yet are charged more than during the year and face blackouts quite often. A video posted in 2017 by the San Diego Union-Tribune, explains the differences between catastrophic and existential climate change (www#5). Catastrophic damage is survivable by humans, while existential climate change threatens the immediate safety of humans. Many still do not believe that these repercussions are created by car emissions into the air, affecting our atmospher.
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At th.docxdanhaley45372
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At this point, the only socialization decision they have made is that the child is going to preschool. Imagine that you are an expert in your chosen field. Your friends have come to you for advice and to devise a plan to raise their child. They ask you to be frank with them and give them specific examples to support your opinions. They are determined to raise this child to the best of their ability. Since they are new parents, they need advice on everything!
The summative assignment is to develop a user-friendly PowerPoint handbook of suggestions. The handbook will demonstrate your understanding of the material by applying the major topics discussed in the course to a real situation.
The PowerPoint presentation for the Final Project must include:
Title slide (one slide)
Introduction of the material for the new adoptive parents (one to two slides)
At least 15 slides summarizing each of the items listed below (one to two slides for each item). Please note that the content of each slide should appear in the notes section, while the slide itself should contain the information that would be presented to the parents.
An image that represents each item
Conclusion slide that clearly explains why the parents should review this material (one to two slides)
Reference slide with at least three scholarly sources and the course text properly cited (one slide)
Writing the PowerPoint Presentation of the Final Project
Summarize Bronfenbrenner's ecological model and describe why it is important for them to be aware of this theory (one to two slides).
Suggest and explain a parenting style/philosophy (authoritarian, authoritative, or permissive) that you believe will be most beneficial for the child and the family (one to two slides).
Explain which childcare (nanny, center-based, or family-based care) option (before/during/after preschool) you think is best for the child and why (one to two slides). Be sure to include discussion of the social factors that influence the likelihood of the family selecting a particular form of childcare.
Share specific suggestions, including at least two to implement safe technology use in the home. Explain how the media can (both positively and negatively) influence the child (one to two slides).
Discuss the importance of culture and ethnicity in the development of the self-concept. Share your ideas of ways that the new parents can create opportunities for the child to learn about his or her culture (one to two slides).
Describe at least two researched methods to increase the child's self-esteem and positive attitude (one to two slides).
Differentiate between the importance of socialization that occurs in the home and at school. Explain the importance of each venue as a positive haven for the child (one to two slides).
Explain the importance of the teacher’s role in the child's life. Give examples of how the school and the teacher will affect the child's soci.
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At this p.docxdanhaley45372
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At this point, the only socialization decision they have made is that the child is going to preschool. Imagine that you are an expert in your chosen field. Your friends have come to you for advice and to devise a plan to raise their child. They ask you to be frank with them and give them specific examples to support your opinions. They are determined to raise this child to the best of their ability. Since they are new parents, they need advice on everything!
The summative assignment is to develop a user-friendly PowerPoint handbook of suggestions. The handbook will demonstrate your understanding of the material by applying the major topics discussed in the course to a real situation.
The PowerPoint presentation for the Final Project must include:
Title slide (one slide)
Introduction of the material for the new adoptive parents (one to two slides)
At least 15 slides summarizing each of the items listed below (one to two slides for each item). Please note that the content of each slide should appear in the notes section, while the slide itself should contain the information that would be presented to the parents.
An image that represents each item
Conclusion slide that clearly explains why the parents should review this material (one to two slides)
Reference slide with at least three scholarly sources and the course text properly cited (one slide)
Writing the PowerPoint Presentation of the Final Project
Summarize Bronfenbrenner's ecological model and describe why it is important for them to be aware of this theory (one to two slides).
Suggest and explain a parenting style/philosophy (authoritarian, authoritative, or permissive) that you believe will be most beneficial for the child and the family (one to two slides).
Explain which childcare (nanny, center-based, or family-based care) option (before/during/after preschool) you think is best for the child and why (one to two slides). Be sure to include discussion of the social factors that influence the likelihood of the family selecting a particular form of childcare.
Share specific suggestions, including at least two to implement safe technology use in the home. Explain how the media can (both positively and negatively) influence the child (one to two slides).
Discuss the importance of culture and ethnicity in the development of the self-concept. Share your ideas of ways that the new parents can create opportunities for the child to learn about his or her culture (one to two slides).
Describe at least two researched methods to increase the child's self-esteem and positive attitude (one to two slides).
Differentiate between the importance of socialization that occurs in the home and at school. Explain the importance of each venue as a positive haven for the child (one to two slides).
Explain the importance of the teacher’s role in the child's life. Give examples of how the school and the teacher will affect the child's socializa.
Your goals as the IT architect and IT security specialist are to.docxdanhaley45372
Your goals as the IT architect and IT security specialist are to:
Develop solutions to the issues that the specified location of IDI is facing.
Develop plans to implement corporate-wide information access methods to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Assess risks and vulnerabilities with operating IT facilities in the disparate locations where IDI now functions and develop mitigation plans and implementation methods.
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses in the current systems of IDI.
Address remote user and Web site user’s secure access requirements.
Develop a proposed budget for the project—consider hardware, software, upgrades/replacements, and consulting services.
Prepare detailed network and configuration diagrams outlining the proposed change to be able to present it to the management.
Develop and submit a comprehensive report addressing the learning objectives and your solutions to the issues within the scenario.
Prepare a 10- to 15-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses important access control, infrastructure, and management aspects from each location.
.
Your essay should address the following problem.(a) What is .docxdanhaley45372
Your essay should address the following problem.
(a) What is the idea of power and specifically the idea of political power?
(b) What is bio-power, what is French thinkers Foucault ideas of power.
(c) What is the idea of a background/network power?
(d) How does the existence of background/network power explain who or what is exercising this power?
(e) State the paradox in political power.
(f) Can democratic societies be made consistent with religious societies?
(g) What in summary is the conclusion of the discussion of political power in the text book?
.
Your future financial needs will be based on the income you can reas.docxdanhaley45372
Your future financial needs will be based on the income you can reasonably expect to receive in your field and planning.
Assignment Information
Using the
template provided
, estimate what your budget may look like in the future. Include expenses such as:
Computer hardware and software
Continuing education
Certification and Recertification
Field or Lab Equipment
Any other needs to maintain professional credibility and marketability
This is the Template
CS204 Budget Worksheet
Monthly Expenses
Amount
Mortgage or rent
Taxes: property
Money to Savings Account
Food
Insurance
Health bills (not covered by insurance)
Car loan
Car expenses
Credit card bills
School loans
Other loans
Professional equipment expenses
Other professional development expenses
Child care
Clothing
Children's Education
Entertainment
Vacations
Charity
Miscellaneous
Total Monthly Expenses:
Yearly Income:
Monthly Income from Job:
Any other monthly income (child support, dividends, and interest):
Total Monthly Income*:
Total Monthly Income:
Total Monthly Expenses:
Difference:
.
Your friend Lydia is having difficulty taking in the informati.docxdanhaley45372
Your friend Lydia is having difficulty "taking in" the information in her history class, so she asks you to use your expertise in psychology to offer some suggestions on how to improve her memory performance.
Discuss how attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery can affect the encoding process. Utilize your readings, lecture, and powerpoints and examples that you might have to help with your post.
Please submit a minimum of 250 words and cite your resources. Turnitin will be utilized. Please make sure, you write your post in your own words.
.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Your initial post should be 2-3 paragraphs in length.Inclu.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be
2-3 paragraphs
in length.
Include one peer reviewed journal article to support your post. You can search for a journal article from Welder Library EResources. (Ex: Risk of social media or social media polices, etc.).
Your
initial post is due by Thursday
. This allows you and your classmates time to read and reply.
Make sure to demonstrate critical thinking and analysis by using research and personal work experiences.
For full credit, you are required to
respond
to a minimum of two classmates
. Please begin your reply by addressing the student by name. Your
responses
must be completed by Sunday at midnight
.
Please refer to the rubric for the grading requirements. You can view the rubric by clicking on the wheel in the upper right corner and selecting "show rubric."
Scott Lefor,
The release of information to the public – including through social media – can impact everything from a company’s image before the public to an individual’s image before a company. Jackson et al. (2020) note that while “strategic HR use of social media can build the employer’s reputation in the labor market and help HR professionals to reach candidates and current employees,” the use of social media can also “lead to the disclosure of trade secrets” or present a negative image of the company (p. 21). While companies place substantial hours and dollars into cultivating a favorable brand image before the public, a careless comment or complaint by an employee or contractor on social media can go viral and counteract such marketing efforts. In such cases, companies may find themselves forced to address such comments or complaints before the public in an attempt to save the brand image they have worked so hard to build.
In addition to impacting the image of a company, careless social media posts can also impact potential and current employees before the company. According to Melton and Miller (2015), while “most students appear to know that the content they post” on social media could be viewed negatively by “potential employers,” many students continue to do so (p. 678). Through social media, what would have been a careless comment if spoken aloud becomes a permanent statement viewable by countless individuals. Furthermore, comments and images referencing illegal activities or poor decision-making and communicating abilities become enshrined for potential and current employers to reference and base hiring and firing decisions upon.
It is worth noting that careless comments via social media can go beyond “negative,” and can sometimes involve trade secrets (as noted). While negative comments can cast a shadow over a company’s brand, comments revealing trade secrets can jeopardize long-term strategies, losing hard-won competitive edges. As referenced above, Melton and Miller (2015) assert that even though individuals know of such risks, many continue to post comments that can be understood to be “careless.”
In short, informa.
Your initial post should be made during Unit 2, January 21st at 4.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be made during
Unit 2, January 21st at 4:00 pm.
Submissions after this time will not be accepted.
Please respond to the following questions:
In 6-7 sentences, compare and contrast one of the dance television shows referenced in this unit (try to choose a show that has not already been referenced by another student) to that of the American Dance Marathons, considering such questions as:
How does the socioeconomic and sociopolitical climate of the time affect how dance is presented and how the participants are treated/portrayed?
Discuss the Issue of exploitation, who was exploited, who did the exploiting, and how?
What aspects were theatre, and what aspects were real? How were these exaggerated?
What are the reinforced stereotypes present in the competitions?
Tell us about the idea that drama sells.
Use specific terminology and concepts discussed in class thus far. Make sure that you are citing all sources, or being clear that your statement is your idea/belief/observation.
.
Your initial post should be at least 450+ words and in APA forma.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be at least
450+ words
and in APA format (including Times New Roman with font size 12 and double spaced). Post the actual body of your paper in the discussion thread then attach a Word version of the paper for APA review
2 Replies each with minimum
100 words
.
.
Your initial post should be made during Unit 2, january 21st at 4.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be made during
Unit 2, january 21st at 4:00 pm.
Submissions after this time will not be accepted.
Please respond to the following questions:
Using the “Tools to Analyze Dance on Screen” document (based off of the video about film analysis), find and provide a link to a music video (not yet shown in class or by another student). Analyze how the video is representing the “brand” for the artist, what the video is representing, and how dance is used to accomplish this. What does this video say about their values and interests and who they are?Analyze by focusing on some of the following: the use of the camera, editing, and art direction, in addition to the dancing/movement and use of the body. Use specific terminology and concepts discussed in class thus far. Make sure that you are citing all sources, or being clear that your statement is your idea/belief/observation.
.
Your initial post should be made during, Submissions after this time.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post should be made during, Submissions after this time will not be accepted.
Please respond to the following questions:
Consider the movie caricature assigned to your last name, provide a brief description/definition of the caricatures and provide a movie/television/cartoon/internet character that fits this caricature, and one that counters it. Provide a brief explanation of how both do/do not fit. Make sure that you are citing all sources, or being clear that your statement is your idea/belief/observation.
Last names starting with A-E:
The Tom Caricature
Last names starting with F-J:
The Mammy Caricature
Last names starting with K-O:
The Brute/Buck Caricature
Last names starting with P-S:
The Coon Caricature
Last names starting with T-Z:
The Jezebel
.
Your essay should address the following.(a) How is the biologic.docxdanhaley45372
Your essay should address the following.
(a) How is the biological and social elements distinguished in Language?
(b) Explain briefly the phonology, syntax and semantics of language.
(c) The common features of language and pre linguistic mentality.
(d) What has language got that prelinguistic mentality lacks?
(e) What are the features of consciousness tat language lacks?
(f) What are the functions of language and explain the difference between representation and expression.
(g) Show the features of language that is active in creating society.
(h) Sho how commitments are part and parcel of using langue.
(i) How does language enable us to construct social institutions?
The essay should be written in nontechnical, straightforward, ordinary language. The essay should be a approximately a 1000 words, without errors that might impede their understanding as a reader. If you use a technical term please immediately say how the term is to be understood.
.
Your initial post is due by midnight (1159 PM) on Thursday. You mus.docxdanhaley45372
Your initial post is due by midnight (11:59 PM) on Thursday. You must write at least 400 words on Olive Senior's "The Pain Tree" and Ana Menéndez's "Her Mother's House" (in other words, at least 200 words for each story).
Instead of relying on plot summary you will support your interpretation by using and analyzing textual evidence. When you quote the story make sure you cite the page number: for instance, after the quotation put the page number in parenthesis (60). Avoid writing out "on page 60". When you quote a passage from the story make sure you introduce the context and that you are analyzing the meaning of what you quoted.
I encourage your own formulations, but address the following prompts (you can address them in any order and be sure to write at least three or more paragraphs):
In the short stories, you are going to encounter protagonists attempting to reconnect and remember (as in "putting together again") their Caribbean "home" spaces. How have their perceptions of their Caribbean homelands been shaped by their parents? What new perceptions do they gain and how does this transform their view of themselves and their history?
Victor Shklovsky argues that
ostranenie
("making strange" in Russian, and also translated as estrangement/defamiliarization) is the essence of literature. Where in the two stories do we encounter descriptions of estranged perception? Analyze the significance of these moments in the stories. Be sure to consult and cite Shkovsky's essay (especially his definition of
ostranenie
on page 80) to support your analysis.
For our annotation assignment, we learned how to notice patterns and overlooked meanings that helped us understand "Sonny's Blues" more fully. In "The Pain Tree" and "Her Mother's House" what patterns, connections or implied meanings did you notice structuring the stories?
.
Your individual sub-topic written (MIN of 1, MAX 3 pages)You.docxdanhaley45372
Your individual sub-topic written (MIN of 1, MAX 3 pages)
Your portion of the White Paper must include one of the following:
1. Introduction/Summary
2. History/Background and Context
3. Problem (Defined)
4. Discussion to relate point of view from sources used
5. Writer takes a position
6.
Solution
/s
7. Conclusion.
.
Your HR project to develop a centralized model of deliveri.docxdanhaley45372
Your HR project to develop a centralized model of delivering HR services has progressed through very critical stages of the project thus far. It is now time to present actionable, decision-making information to project leaders. This can be best accomplished when projects have been successfully managed, devoid of any major risks, and have been properly closed out and finalized.
Write a five to six (5-6) page paper in which you:
1. Explain what it means to successfully direct and manage project work and identify and discuss 3-4 strategies you might use to manage and sustain progress in your HR project. Be specific.
2. Identify and discuss a minimum of 3 strategies that could be used to address and resolve any risks within the control of the project. HINT: See Exhibit 14.5 in the textbook. Is any one of the strategies you selected more important than the others? Why?
Exhibit 14.5
RISK EVENT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES RISKS WITHIN PROJECT CONTROL
Understand and control WBS
Closely monitor and control activity progress
Closely manage all project changes
Document all change requests
Increase overtime to stay on schedule
Isolate problems and reschedule other activities
Research challenging issues early
RISKS PARTIALLY WITHIN PROJECT CONTROL
Establish limits to customer expectations
Build relationships by understanding project from client’s perspective
Use honesty in managing client expectations
Work with client to reprioritize cost, schedule, scope, and/or quality
Carefully escalate problems
Build team commitment and enthusiasm
RISKS OUTSIDE PROJECT CONTROL
Understand project context and environment
Actively monitor project environment
Understand willingness or reluctance of stakeholders to agree to changes
3. Describe 2-3 actions a project manager may take as they begin to close out the project. Be sure to justify using the actions you discuss.
4. Review Project Management in Action: The Power of Lessons Learned (pages 518-520 in the textbook) and provide an overview to the project team on the significance of the information. Be specific.
Pg 518-520 from book
PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN ACTION The Power of Lessons Learned Projects are discrete. They have a beginning and an end, at which time the project team disbands and moves on to other things. Despite the fact there has inevitably been significant tacit learning during the project, there is often only a limited capture of this into a sharable form for future reuse. Too often, as the project team dissolves, the learning fades into the memories of individuals minds. This makes it extremely difficult for others to benefit in the future from the insights learned. The usual excuses for this loss echoing through the corridors include just too hard, not enough time, team disbanded before we had the chance, and many more. The key error here is the incorrect assumption that learning during or from projects is an added bonus or a nice- to-have luxury. This is not the case in best.
Your Immersion Project for this course is essentially ethnographic r.docxdanhaley45372
Your Immersion Project for this course is essentially ethnographic research. When you hear the words
ethnography
or
ethnographic research
, you may think of Margaret Mead or Franz Boas performing their research on cultures outside their own countries and living among their research subjects. Contemporary ethnographic research includes many other types of research scenarios, such as urban ethnography, neighborhood studies, and even microstudies of groups as small as families and individuals.
Ethnography
is any systematic study of people and cultures, usually conducted through observation, interviews, dialogues, participation, and historical research. Ethnography is used across disciplines as varied as anthropology, linguistics, sociology, advertising, and of course, human services and social work.
Your Immersion Project is just that—a study of a population group with the goal of better understanding the culture of the group. As you complete this project over the course of the semester, keep in mind one of the classical hallmarks of ethnographic research, pioneered by Boas: The beliefs and activities of humans have to be interpreted within their own cultural terms and not evaluated or judged through the cultural lens or terms of the observer or researcher. That is, human beliefs and behavior are culturally relative.
This week, you submit your Immersion Project Paper, one of two culminating parts of your Final Project for this course (along with your narrated PowerPoint, which is due in Week 10).
This 7- to 10-page paper will be a culmination of what you have experienced and explored throughout your work on this project. Since everyone’s experience will be different, the content of the paper will vary for each student; however, there are two sections that everyone should include:
Reflection on your Immersion Project:
Observation: What observational activity did you attend and what insight did it give you into your selected population?
Dialogue: How did you carry out your dialogue? Reflect on your experience and what insight it gave you into your selected population.
Reaction and Critical Analysis of your experience: This section should incorporate your reflections on your experiences, what you learned about the group, what you learned about yourself, and how your perceptions of this group have changed over time.
Several areas to address in this section:
Description of the group
Values/belief orientation
Social interactions (relationships within and between group members)
Religious/spiritual beliefs
Roles and expectations
Language and communication
.
Your country just overthrew its dictator, and you are the newly .docxdanhaley45372
Your country just overthrew its dictator, and you are the newly elected President. Unfortunately, due to the divisions in the country and the years of war, economic, military, and political structures are non-existent. A group of loyalists to the old dictator have been detonating bombs, murdering civilians, assassinating leaders, and terrorizing towns with help from a neighboring country's dictator.
Create a comprehensive plan for your new government. While creating this government identify 1) the governing style of your government and the principles that govern your leaders (see rubric); 2) the functions of various branches of government; 3) how to maintain public good in domestic areas through at least two programs; 4) an economic structure that is most beneficial to your citizens; 5) ways to create national unity; 6) ways to combat terrorism and violence; and, 6) international organizations to join
.
Your have been contracted by HealthFirst Hospital Foundation (HHF),.docxdanhaley45372
Your have been contracted by HealthFirst Hospital Foundation (HHF),?
Your have been contracted by HealthFirst Hospital Foundation (HHF), a charitable organization that provides services to community clinics in Atlanta, Georgia. Due to the organization's tremendous growth, it will need to computerize its operations. By doing so, HHF will be able to continue to meet the needs of both its benefactors and their employees. To this end, it has decided to move its operation to a more modern facility, where it will install a Local Area Network (LAN), and you will be managing the network implementation.
Department # of Employees
Administration 18
Human Resources 9
Accounting 13
Hospital Relations 12
Media Relations 4
Board Room 0
MIS 6
Total 62
Feasibility of the proposed change
HHF has examined its resources and budgetary constraints and determined that the installation of the LAN is feasible. There is a need to maintain as low a budget as possible.
Project Goals
The goals for the LAN project are as follows:
Fully functional networked system
Design a boardroom in which any department's information can be accessed and expressed
Illustrate the complete network and boardroom design
Maintain as low a price as possible
Current state
The new facility consists of 5 six-cubicle work areas and a separate MIS Department and a boardroom. (See the schematic below) Each work area also includes a closed office for the department head.
Deliverables
The deliverables are outlined below:
Begin compiling your project plan by choosing network servers, routers, and hubs. Describe your network model, topology, and selections with an explanation of your choices in a memo to Roger Chen, the chief information officer at HHF. Be sure to use terms and concepts that you have learned in this course.
.
Your group presentationWhat you need to do.docxdanhaley45372
Your group presentation
What you need to do
Your presentation
groups
You can self-select groups (no more than 6)
Or I will put you into groups
Each group will present for a maximum of 20 minutes
You can self-select your topic
Everyone gets the same mark
Do not complain to me about the social loafers
Your presentation
Follow the rubric
Follow the format as presented in the applied cultural proficiency lectures
Let’s review..
How to get the most marks: (part a)
How to get the most marks in part b
During your tutorials, you will be required to peer review the other presentations. You need to demonstrate an understanding of the determinants of health in the presentation (0/10) and to demonstrate an understanding of the APIE system (0/10). See the rubric to get the best points:
Putting it all together
For your group assignments…
Choosing your topic:
Go to Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/)
Choose a topic that interests you
Choose a program that interests you
Your presentation might look like this:
6
Pick one of these
https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/
Aunty Kerrie & Papa Ron
Aunty Kerrie & Papa Ron
Then you work your way
through the APIE
Check it out to see if you want to do it…
Your presentation MIGHT look like this…
Using the tools from the lectures…
assessment
How did the programmers decide it was a problem?
Eg, did they measure anything with the ABS? use any of the other assessment tools?
if the programmers did not demonstrate it, how do you think they should/might have assessed this problem?
Examples from the lectures:
Y
feel
hear
see
e.g. did the programmers ask the community?
Should they have?
How did they know it was a problem?
Did they do a holistic assessment?
Why was there a need in this community?
Why was there .
Your contribution(s) must add significant information to the dis.docxdanhaley45372
Your contribution(s) must add significant information to the discussion. Your reply should be a very minimum of 250 words.
Research, read, and then write in your own words. Explain examples and incorporate evidence. Cite your sources within your sentences.
Provide complete citations at the end of your posts. A complete citation includes both the website’s title and
Do not copy and paste stuff….that will cause you to lose points and far more importantly, you will have lost the richness of understanding this information.
ADD COMMENT AND INFORMATION TO THE TEXT BELOW
Many people are skeptical that climate change is even occurring on our beautiful planet. Some places worldwide feel its effects through increased temperatures, which is desirable to some. However, many other places, like the lovely island Fiji, are suffering from the effects of climate change. A Youtube video, “Climate Change Fiji,” posted by the user
UN Climate Change
describes the terrible circumstances faced by civilians who are forced to flee their homes due to rising sea levels (www#1). The loss of beach shores has resulted in a drastic decrease in marine life and land species who rely on coastal areas to survive. According to an article posted by author Sarah Taylor, to the site
EuroNews,
titled “Fiji prepares for ‘Climate Refugees’,” since the 19th century, sea levels have risen by around 25 centimeters worldwide (www#2). This rise in sea levels is attributed to the seemingly neverending rise of greenhouse gas emissions into our atmosphere. Another Youtube video, “Climate Change and Fiji,” posted by the user
COP23fj
emphasizes that Fiji is only one of many other Pacific Islands to be battling climate change (www#3). However, Fijians have taken the lead as the spokespeople for all Pacific Islanders to feel protected and not neglected.
These negative biological implications seem to occur in other places around the world, right? Wrong. Our very own city, San Diego, has been facing and will continue to tackle the negative effects of climate change. A typed interview conducted by the Environmental Health Coalition with Kayla Race exemplifies the many ways climate change appears in our communities, including prolonged heat waves, more intense wildfires, increased water costs, and disruptions on electricity (www#4). My family and I have personally been affected by the increased water (and energy) costs and the interruptions on our electricity. We don’t use our AC system and rely on fans for a cool down from our heatwave, yet are charged more than during the year and face blackouts quite often. A video posted in 2017 by the San Diego Union-Tribune, explains the differences between catastrophic and existential climate change (www#5). Catastrophic damage is survivable by humans, while existential climate change threatens the immediate safety of humans. Many still do not believe that these repercussions are created by car emissions into the air, affecting our atmospher.
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At th.docxdanhaley45372
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At this point, the only socialization decision they have made is that the child is going to preschool. Imagine that you are an expert in your chosen field. Your friends have come to you for advice and to devise a plan to raise their child. They ask you to be frank with them and give them specific examples to support your opinions. They are determined to raise this child to the best of their ability. Since they are new parents, they need advice on everything!
The summative assignment is to develop a user-friendly PowerPoint handbook of suggestions. The handbook will demonstrate your understanding of the material by applying the major topics discussed in the course to a real situation.
The PowerPoint presentation for the Final Project must include:
Title slide (one slide)
Introduction of the material for the new adoptive parents (one to two slides)
At least 15 slides summarizing each of the items listed below (one to two slides for each item). Please note that the content of each slide should appear in the notes section, while the slide itself should contain the information that would be presented to the parents.
An image that represents each item
Conclusion slide that clearly explains why the parents should review this material (one to two slides)
Reference slide with at least three scholarly sources and the course text properly cited (one slide)
Writing the PowerPoint Presentation of the Final Project
Summarize Bronfenbrenner's ecological model and describe why it is important for them to be aware of this theory (one to two slides).
Suggest and explain a parenting style/philosophy (authoritarian, authoritative, or permissive) that you believe will be most beneficial for the child and the family (one to two slides).
Explain which childcare (nanny, center-based, or family-based care) option (before/during/after preschool) you think is best for the child and why (one to two slides). Be sure to include discussion of the social factors that influence the likelihood of the family selecting a particular form of childcare.
Share specific suggestions, including at least two to implement safe technology use in the home. Explain how the media can (both positively and negatively) influence the child (one to two slides).
Discuss the importance of culture and ethnicity in the development of the self-concept. Share your ideas of ways that the new parents can create opportunities for the child to learn about his or her culture (one to two slides).
Describe at least two researched methods to increase the child's self-esteem and positive attitude (one to two slides).
Differentiate between the importance of socialization that occurs in the home and at school. Explain the importance of each venue as a positive haven for the child (one to two slides).
Explain the importance of the teacher’s role in the child's life. Give examples of how the school and the teacher will affect the child's soci.
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At this p.docxdanhaley45372
Your good friends have just adopted a four-year-old child. At this point, the only socialization decision they have made is that the child is going to preschool. Imagine that you are an expert in your chosen field. Your friends have come to you for advice and to devise a plan to raise their child. They ask you to be frank with them and give them specific examples to support your opinions. They are determined to raise this child to the best of their ability. Since they are new parents, they need advice on everything!
The summative assignment is to develop a user-friendly PowerPoint handbook of suggestions. The handbook will demonstrate your understanding of the material by applying the major topics discussed in the course to a real situation.
The PowerPoint presentation for the Final Project must include:
Title slide (one slide)
Introduction of the material for the new adoptive parents (one to two slides)
At least 15 slides summarizing each of the items listed below (one to two slides for each item). Please note that the content of each slide should appear in the notes section, while the slide itself should contain the information that would be presented to the parents.
An image that represents each item
Conclusion slide that clearly explains why the parents should review this material (one to two slides)
Reference slide with at least three scholarly sources and the course text properly cited (one slide)
Writing the PowerPoint Presentation of the Final Project
Summarize Bronfenbrenner's ecological model and describe why it is important for them to be aware of this theory (one to two slides).
Suggest and explain a parenting style/philosophy (authoritarian, authoritative, or permissive) that you believe will be most beneficial for the child and the family (one to two slides).
Explain which childcare (nanny, center-based, or family-based care) option (before/during/after preschool) you think is best for the child and why (one to two slides). Be sure to include discussion of the social factors that influence the likelihood of the family selecting a particular form of childcare.
Share specific suggestions, including at least two to implement safe technology use in the home. Explain how the media can (both positively and negatively) influence the child (one to two slides).
Discuss the importance of culture and ethnicity in the development of the self-concept. Share your ideas of ways that the new parents can create opportunities for the child to learn about his or her culture (one to two slides).
Describe at least two researched methods to increase the child's self-esteem and positive attitude (one to two slides).
Differentiate between the importance of socialization that occurs in the home and at school. Explain the importance of each venue as a positive haven for the child (one to two slides).
Explain the importance of the teacher’s role in the child's life. Give examples of how the school and the teacher will affect the child's socializa.
Your goals as the IT architect and IT security specialist are to.docxdanhaley45372
Your goals as the IT architect and IT security specialist are to:
Develop solutions to the issues that the specified location of IDI is facing.
Develop plans to implement corporate-wide information access methods to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Assess risks and vulnerabilities with operating IT facilities in the disparate locations where IDI now functions and develop mitigation plans and implementation methods.
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses in the current systems of IDI.
Address remote user and Web site user’s secure access requirements.
Develop a proposed budget for the project—consider hardware, software, upgrades/replacements, and consulting services.
Prepare detailed network and configuration diagrams outlining the proposed change to be able to present it to the management.
Develop and submit a comprehensive report addressing the learning objectives and your solutions to the issues within the scenario.
Prepare a 10- to 15-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses important access control, infrastructure, and management aspects from each location.
.
Your essay should address the following problem.(a) What is .docxdanhaley45372
Your essay should address the following problem.
(a) What is the idea of power and specifically the idea of political power?
(b) What is bio-power, what is French thinkers Foucault ideas of power.
(c) What is the idea of a background/network power?
(d) How does the existence of background/network power explain who or what is exercising this power?
(e) State the paradox in political power.
(f) Can democratic societies be made consistent with religious societies?
(g) What in summary is the conclusion of the discussion of political power in the text book?
.
Your future financial needs will be based on the income you can reas.docxdanhaley45372
Your future financial needs will be based on the income you can reasonably expect to receive in your field and planning.
Assignment Information
Using the
template provided
, estimate what your budget may look like in the future. Include expenses such as:
Computer hardware and software
Continuing education
Certification and Recertification
Field or Lab Equipment
Any other needs to maintain professional credibility and marketability
This is the Template
CS204 Budget Worksheet
Monthly Expenses
Amount
Mortgage or rent
Taxes: property
Money to Savings Account
Food
Insurance
Health bills (not covered by insurance)
Car loan
Car expenses
Credit card bills
School loans
Other loans
Professional equipment expenses
Other professional development expenses
Child care
Clothing
Children's Education
Entertainment
Vacations
Charity
Miscellaneous
Total Monthly Expenses:
Yearly Income:
Monthly Income from Job:
Any other monthly income (child support, dividends, and interest):
Total Monthly Income*:
Total Monthly Income:
Total Monthly Expenses:
Difference:
.
Your friend Lydia is having difficulty taking in the informati.docxdanhaley45372
Your friend Lydia is having difficulty "taking in" the information in her history class, so she asks you to use your expertise in psychology to offer some suggestions on how to improve her memory performance.
Discuss how attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery can affect the encoding process. Utilize your readings, lecture, and powerpoints and examples that you might have to help with your post.
Please submit a minimum of 250 words and cite your resources. Turnitin will be utilized. Please make sure, you write your post in your own words.
.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Paper Topic 7 – Opportunity and LabelingSeminar in Criminology –.docx
1. Paper Topic 7 – Opportunity and Labeling
Seminar in Criminology – CJ7020 (Feldmeyer)
Instructions: Please pick ONE of the following questions
(CHOICE A or B) and write a response paper. Make sure to
answer all parts of the question. Your response should be based
on the material from the lectures and reading. Your response
should be 2-3 pages in length, double spaced (times new roman,
12pt font, 1 inch margins). Your paper is DUE 03-03-16
(SUNDAY) by 9:00AM.
_____________________________________________________
_________________________
CHOICE A: OPPORTUNITY THEORY
Opportunity has been a key component of many criminological
theories, but it has often been given little direct attention.
Cloward and Ohlin changed this by offering the first theory to
give center stage to opportunity.
1. What are the main arguments of the theory, and why does
crime occur according to Opportunity Theory? In particular,
how does this perspective build on Merton’s strain theory of
crime?
2. Are there other theories that could also benefit from
incorporating the ideas of Opportunity Theory? Pick one or two
and explain how Opportunity Theory might be used to inform or
extend Control theories, Learning theories, Deterrence theory,
Labeling theory, or Biological theories. How could you
combine Opportunity theory with one or two of these other
perspectives
3. Last, what types of policy suggestions for reducing crime
might you draw from Cloward and Ohlin’s opportunity theory or
alternatively from Cohen and Felson’s Routine Activities
theory?
CHOICE B: LABELING THEORY
2. Deterrence is the primary justification for punishment in the
U.S. criminal justice system. But labeling theory suggests that
punishment may not always work the way deterrence theory
suggests.
1. What are the main arguments of the theory, and why does
crime occur according to Labeling Theory? What is the effect
of punishment according to Labeling Theory, and how does this
contrast with arguments of Deterrence theory?
2. Pick 1 or 2 other theories and tell me how they might be
combined with Labeling theory? For example, how might
Social Learning or Social Bonding be connected to criminal
labeling? Or, how would labeling connect with Strain or
Opportunity to inform or extend these other theories?
3. Last, what types of policy suggestions for reducing crime
might you draw from Labeling perspectives?
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Presentation Details:
Slides: 6
Duration: 00:18:32
Filename:
C:UsersPadenSLDesktopOpportunityOpportunity.pptx
Description:
3. Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Slide 1
Opportunity Theory
Duration: 00:00:15
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
OPPORTUNITY THEORY
Hello. In this presentation, I’m going to provide
a short discussion of Opportunity perspectives
on crime and discuss how it builds on and
connects with several other theories we’ve
discussed in previous modules.
Slide 2
Opportunity Theory
Duration: 00:03:31
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
OPPORTUNITY THEORY
Opportunity theory is one of our newer theories
in criminology. It is one of the more
misunderstood theories and has not been
4. given as much direct attention as other
perspectives. Many scholars see it as simply
an addition to Merton’s strain theory. And
while it does build on his ideas, it’s also an
independent theory that gives us some unique
perspective on crime by considering
opportunity.
The opportunity theory of crime was developed
by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin in the
1960s, who were students of Robert Merton.
As a result, it does have a number of
similarities to Merton’s strain theory and builds
on his work.
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
If you’ll recall, Merton’s strain theory was all
about blocked opportunities for success. It
said there was greater pressure toward crime
on the poor because they didn’t have
legitimate means available. But people
criticized Merton because he didn’t explain
why one poor person committed crime and
another (who also had strain) didn’t. Cloward
and Ohlin had some ideas on this. They said
that Merton had only considered access to
legitimate opportunities but had overlooked
ILLEGITIMATE OPPORTUNITY. They said
that in order to explain crime, you had to
account for access to legitimate opportunity
5. and access to illegitimate opportunity. Or as I
like to say, you have to consider the “closed
doors” for legitimate success and the “open
doors” for crime. Just because someone can’t
get a good education or good job, doesn’t
mean they will embark on a life of drug dealing
or fraud. They may not have the open doors
for these criminal activities and may not know
the right people, have the right circumstances,
or have the technical knowhow to pull it off.
But if they have the close doors for legitimate
success and have the right connections and
opportunities for crime, then they are much
more likely to be involved in criminal activity.
Their goal in presenting these ideas was to fill
in the gaps in Merton’s strain theory by
accounting for both legitimate and illegitimate
opportunity, and they were trying to bridge
ideas from Merton’s strain theory with some of
the ideas from learning theories (as you’ll see
in the next slide) as well as social
disorganization. As a result, they added some
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
important points to Merton’s theory. Notably, it
isn’t common to see students critique their
mentor’s theory as these 2 scholars did, but
perhaps more notably, Merton said they were
right! He commended their work and said that
he hadn’t really discussed illegitimate
6. opportunities and the ways that open doors to
crime might matter. Thus, he said it was an
extremely important addition to the ideas he
presented earlier.
Slide 3
Opportunity Structures
Duration: 00:03:33
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES
In their theory, they explained that both
legitimate and illegitimate opportunity were
shaped by 2 types of opportunity structures: 1.
Learning structures, and 2. Performance
structures. And they said that these explained
whether you had the opportunity to become a
Doctor, Lawyer, Police officer, and Professor,
but they also explained whether you had the
opportunity to cook crystal meth, run an illegal
sports betting operation, embezzle hundreds of
thousands of dollars from your company, or
become involved in organized crime. Both
legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for
success were shaped by these types of
opportunity structures.
The first component is the learning structures,
and this is where they bring in the ideas from
learning theories. They explain that you have
to have the opportunity to gain the mindset,
7. skills, and expertise needed to be a doctor,
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
lawyer, drug dealer, or white collar criminal. If
you don’t know people or have opportunities to
learn skills for a profession and learn the
mindset that says it is something worth doing,
well then you probably will find other things to
do and other ways to spend your time. Cleary,
this is closely connected to learning theories,
but they are recognizing that not everyone has
the same access to messages about different
jobs and criminal activities and they are
combining it with performance opportunities,
the second type of opportunity structure
described next.
In addition to having the knowhow, they said
you also have to have the physical
opportunities to become involved in a
profession or in a certain criminal activity. For
example, if you wanted to start your own
restaurant, you’d have to have the right
resources, tools, location, funds, marketing
help, and contacts to make it happen.
Likewise, if you wanted to go into business
selling oxycontin or other controlled
substances, you would also have to have the
right tools, contacts and connections, know the
right location, and have the resources for the
job. In other words, just having the knowhow
8. isn’t enough. Opportunity and open doorways
for success (in crime or legitimate work)
involves a lot of other components, tools, and
contacts.
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
Slide 4
Opportunity and Criminality
Duration: 00:02:20
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
OPPORTUNITY AND CRIMINALITY
By introducing the idea of illegitimate means
and discussions both open/closed doors for
success and open/closed doors for crime,
Cloward and Ohlin were able to do something
that Merton’s strain theory couldn’t… they
were able to tell us why some people with
strain became conformists and didn’t commit
crime, while others innovated or became
retreatists. In other words, they explained not
all people who experienced strain committed
crime, and why some who didn’t have much
strain or blocked opportunity might still commit
crime. It all depended on their open/closed
9. doors to illegitimate opportunity (which Merton
didn’t discuss).
For example, they explained that the
innovators from Merton’s strain adaptations
were most likely to be the people who had
blocked means for legitimate success (good
jobs, education), but had plenty of open doors
for crime. So they may realize that they can’t
afford college and won’t get far at their fast
food job, AND they see their friends making
more money selling drugs and offering them a
piece of the action, and they decide to take
advantage of the opportunity.
In contrast, they explain that the conformists
are most often the people who do have
legitimate means available and have blocked
access to crime. They have legitimate
pathways to success open to them, and it
Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
would be difficult for them to engage in
extensive criminal activity because they simply
don’t have those doorways open to them.
Last, they explained that retreatists (the drug
addicts, homeless, and vagrant populations)
that Merton described tended to be the people
that had few opportunities for legitimate
success but also had few criminal
10. opportunities. They essentially had no
opportunities for either legal or illegal success,
and thus fell into patterns of retreatism.
Slide 5
Strengths and Weaknesses of
Opportunity Theory
Duration: 00:02:48
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF
OPPORTUNITY THEORY
As I noted on the previous slides, this
opportunity perspective helped fill in several
key gaps and criticism of Merton’s strain
theory. Notably, it could explain why there
were many good kids in bad areas, which was
a common critique of Merton’s theory (why so
many people with strain didn’t commit crime
and only a few did). Here, Cloward and Ohlin
explain that simply having closed doors for
success doesn’t mean you will instantly be a
successful career criminal and become a
major underworld entrepreneur. You must
have open doors for crime, contacts with
others, opportunities to learn messages and
definition and skills for crime, and performance
opportunities to commit the acts. Otherwise,
you will likely fall into one of the other
adaptations Merton described. In addition,
11. Published by Articulate® Presenter '13 www.articulate.com
they were able to explain why some offenders
who have very little strain according to Merton
(like White Collar criminals) might commit
crime. These offenders have few blocked
opportunities for legitimate success. But at the
same time, they have little oversight and many
opportunities to break the rules and feel like
crime opportunities fall into their lap. In other
words, it’s not all about strain. Sometimes, it’s
just about whether you have access to crime
opportunities that seem too good to pass up.
However, as with all the theories, opportunity
perspectives also have some problems. By
focusing on external opportunities, they don’t
seem to pay as much attention to the role of
motivation as some of the other theories we’ve
discussed.
In addition, one of the biggest critiques is that
people don’t really think it adds that much to
our understanding of crime. The opportunity
perspective seems very straightforward (you
either have opportunity for crime or you don’t),
and so many criminologists have overlooked it
or assumed that it’s just a small addition onto
Merton’s strain theory. As a result, it hasn’t
gotten the attention it probably deserves and
we tend not to think about people’s opportunity
for crime as much as we might (which could
12. have important policy implications if we gave
this perspective more attention and
consideration and really tried to target criminal
opportunity).
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Slide 6
Routine Activities Theory
Duration: 00:06:05
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY
One theory related to opportunity perspectives
that has received much more attention from
researchers and policy makers though, is
Routine Activities Theory. The excerpts you
are reading on this theory do a nice job
summarizing the main ideas, so I won’t go into
extensive detail on this. But I will give you a bit
of history and context to this theory.
Routine Activities theory is one of our newest
theories in criminology and has received
considerable attention in the last few decades.
It was developed in the 1970s by Cohen and
13. Felson is considered a theory of
VICTIMIZATION. That means that instead of
trying to explain why some people become
criminals and decide to commit crime, Cohen
and Felson were trying to explain why some
people and places are more likely to be
victimized. And they said it was due to the
routine activities of victims and offenders that
bring them together in the right circumstances
to create opportunity for crime. Specifically,
they said these crime opportunities occur with
the convergence of 3 factors.
Motivated Offender
Presence of a Suitable Target, and
Absence of a Capable Guardian.
They said that these 3 things had to occur for
crime/victimization to take place and the
absence of any one factor would likely prevent
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it. Now because it was a theory of
victimization, they didn’t talk about the first
factor much. They don’t really explain why
offenders are motivated and simply argue
there are always motivated offenders present
(which has been a point of substantial
disagreement for the theory). They leave
offender motivation to others to explain, and
then go on to talk about the other two factors.
14. They argue that when you have suitable
targets and few capable guardians, it creates
opportunity for crime and victimization (and
those motivated offenders to act). And the
idea of a capable guardian doesn’t just have to
be a human guardian like security or police
officers. Guardianship can be provided by
alarms, pedestrians walking by, someone at
home at night, ample lighting, locked doors,
cameras, or signs that say you have a security
system. Anything that seems to add
guardianship.
To help illustrate their theory, they argue that
these factors helped explain why property
crimes like burglary and theft became so much
more common in the 1970s and 80s. And
again they said, it wasn’t because of a change
in offender motivation (like many other
theorists had argued). Instead, they claimed
that it was due to changes in guardianship
and suitability of targets due to several societal
changes around this time (like women working
outside the home more, people traveling more,
and consumer goods getting more valuable,
smaller and easier to steal), which you’ll read
more about in your articles/chapters.
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This theory has been extremely popular in
15. policy circles because it presents very
straightforward and practical policy
suggestions. If crime occurs because targets
look suitable and there’s not enough
guardianship, then simply make the targets
look less suitable and add guardianship.
These “target hardening” policy efforts have
been very popular and have been
implemented in many places. For example,
just look at the gas station the next time you fill
up your car and notice all the ways that gas
stations have changed in the last 20 to 30
years to add guardianship and make them
seem like bad targets for robbery. They have
added lighting, cameras, glass fronts, timed
safes, cameras, and reminders that the cash
drawer has less than $50, all to illustrate that
they are not suitable targets and have plenty of
guardianship. Likewise, we’ve seen these
types of approaches and similar “broken
windows” and “order maintenance” models of
crime control adopted on a larger scale in
places like New York, where the idea has been
to eliminate small crimes and signs of disorder
(vagrancy, homeless people sleeping on
benches, graffiti, litter, prostitution, etc.) to
send a message to would-be offenders that
this is not a suitable target for crime and that
guardians are present.
Overall, this theory has gained a lot of
attention and popularity among the public,
policy makers, researchers, and agents of the
criminal justice system. But people have
raised some concerns about these ideas as
well. First, it doesn’t really explain or address
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offender motivation in any real way. So even if
you prevent a would-be offender from
committing crime at one location, it doesn’t
mean you’ve stopped them from causing
trouble if they just find another suitable target
without guardians. Second, one of the biggest
concerns is that by focusing on the victim, this
perspective can be pretty controversial when
applied to some offenses like rape and sexual
assault. The idea that rape or sexual assault
occurs because the target looked too suitable
or the victim didn’t have enough guardianship
around has been a bit of a lightning rod for this
theory, and is probably the reason that this
perspective tends to focus on property crime
more than crimes like rape.
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17. Presentation Details:
Slides: 6
Duration: 00:20:18
Filename: C:UsersPadenSLDesktopLabeling.pptx
Description:
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Slide 1
Labeling Theory
Duration: 00:00:57
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
LABELING THEORY
In this presentation, I’m going to provide a
short overview of labeling perspectives on
crime. Unlike strain, learning, and control
theories, this is not typically seen as one of the
major theories of crime, but it has a place in
criminology and has received a fair amount of
attention.
As you’ll see in the following slides, the main
idea of labeling theory is that receiving
18. punishment and a criminal “label” is thought to
increase crime in some circumstances. As a
result, this theory is seen as the opposite of
deterrence theory, because it argues that
punishments like going to prison and being
around other criminals for long periods of time
could actually entrench people into criminal
lifestyles and patterns of behavior, rather than
straightening them out as deterrence theory
argues.
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Slide 2
Labeling Theory
Duration: 00:03:45
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
LABELING THEORY
The ideas of labeling theory are drawn from
several social psychological perspectives and
sociological perspectives on identity formation
and self-perception. Many of these ideas build
on symbolic interaction perspectives in
sociology, which explain that we are all playing
roles and acting out performances to create a
19. certain image. But at the same time, we are all
audience members to everyone else’s
performance and give them feedback and cues
about their performances. This quote by
William Shakespeare summarizes the
symbolic interaction position fairly well. We
are all giving performances every day for roles
of Father/Mother, boss, employee, spouse,
boyfriend/girlfriend, buddy, and so on, and we
gauge how we are doing in those roles by how
the audience (everyone else in our lives)
reacts to us.
This is very similar to George Herbert Mead’s
idea of the looking glass self, which is also
foundational for labeling perspectives on
crime. According to the looking glass self, our
self concept and self image is determined by
the reaction of others, as illustrated in this
picture. Mead argued that we don’t really have
objective self concept. Our self concept is
determined by seeing ourselves through other
people’s eyes. We use their reactions like a
reflection or looking glass to determine how we
are coming across and whether we are funny,
smart, attractive, respected, trustworthy,
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friendly, and any number of other traits. And
we are constantly reevaluating our
performances and our self concept and
20. thinking about past and future performances
based on the reactions we get from others.
Notably, all of these perspectives argue that
we behave in line with our self concept. So if
you believe you have a good sense of humor,
then you will play on that and tell stories and
jokes, and try to make people laugh. But if you
start getting consistent negative reactions to
your jokes and stories, well then your self
image and perception may start to slowly shift,
and you may find your behavior following suit
(and you may begin to tell a few less stories
and jokes if you start to doubt your sense of
humor). And this is a key idea of labeling
theory… what happens to people when their
self concept begins to change? People’s
behavior follows their self concept, so what
happens if people start thinking of themselves
as “criminal,” “felon,” or “junky,” and are told
that they are these things by many people in
their lives. It begins to become their master
status, overshadowing their other roles of
“son/daughter,” “spouse,” or “coworker.” And
the question from labeling theory is how does
their behavior, and involvement in future crime
change as a result?
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21. Slide 3
The Labeling Model
Duration: 00:04:37
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
LABELING MODEL
This is the basic labeling model of crime.
Typically, we start the model with a behavior,
which in this case is some criminal act. As we
discussed in the last slide, a performance and
behavior like committing a crime (say a DUI or
using heroin) may be followed by audience
reactions.
In the labeling model, the audience reactions
we are usually talking about are the formal
sanctions from the criminal justice system. So,
the audience reaction to heroin use or a DUI
may be jail time, fines and fees from the court,
an arrest, a court date, a judge telling you how
badly you’ve screwed up, maybe drug/alcohol
treatment of some kind, and a probation term,
just to give a few examples. But the audience
reaction to crime is not limited to formal
sanctions. Many of the most powerful
audience reactions are informal, such as your
parents telling you how disappointed they are,
the reaction from your church and community,
having to tell your boss that you lost your
license and need time off work for a court date,
reactions from your friends/spouse/kids,
getting fired from your job, a landlord kicking
22. you out, and future employers or schools
turning you down because of your conviction.
All of these are powerful audience reactions
that can occur following crime.
In turn the labeling model says that when you
stack up this many strong audience reactions,
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this can start to influence your self concept.
It’s not likely something that happens all at
once. You probably won’t immediately begin
to think “I guess I’m just a no good junky” after
your first arrest or after the judge scolds you in
the courtroom. But labeling theory says that all
of these audience reactions can pile up to
slowly chip away at your previous self image.
When you get these serious punishments AND
your friends and family pull away, and you lose
your job and license, and you have difficulty
getting another job, and your support network
dissolves a bit because people don’t want to
associate with a known felon, and the people
that do want to hang out with you have similar
problems like drug and alcohol use… well all of
this combined may make you begin to feel
more comfortable with others who use drugs
and who are “like you” and it starts to change
the way you think about yourself.
And labeling theory says that criminal labels
23. can change your behavior without having
much impact on your self concept. So even if
your self image is resilient and you think “I’m
still a good person. I just screwed up a couple
times, but I’m not a bad person or a ‘junky,”
picking up a felony conviction and the label of
“ex-con” can still substantially shape your
behavior by limiting your opportunities for
success and opening doorways to crime (to
build on the ideas from opportunity theory).
Once you have a felony conviction, you have
to abide by a different set of rules. For
example, with a felony conviction, you lose the
right to vote in some states, you lose
subsidized housing, you can’t get federal
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student loans or grants, you can no longer be
employed in some professions, you lose many
gun ownership rights, and if you’ve applied for
a job recently, you know that for almost any job
you will have to “check the box” indicating you
have been convicted of a felony. Furthermore,
once you have done time, your social circle
often changes. Other ex-cons are more likely
to include you in their social circles, which
opens new doors to crime, while law-abiding
individuals are less likely to associate with you.
So even if you still think of yourself as a good
person and have a resilient self concept, your
opportunities are often substantially impacted
24. with a criminal label.
As you can see, these arguments provide a
stark contrast to the deterrence model of
crime. Rather than preventing crime, this
model says that punishment could cause
unintended consequences make people even
more likely to continue criminal behavior.
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Slide 4
Increased Labeling
Duration: 00:03:05
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
INCREASED LABELING
Labeling theory was quite popular in
criminology in the 1960s and 1970s, but it has
received less attention in recent decades with
the rise of the “war on drugs” and the era of
mass incarceration. Beginning in the 1980s,
the focus in the U.S. criminal justice system
was set squarely on deterrence and trying to
get tough on crime through formal punishment
25. and the deterrence model. As a result,
labeling theorist argue that in many ways,
labeling has expanded in recent decades.
Incarceration rates, which had been historically
pretty constant and fairly moderate in the U.S.
for nearly a century, skyrocketed in the 1980s
through 2010 largely in response to the war on
drugs. Within a 30 year span, the
incarceration rate in the U.S. increased by
approximately 400 percent (while the U.S.
population increased by only 30 percent),
giving the U.S. one of the highest incarceration
rates in the world. Although deterrence theory
suggests this is exactly what needed to
happen to curb crime, labeling theorists argue
that this has widened the enforcement net and
brought hundreds of thousands of new people
into the criminal justice system and saddled
them with criminal records and labels that
make it hard for them to make much out of
their lives after they get out of prison, as most
of them do.
Labeling theorists also note that during the last
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30 years, we’ve seen several tough on crime
laws that they argue also expand the impact of
labeling, such as 3 strikes and you’re out laws,
mandatory minimum sentencing practices, and
26. felon disenfranchisement laws. In particular,
labeling theorists have been critical of the
mandatory minimum sentences and felon
disenfranchisement laws (which take away
voting rights and access to jobs and education
for those with felony records), arguing that they
make it difficult for people to recover from a
conviction and set their life back on track,
making them part of a permanent underclass
or second class citizen, and never really being
able to “do their time” and rejoin society.
Last, labeling advocates note that criminal
labels tend to carry a lot more weight now than
they did 40 or 50 years ago because society
has changed. It’s much easier to get online
and find out about someone’s conviction and
past offenses. Employers can easily run
background checks to see if you have a
conviction. And the job market in the U.S. has
shifted from a manufacturing base to a service
sector economy that requires more education
and credentials. So in the 1950s, if you got out
of prison, you could find a job as a welder, in a
factory, or on a construction site without too
much difficulty. But those jobs aren’t around
much anymore, and it is much harder for
someone getting out of prison to land a job in
the corporate world with long gaps in their
work history and few of the technical skills
needed for service sector jobs.
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Slide 5
Extensions and Examples
Duration: 00:03:47
Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
EXTENSIONS AND EXAMPLES
The previous slides provide a basic overview
of the labeling model of crime, but there have
been some extensions of the theory worth
noting.
For example, Edwin Lemert helped clarify
labeling processes in his discussion of primary
and secondary deviance, which you will read
about. He explained that many people engage
in what he called “Primary Deviance,” or
situational and occasional deviance. In other
words, they smoke pot at parties on occasion
or commit crimes on an experimental and
sporadic basis. It’s seen as something they do
from time to time, but not something that
defines them. But Lemert explained that this
behavior can become “Secondary Deviance” if
and behavior in response to societal reaction.
In secondary deviance, it is no longer
situational or occasional. It is part of your
identity, your reputation, and your master
28. status. Your behavior is somewhat defined for
you and is intertwined with your identity and
self concept. So instead of using pot or pills
from time to time on occasion, where everyone
still sees you based on your other roles, in
secondary deviance they begin to think of you
as a “pothead” or a “junky” or a “pill popper”
first.
Lemert also explains that often the original
causes of initial/primary deviance are often
very different from the effective causes and the
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reasons you continue deviant behavior. For
example, you may start using drugs as an
experimental thing to get high and party. But
you continue to use it long past this
experimental phase because it has become a
habit, it defines you and your life, it is part of
who you are and your identity, and others in
your life see you and your life based on this
behavior. It becomes part of you and it is
harder to quit and leave this behind when it is
part of your persona, whether we’re talking
about drug use, or regular patterns of theft and
selling stolen goods, or drug dealing that has
become part of how you are known.
In addition, you are reading an article by
Schmidt and Jones that describes something
29. called suspended identity. One of the authors
of this article is a “convict criminologist,” which
is a small group of scholars in criminology that
have served time in prison for crimes earlier in
their lives, but after release went on to get their
Ph.D.s and now research and teach
criminology. This article is drawn from some of
his qualitative research and does a very nice
job illustrating the labeling process from formal
punishment and how inmates’ identities begin
to change during imprisonment. They explain
that when people first go into prison, they
decide they are going to suspend their “real
identity” and put on a fake prison persona in
order to survive life in prison. But as you’ll
read, the longer they live this dual life and put
on the prison persona, the more that this new
status begins to become part of their
permanent identity. It is often very difficult for
people to perceive how someone could simply
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change their identity because they were
“labeled” a criminal, but this article provides
some detailed insight into how that process
might work.
Slide 6
Suggestions from Labeling Theory
Duration: 00:04:07
30. Advance mode: Auto
Notes:
SUGGESTIONS FROM LABELING THEORY
Although it offers some very interesting ideas
and critiques of formal punishments in the
criminal justice system, labeling perspectives
have lost much of their momentum in
criminology and are often seen as a more
minor theoretical perspective rather than a
major addition to our understanding of crime.
In part, this is because they offer little
explanation for why someone would start
committing crime, and really only focus on why
people might continue or increase their
criminal offending after receiving a criminal
label. Also, tests of labeling theory have not
received overwhelming support. There is
some evidence that labeling and punishment
could increase crime (in some circumstances),
but the effects are often modest and are not
widely consistent.
However, labeling perspectives do offer some
policy suggestions that have captured attention
in some areas of the criminal justice system.
One of the basic ideas from labeling theory is
to simply use formal punishments less and
scale back the high levels of incarceration
we’ve seen in the last few decades. This idea
has been capturing some attention from
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lawmakers, particularly as many states faced
huge budget problems in the early 2000s.
Incarceration is quite expensive, and after
looking at the price tag, some states have
begun to slow down prison growth and
consider the impact that incarceration
(especially for drug offenses) has had on
people and communities.
In addition, labeling theory suggests increased
use of diversion programs. The idea of
diversion programs is to keep people out of
prison by using more intermediate
punishments and treatments to help them
avoid the more severe sanctions and formal
punishments. These might include, use of
drug courts, rehab, community service,
probation, counseling programs, house arrest,
halfway houses, and various forms of
community incarceration. In particular, these
types of ideas have been more popular in the
juvenile justice system, where people are often
more concerned about the impact that a formal
conviction or imprisonment could have on
someone’s future.
Last, restorative justice practices and
Reintegrative Shaming (described by
Braithwaite in your reading) have a foundation
built on labeling theory ideas. The idea of this
perspective is not to eliminate punishment, but
32. try and make punishments work better and
work without permanently labeling offenders
and “felons.” Some of these include programs
to expunge records after completing treatment
programs for minor offenses, paying victims
directly for damages you’ve caused them with
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restitution payments, and mediation programs
in which the victim, criminal justice system,
and offenders all agree on a course of action
to punish the offender but also give them the
chance to make amends for their harms and
essentially make up for what they’ve done.
The goal here is to punish and shame the
offender, but to help them avoid a permanent
label and give them a chance to pay for what
they’ve done and then reintegrate into society
as contributing member. These ideas have
been used on smaller scales (like restitution
payments), but often require substantial
resources and time on the part of all parties
involved. Also, considering that the foundation
of the U.S. criminal justice system still rests
firmly on the deterrence model, it is unlikely
that these types of “alternative sanctions” will
replace formal criminal punishments anytime
soon. Instead, they will most likely continue to
be used in select circumstances as a
supplemental tool for the criminal justice
system.