Globalization has led to both advantages like economic growth as well as increased competition between companies. This increased competition has resulted in more industrial espionage as companies seek information on competitors to gain market advantages. Industrial espionage has become easier with new technologies that store large amounts of information electronically, yet are difficult to protect. While globalization has integrated economies, it has also unintentionally increased the threat of industrial espionage as companies spy more on each other in highly competitive markets.
Globalization, development and multi national corporations (mn cs)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper examining the impact of globalization and multinational corporations (MNCs) on the Kenyan economy. It discusses how MNCs have contributed to economic growth in Kenya through foreign direct investment, technology transfer, and trade. However, it also notes that MNCs have had some negative social impacts by shifting production away from local goods, using capital-intensive technologies that limit employment, and developing supply chain linkages that rely on imported inputs. The paper concludes that while MNCs have supported some aspects of development in Kenya through economic indicators like GDP growth, they have also contributed to issues like poverty and lack of local participation in wealth creation.
Globalisation has led to both positive and negative effects on the world. Positively, technology and services have advanced rapidly through globalisation. Movement of people has also improved with better transportation systems like trains, cars, planes and ferries providing more access. Common trade has increased trade between countries, though early abuse of cheap labor in developing nations led to fair trade agreements. Cost efficiency has improved through competition lowering prices of goods. However, globalisation has also weakened economies by moving manufacturing overseas. It has threatened cultural identity by spreading popular global brands. It has increased political challenges through rising consumer debt. Mass production has also harmed the environment through increased carbon emissions and disrupted communities.
Since the introduction of globalization process two centuries ago, multinational firms have managed to emerge as central institutions that regulate globalization processes and those that are facilitate trade practices in the global market. To get more details please visit here http://www.mbadissertation.org/sample-paper-on-organizational-behaviour/
The document is a report from Thomson Reuters on innovation trends in 12 technology areas based on analysis of patent data. Some key findings of the report include:
- Computing & Peripherals and Medical Devices saw the largest year-over-year growth in patent activity at 12%.
- Domestic Appliances and Medical Devices were the only industries that saw growth in all areas in 2011.
- Tobacco innovation increased 42% while Petroleum declined in all areas except Petroleum & Gas Exploration, Drilling, Production and Processing which grew 11%.
- Alternative Powered Vehicles and Antiperspirants within Cosmetics saw substantial increases while areas within Aerospace, Automotive, and Semicon
Globalization is occurring across multiple dimensions including economic, cultural, political and financial spheres. Key aspects of globalization include the merging of national markets into a global marketplace, the dispersal of production activities across countries, and the increasing flow of ideas, culture and information enabled by advances in technology. Both opportunities and challenges arise from globalization, such as more competitive prices for consumers but also potential job losses and increased cultural homogenization.
As per the adage, ‘Every cloud has a silver lining’, we have observed that pro- and anti-globalization go hand in hand. If one section of the society considers it to be advancing for good, other section will always pick the bad out of it.
Pro-globalists debate that globalization brings about much increased opportunities for almost everyone, and increased competition is a good thing since it makes agents of production more efficient, the anti-globalists, on the contrary, argue that certain groups of people who are devoid in terms of resources are not currently capable of functioning within the increased competitive pressure that will be brought about by allowing their economic to be more connected to the rest of the world.
Let's read more to understand the impact of both the faces of globalists, their ideology and perception.
Happy reading!
Globalization has led to increased integration of regional economies and societies through greater global connections and flows of trade, capital, technology, information and ideas. This has reduced the power of national governments and increased the influence of international organizations and large corporations. While globalization has benefits like increased employment and technology diffusion, it also has drawbacks such as worsening inequality, negative impacts on local industries, and disadvantages for poorer countries in international trade.
Globalization, development and multi national corporations (mn cs)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper examining the impact of globalization and multinational corporations (MNCs) on the Kenyan economy. It discusses how MNCs have contributed to economic growth in Kenya through foreign direct investment, technology transfer, and trade. However, it also notes that MNCs have had some negative social impacts by shifting production away from local goods, using capital-intensive technologies that limit employment, and developing supply chain linkages that rely on imported inputs. The paper concludes that while MNCs have supported some aspects of development in Kenya through economic indicators like GDP growth, they have also contributed to issues like poverty and lack of local participation in wealth creation.
Globalisation has led to both positive and negative effects on the world. Positively, technology and services have advanced rapidly through globalisation. Movement of people has also improved with better transportation systems like trains, cars, planes and ferries providing more access. Common trade has increased trade between countries, though early abuse of cheap labor in developing nations led to fair trade agreements. Cost efficiency has improved through competition lowering prices of goods. However, globalisation has also weakened economies by moving manufacturing overseas. It has threatened cultural identity by spreading popular global brands. It has increased political challenges through rising consumer debt. Mass production has also harmed the environment through increased carbon emissions and disrupted communities.
Since the introduction of globalization process two centuries ago, multinational firms have managed to emerge as central institutions that regulate globalization processes and those that are facilitate trade practices in the global market. To get more details please visit here http://www.mbadissertation.org/sample-paper-on-organizational-behaviour/
The document is a report from Thomson Reuters on innovation trends in 12 technology areas based on analysis of patent data. Some key findings of the report include:
- Computing & Peripherals and Medical Devices saw the largest year-over-year growth in patent activity at 12%.
- Domestic Appliances and Medical Devices were the only industries that saw growth in all areas in 2011.
- Tobacco innovation increased 42% while Petroleum declined in all areas except Petroleum & Gas Exploration, Drilling, Production and Processing which grew 11%.
- Alternative Powered Vehicles and Antiperspirants within Cosmetics saw substantial increases while areas within Aerospace, Automotive, and Semicon
Globalization is occurring across multiple dimensions including economic, cultural, political and financial spheres. Key aspects of globalization include the merging of national markets into a global marketplace, the dispersal of production activities across countries, and the increasing flow of ideas, culture and information enabled by advances in technology. Both opportunities and challenges arise from globalization, such as more competitive prices for consumers but also potential job losses and increased cultural homogenization.
As per the adage, ‘Every cloud has a silver lining’, we have observed that pro- and anti-globalization go hand in hand. If one section of the society considers it to be advancing for good, other section will always pick the bad out of it.
Pro-globalists debate that globalization brings about much increased opportunities for almost everyone, and increased competition is a good thing since it makes agents of production more efficient, the anti-globalists, on the contrary, argue that certain groups of people who are devoid in terms of resources are not currently capable of functioning within the increased competitive pressure that will be brought about by allowing their economic to be more connected to the rest of the world.
Let's read more to understand the impact of both the faces of globalists, their ideology and perception.
Happy reading!
Globalization has led to increased integration of regional economies and societies through greater global connections and flows of trade, capital, technology, information and ideas. This has reduced the power of national governments and increased the influence of international organizations and large corporations. While globalization has benefits like increased employment and technology diffusion, it also has drawbacks such as worsening inequality, negative impacts on local industries, and disadvantages for poorer countries in international trade.
This document provides a summary of the impact of globalization on trade unionism in the Philippines. It begins with an introduction to globalization and its effects in the Philippines, including job losses and companies using it to bust unions. It then discusses the Philippine trade unions and their role in advocating for workers' rights. The main impacts of globalization on trade unions are discussed as increased militancy from unions in response to issues like lack of living wages, and weakened unions due to policies that shrink the base for organizing. Positive approaches for trade unions are forming new strategies and global solidarity. The document analyzes the issues using the Dunlopian model of actors (state, employers, unions) and their interactions in globalization.
The document provides an overview of key economic concepts related to international trade and journalism, including comparative advantage, factors of production, gross national product, balance of payments, and current accounts. It discusses how understanding these concepts can help journalists better analyze and report on economic trends, policies, and their impact on industries and people in different countries.
This document discusses the implications of globalization for the urban poor. It defines globalization as a complex process involving the economic, political, social, and cultural integration of activities worldwide. Key drivers of contemporary globalization include advances in technology, the collapse of political barriers, and policies of trade liberalization. While globalization may increase economic growth, its impacts on employment, inequality, and poverty are mixed and depend greatly on domestic policies and circumstances. A major effect of globalization has been rapid urbanization as populations move to cities in search of opportunities, often ending up in informal settlements that lack basic services.
Globalization refers to the increasing global integration and interdependence of economic, cultural, and political activities. It involves the reduction of barriers to international trade and flow of goods, services, and capital. While globalization has increased economic growth and spread of technology, it has also been associated with negative consequences such as loss of national identity, increased inequality, environmental degradation, and exploitation of workers in developing countries. Both opportunities and challenges exist as the world becomes more interconnected through globalization.
Globalization refers to the increasing global integration and interdependence of economic, cultural, and political aspects of life. It involves the increasing cross-border flow of goods, services, capital, culture, technology and people. While globalization has led to increased economic growth and spread of technology and culture to developing countries, it has also been associated with job losses in developed countries, increased inequality, and threats to national and cultural identities. Both opportunities and challenges exist as countries worldwide increasingly interact in a globalized world.
concept of globalization
features of globalization
advantages of globalization
disadvantages of globalization
stages of globalization
impact of globalization on international business
factors led to globalization
constraints of globalization
these are the notes on globalization
suitable for management students
business students, commerce students
all the notes at given in nutshell
topics covered are said as above
hope you find these helpful and useful
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a presentation on the effects of globalization on e-commerce. It will define globalization and e-commerce, discuss the drivers of globalization, classify different types of e-commerce transactions, describe current e-commerce trends and the pros and cons of e-commerce. Finally, it will analyze how globalization has impacted the growth of e-commerce by expanding markets internationally and changing how people live and shop globally.
Globalization has both positive and negative impacts. Positively, it increases markets, industry, and economic growth which raises living standards. However, it also threatens local cultures through dominance of global culture. It risks loss of jobs and economic issues. While technology and education are shared, it also increases issues like pollution, wealth disparity, and health problems. Overall, globalization spreads both benefits and challenges across societies in a complex and debated impact.
The significance of corporate governance in a globalizedScott Odigie
This document outlines Scott Odigie's presentation on the significance of corporate governance in a globalized economy. It defines corporate governance and discusses it as an integral part of success. The presentation covers principles of corporate governance like rights of shareholders, roles of the board, and transparency. It argues that corporate governance is crucial for national development, foreign investment, and company performance globally. In conclusion, corporate governance is presented as an indispensable part of human existence and business.
Contemporary Globalisation is the collapsing of time and space with all the opportunities and challenges this presents for the social and economic development of the global community
The flip-side: world where financial melt-down, global warming, health pandemics and unchecked social media compromise the promise of a new global age – where is law in all of this?
Challenge for governance (domestic and global) to create a regulatory framework to assist the transition from a world focused on material profit to one valuing social sustainability. The North and South Worlds are grappling with this challenge
Thanks to all my readers. It gives boost when I get calls from my readers and am always happy to revert back to my followers and readers. I am sorry if I am unable to reply to all the e-mails due to my busy schedule.
Contact me for any type of assignments help(nominal charges).
Thanks and Regards,
Er. Bhavi Bhatia
e-mail: bhavi.bhatia.411@gmail.com
Phone: +91-9779703714, +91-9814614666
Corporate Governance: Global Issues for the Futurekakabadse
The presentation 'Corporate Governance: Global Issues for the Future' that Nada K. Kakabadse, Professor in Management and Business Research at Northampton Business School, gave at the EABIS Colloquium, 19-21 September 2009 in Barcelona.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENTmonirba2014
This document provides an overview of industrial products classification, the industrial marketing environment, and differences between industrial and consumer markets. It classifies industrial products into three broad groups: materials and parts, capital items, and supplies and services. It also describes the key elements of the industrial marketing environment, including buyers, sellers, publics, and macroeconomic factors. Finally, it outlines several key differences between industrial and consumer markets, such as fewer but larger buyers, more customized products, and an emphasis on personal selling in industrial markets versus mass promotion in consumer markets.
This document provides an overview of channel design and channel conflict. It discusses key topics such as the meaning of channels of distribution and channel functions. It also describes different types of channels including zero-level, one-level, two-level, and three-level channels. Additionally, it covers factors that influence channel selection and the relationship between product type, shopping effort, and intensity of distribution.
This document provides an overview of channels of distribution from a presentation on sales and advertising management. It defines channels of distribution as the ways that goods and services are distributed from manufacturers to consumers. The document outlines various definitions of channels of distribution from different authors. It discusses the characteristics and elements of channels of distribution, including that they are routes that goods and services flow through composed of intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers. The document also covers the functions of channels of distribution, factors that determine choice of channels, and factors relating to products, companies, markets, middlemen, and the environment that influence channel selection.
Distribution channels marketing management pptGanesh Asokan
The document discusses key aspects of channels including their nature, design, management and conflicts. It describes how channels help distribute products efficiently by utilizing specialized intermediaries. The document outlines factors to consider in channel design like customer needs, objectives and alternative structures. It also discusses evaluating alternatives based on economic and control criteria. Finally, the summary highlights how channel members are selected, motivated and evaluated over time to ensure good performance.
The document discusses physical distribution and distribution channels. It defines physical distribution as moving tangible products through distribution channels. Physical distribution management involves activities like order processing, inventory control, inventory location and warehousing, materials handling, and transportation. When designing marketing channels, marketers consider factors like setting distribution objectives, specifying distribution tasks, developing alternative channel structures, evaluating relevant variables, and selecting channel members. Channel structure dimensions include the number of levels, intensity at various levels, and types of intermediaries. Variables affecting channel structure are market variables, product variables, company variables, intermediary variables, and environmental/behavioral variables. The key is developing a channel structure that aligns with objectives and considers all relevant factors.
The document discusses whether globalization is the primary cause of rising income inequality in developed countries. It presents several perspectives on this issue. The Heckscher-Ohlin model and evidence from scholars like Wood support the view that globalization increases inequality, but others like Krugman and the OECD argue technological progress is a more important factor. The IMF finds that both globalization and technology significantly contribute to rising inequality, and it is difficult to say which is the primary cause.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of political environment on the business performance of multinational companies in Nigeria. The study found that political environment has a negative significant impact on business performance. Political environment refers to forces from political decisions that can alter economic outcomes. It poses risks like taxation, currency issues, and violence. The literature review discusses how an unstable political environment with risks like expropriation, domestication, and policy changes can negatively affect multinational company profits and goals.
International business management essay globalizationBobby Darmawan
Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages. It allows large corporations to access new markets and supplies, driving economic growth. However, it also enables the exploitation of developing countries through outsourcing of jobs and environmental damage. While globalization has reduced poverty, economic downturns can now rapidly spread worldwide through integrated financial systems. There are reasonable arguments on both sides of whether globalization should be encouraged or discouraged.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
This document provides a summary of the impact of globalization on trade unionism in the Philippines. It begins with an introduction to globalization and its effects in the Philippines, including job losses and companies using it to bust unions. It then discusses the Philippine trade unions and their role in advocating for workers' rights. The main impacts of globalization on trade unions are discussed as increased militancy from unions in response to issues like lack of living wages, and weakened unions due to policies that shrink the base for organizing. Positive approaches for trade unions are forming new strategies and global solidarity. The document analyzes the issues using the Dunlopian model of actors (state, employers, unions) and their interactions in globalization.
The document provides an overview of key economic concepts related to international trade and journalism, including comparative advantage, factors of production, gross national product, balance of payments, and current accounts. It discusses how understanding these concepts can help journalists better analyze and report on economic trends, policies, and their impact on industries and people in different countries.
This document discusses the implications of globalization for the urban poor. It defines globalization as a complex process involving the economic, political, social, and cultural integration of activities worldwide. Key drivers of contemporary globalization include advances in technology, the collapse of political barriers, and policies of trade liberalization. While globalization may increase economic growth, its impacts on employment, inequality, and poverty are mixed and depend greatly on domestic policies and circumstances. A major effect of globalization has been rapid urbanization as populations move to cities in search of opportunities, often ending up in informal settlements that lack basic services.
Globalization refers to the increasing global integration and interdependence of economic, cultural, and political activities. It involves the reduction of barriers to international trade and flow of goods, services, and capital. While globalization has increased economic growth and spread of technology, it has also been associated with negative consequences such as loss of national identity, increased inequality, environmental degradation, and exploitation of workers in developing countries. Both opportunities and challenges exist as the world becomes more interconnected through globalization.
Globalization refers to the increasing global integration and interdependence of economic, cultural, and political aspects of life. It involves the increasing cross-border flow of goods, services, capital, culture, technology and people. While globalization has led to increased economic growth and spread of technology and culture to developing countries, it has also been associated with job losses in developed countries, increased inequality, and threats to national and cultural identities. Both opportunities and challenges exist as countries worldwide increasingly interact in a globalized world.
concept of globalization
features of globalization
advantages of globalization
disadvantages of globalization
stages of globalization
impact of globalization on international business
factors led to globalization
constraints of globalization
these are the notes on globalization
suitable for management students
business students, commerce students
all the notes at given in nutshell
topics covered are said as above
hope you find these helpful and useful
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a presentation on the effects of globalization on e-commerce. It will define globalization and e-commerce, discuss the drivers of globalization, classify different types of e-commerce transactions, describe current e-commerce trends and the pros and cons of e-commerce. Finally, it will analyze how globalization has impacted the growth of e-commerce by expanding markets internationally and changing how people live and shop globally.
Globalization has both positive and negative impacts. Positively, it increases markets, industry, and economic growth which raises living standards. However, it also threatens local cultures through dominance of global culture. It risks loss of jobs and economic issues. While technology and education are shared, it also increases issues like pollution, wealth disparity, and health problems. Overall, globalization spreads both benefits and challenges across societies in a complex and debated impact.
The significance of corporate governance in a globalizedScott Odigie
This document outlines Scott Odigie's presentation on the significance of corporate governance in a globalized economy. It defines corporate governance and discusses it as an integral part of success. The presentation covers principles of corporate governance like rights of shareholders, roles of the board, and transparency. It argues that corporate governance is crucial for national development, foreign investment, and company performance globally. In conclusion, corporate governance is presented as an indispensable part of human existence and business.
Contemporary Globalisation is the collapsing of time and space with all the opportunities and challenges this presents for the social and economic development of the global community
The flip-side: world where financial melt-down, global warming, health pandemics and unchecked social media compromise the promise of a new global age – where is law in all of this?
Challenge for governance (domestic and global) to create a regulatory framework to assist the transition from a world focused on material profit to one valuing social sustainability. The North and South Worlds are grappling with this challenge
Thanks to all my readers. It gives boost when I get calls from my readers and am always happy to revert back to my followers and readers. I am sorry if I am unable to reply to all the e-mails due to my busy schedule.
Contact me for any type of assignments help(nominal charges).
Thanks and Regards,
Er. Bhavi Bhatia
e-mail: bhavi.bhatia.411@gmail.com
Phone: +91-9779703714, +91-9814614666
Corporate Governance: Global Issues for the Futurekakabadse
The presentation 'Corporate Governance: Global Issues for the Future' that Nada K. Kakabadse, Professor in Management and Business Research at Northampton Business School, gave at the EABIS Colloquium, 19-21 September 2009 in Barcelona.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENTmonirba2014
This document provides an overview of industrial products classification, the industrial marketing environment, and differences between industrial and consumer markets. It classifies industrial products into three broad groups: materials and parts, capital items, and supplies and services. It also describes the key elements of the industrial marketing environment, including buyers, sellers, publics, and macroeconomic factors. Finally, it outlines several key differences between industrial and consumer markets, such as fewer but larger buyers, more customized products, and an emphasis on personal selling in industrial markets versus mass promotion in consumer markets.
This document provides an overview of channel design and channel conflict. It discusses key topics such as the meaning of channels of distribution and channel functions. It also describes different types of channels including zero-level, one-level, two-level, and three-level channels. Additionally, it covers factors that influence channel selection and the relationship between product type, shopping effort, and intensity of distribution.
This document provides an overview of channels of distribution from a presentation on sales and advertising management. It defines channels of distribution as the ways that goods and services are distributed from manufacturers to consumers. The document outlines various definitions of channels of distribution from different authors. It discusses the characteristics and elements of channels of distribution, including that they are routes that goods and services flow through composed of intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers. The document also covers the functions of channels of distribution, factors that determine choice of channels, and factors relating to products, companies, markets, middlemen, and the environment that influence channel selection.
Distribution channels marketing management pptGanesh Asokan
The document discusses key aspects of channels including their nature, design, management and conflicts. It describes how channels help distribute products efficiently by utilizing specialized intermediaries. The document outlines factors to consider in channel design like customer needs, objectives and alternative structures. It also discusses evaluating alternatives based on economic and control criteria. Finally, the summary highlights how channel members are selected, motivated and evaluated over time to ensure good performance.
The document discusses physical distribution and distribution channels. It defines physical distribution as moving tangible products through distribution channels. Physical distribution management involves activities like order processing, inventory control, inventory location and warehousing, materials handling, and transportation. When designing marketing channels, marketers consider factors like setting distribution objectives, specifying distribution tasks, developing alternative channel structures, evaluating relevant variables, and selecting channel members. Channel structure dimensions include the number of levels, intensity at various levels, and types of intermediaries. Variables affecting channel structure are market variables, product variables, company variables, intermediary variables, and environmental/behavioral variables. The key is developing a channel structure that aligns with objectives and considers all relevant factors.
The document discusses whether globalization is the primary cause of rising income inequality in developed countries. It presents several perspectives on this issue. The Heckscher-Ohlin model and evidence from scholars like Wood support the view that globalization increases inequality, but others like Krugman and the OECD argue technological progress is a more important factor. The IMF finds that both globalization and technology significantly contribute to rising inequality, and it is difficult to say which is the primary cause.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of political environment on the business performance of multinational companies in Nigeria. The study found that political environment has a negative significant impact on business performance. Political environment refers to forces from political decisions that can alter economic outcomes. It poses risks like taxation, currency issues, and violence. The literature review discusses how an unstable political environment with risks like expropriation, domestication, and policy changes can negatively affect multinational company profits and goals.
International business management essay globalizationBobby Darmawan
Globalization has both advantages and disadvantages. It allows large corporations to access new markets and supplies, driving economic growth. However, it also enables the exploitation of developing countries through outsourcing of jobs and environmental damage. While globalization has reduced poverty, economic downturns can now rapidly spread worldwide through integrated financial systems. There are reasonable arguments on both sides of whether globalization should be encouraged or discouraged.
Prompted initially by the economic success of the North American Free Trade Agreement, trade cooperation around the world is on the rise, leading to a flurry of new Free Trade Agreements. While economies in developed countries such as the US have achieved growth due to the lowering of trade barriers that follow completed FTA's, coinciding tensions have escalated from factions within the industrial sectors of the economy who claim that overall imports increase but at the expense of overall domestic output and export growth.The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, has concurrently seen unprecedented economic success with their own successfully negotiated FTA's, driven by the access to new markets which allow for the export of their manufactured goods. As a result of the economic success of this phenomenon, races to pursue new FTA's have emerged, along with resistance from a variety of international actors. For example, the proposed Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a FTA linking the US to East Asian countries specifically not including China, has escalated tensions from labor groups within the US who claim that FTA's hurt US manufacturing growth. This study assesses trends in trade with recently completed US FTA partners in order to determine the merits of domestic industrial factions in their claims that FTA's hurt overall US exports.
Globalization involves increasing integration between countries through reducing trade barriers and increasing international trade and investment. This process aims to increase wealth by improving labor specialization and competition globally. Globalization has significantly impacted businesses and transformed economies by allowing companies to outsource manufacturing and services to lower costs. While globalization has benefits like increased prosperity, it also has negative social and cultural impacts and increased inequality that require consideration of policy choices.
This document provides a summary of a World Bank policy research working paper on global value chains. The paper aims to provide a framework and tools to measure countries' performance in global value chains and provide guidance on how countries can join, maintain participation in, and move up global value chains. Global value chains have become an important source of opportunities for trade, competitiveness, and development. The paper analyzes what global value chains are, why they are important, and provides context on how production has increasingly fragmented across borders through various organizational models like outsourcing and offshoring.
Born to be global and the globalization processPehr-Johan .docxAASTHA76
Born to be global and the globalization process
Pehr-Johan Norbäck∗
Research Institute of Industrial Economics
Lars Persson
Research Institute of Industrial Economics and CEPR
February 13, 2013
Abstract
During the last decades we have witnessed a large number of entrepreneurial
firms that reach the world market at a fast pace (”born global firms”). Our analysis
suggests that the ongoing globalization process indeed implies that born to be global
firms would be more prominent in the world economy due to the reduction of the
cost of exploiting good business ideas globally. However, our analysis also suggests
that entrepreneurial firms have incentive to sell their business to incumbents. Indeed
we show that ”born to be sold global firms” can be even more frequent as a result
of trade liberalization, the international deregulation of the market for corporate
control and the strengthening of international cartel policy.
1. Introduction
In the last decades have we have witnessed a large number of firms that become inter-
national leaders in a short time. Prominent examples are Google and Facebook which
∗We have benefitted from useful comments from Markus Andersson and participants in seminars at
the ISGEP WORKSHOP 2012 in Stockholm, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, and Stockholm School
of Economics. Financial support from the Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation and the Swedish
Competition Authority is gratefully acknowledged. Email: [email protected]
have generated exports revenues of substantial amount at impressive speed. Moreover, we
observe inventions made by small entrepreneurs being acquired by incumbents which use
them to gain a strong competitive advantage in the world market. Example of this type
of process is Skype who first was acquired by Ebay and later by Microsoft. The success of
these so called ”born global firms” has spurred an interest in the determinants and welfare
effects of these types of firms. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the generation
of such knowledge.
The starting point of the paper is that entrepreneurial firms with a global potential
face considerable problems when trying to fully exploit the potential value of an inven-
tion or business idea internationally. Complementary assets such as distribution networks,
marketing channels, financial resources, manufacturing know-how and brand names — i.e.
assets typically held by large established firms - are often needed, and we observe a signif-
icant amount of inter-firm technology transfers, ranging from joint ventures and licensing
to outright acquisitions of innovations.1 Thus to understand the phenomena of born to
be global firms we need to understand how the economic environment affects the incen-
tive of business development for sale to incumbents relative business development for own
export.2
1Granstrand and Sjölander (1990) present evidence from Sweden, and Hall (1990) evidence from the
US that firms ac ...
Intellectual Property Rights on ICT Diffusion in Developing Countries ijmpict
This study seeks to determine whether information c
ommunications technologies (ICT) diffusion in
developing countries is affected by intellectual pr
operty right (IPR) regimes. Literature items that
were:
(1) published in the last decade, (2) openly access
ible, and (3) cited at least ten times, were profil
ed to fulfil
the purpose of this study. Negative impacts of IPR
regimes ranked highest among all factors used in t
he
profiled literature of this study. The IPR factors
related to the Power of Innovators were most popula
r
among IPR factors that leaned towards the positive
impacts of IPR regime. However, ICT diffusion facto
rs
were the most popular among profiled studies that t
ilted towards mendable impacts of IPR regimes.
Consequently, this study infers that ICT diffusion
in developing countries is adversely affected by IP
R
regimes. Limitations of this study are rooted in th
e fact that most studies were not freely available
and
access fees were prohibitively unaffordable to rese
archers from developing countries. This study
contributes towards an understanding of IPR regimes
as part of important factors that inhibit ICT diff
usion
in developing countries.
Globalization and Industrial Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Globalization and industrial development are recent events which have received considerable attention
by scholars and bodies in the academic field, which is an inevitable feature of today‘s world. Globalization has
become important in the modern intellectual development in the contemporary world. This inevitably leads to
the definition of the concept. What precisely does the concept globalization mean? There are enormous
scholarly works on globalization. According to Schneider and Eriste, (2002) in the emergent socio-political and
economic transformation as well as the area of communication and transportation, the globalization trend now
seems to be irreversible. Globalization is a phenomenon which is multi-dimensional and multifaceted process
that encompasses economic, political, social, and technological development
Cooperation issues in developing the BOP marketAnand Sheombar
The basic argument of this paper is that successful contribution of ICT to development goals is partly dependent on the nature of the cooperation between partners. Thus if there is a need to assess the contribution of ICT, then one needs to look further than just the basic quantitative measures and include cooperation issues as criteria for success.
ARTICLE IN PRESSContents lists available at ScienceDirect.docxfestockton
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Telecommunications Policy
Telecommunications Policy 33 (2009) 706–719
0308-59
doi:10.1
� Cor
E-m
URL: www.elsevierbusinessandmanagement.com/locate/telpol
Cybersecurity: Stakeholder incentives, externalities,
and policy options
Johannes M. Bauer a,�, Michel J.G. van Eeten b
a Department of Telecommunication, Information Studies, and Media; Quello Center for Telecommunication Management and Law,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
b Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Cybersecurity
Cybercrime
Security incentives
Externalities
Information security policy
Regulation.
61/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. A
016/j.telpol.2009.09.001
responding author. Tel.: þ1 517 432 8003; fax:
ail addresses: [email protected] (J.M. Bauer), m
a b s t r a c t
Information security breaches are increasingly motivated by fraudulent and criminal
motives. Reducing their considerable costs has become a pressing issue. Although
cybersecurity has strong public good characteristics, most information security
decisions are made by individual stakeholders. Due to the interconnectedness of
cyberspace, these decentralized decisions are afflicted with externalities that can
result in sub-optimal security levels. Devising effective solutions to this problem is
complicated by the global nature of cyberspace, the interdependence of stakeholders, as
well as the diversity and heterogeneity of players. The paper develops a framework for
studying the co-evolution of the markets for cybercrime and cybersecurity. It examines
the incentives of stakeholders to provide for security and their implications for the ICT
ecosystem. The findings show that market and non-market relations in the information
infrastructure generate many security-enhancing incentives. However, pervasive
externalities remain that can only be corrected by voluntary or government-led
collective measures.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Malicious software (‘‘malware’’) has become a serious security threat for users of the Internet. Estimates of the total cost
to society of information security breaches vary but data published by private security firms, non-profit organizations, and
government, all indicate that their cost is non-negligible and increasing. From a societal point of view, not only the direct
cost (e.g., repair cost, losses due to fraud) but also indirect costs (e.g., costs of preventative measures) and implicit costs
(e.g., slower productivity increases due to reduced trust in electronic transactions) have to be attributed to information
security breaches. Bauer, Van Eeten, Chattopadhyay, and Wu (2008) in a meta-study of a broad range of research conclude
that a conservative estimate of these costs may fall between 0.2% and 0.4% of global GDP. A catastrophic security fail ...
Booklet highlighting the key messages from the OECD publication "Lobbyists, G...OECD Governance
Booklet highlighting the key messages from the OECD publication Lobbyists, Governments and Public Trust, Volume 3. More information can be found at www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/lobbyists-governments-and-public-trust-volume-3-9789264214224-en.htm
DATA PROTECTION REGULATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL DATA FLOWS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TR...Ira Kristina Lumban Tobing
This study is a timely contribution to our understanding of how data protection regulations and international data flows affect international trade. It reviews the experience in different parts of the world and of different stakeholders. The study identifies key concerns that data protection and privacy legislation need to address. It also examines the present patchwork of global, regional and national frameworks to seek common ground and identify areas where different approaches tend to diverge. The last part of the study considers possible future policy options, taking the concerns of all stakeholders into account.
REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY13The near zero marginal c.docxsodhi3
REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY 13
The near zero marginal cost society and the real estate industry
Name:
Date:
Institutional Affiliation:
Running Head: REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY 1
The near zero marginal cost society and the real estate industry
In the eyes of many experts, the third industrial revolution is now firmly set. Most people are realizing that things are changing in the economic and financial worlds. Capitalism, which has for a long time been the dominant economic system in the world, is now slowly being replaced by a technology driven marginal cost society. Capitalism has had a long run, and after a few decades, the new system is already evident in the way people live and organize their lives and activities. The new economic system is attractive because it offers people the chance to handle such problems as sustainability challenges, income inequality and the creation of a democratic global economy.
The third industrial revolution continues to affect life, but this does not mean that capitalism is completely dead. Instead, in most parts of the world, things have developed into a sort of hybrid economic game, where the older capitalism continues to affect and influence the newer third industrial revolution, and the newer system also changes capitalism indifferent ways. While capitalism, which has been in play for several decades now, is in decline, the third industrial revolution, being driven by the near zero marginal cost society, is still anecdotal in nature, with experts saying it will take several more decades for it to firmly set in (Rifkin, 2015).
Understanding capitalism and the near zero marginal cost society
In light of the claims made above, it is important to understand what exactly this near zero marginal cost society is, and how it is affected by capitalism. To do this, it is important to understand what capitalism is. Capitalism has been relatively short compared to other economic systems of the past, but it has had perhaps the biggest impact of them all. Ironically, it is the success of capitalism that is now leading to its downfall (Rifkin, 2015).
Capitalism basically means all the aspects of human life are brought to a global marketplace where they can be exchanged for one another as goods. Looking back, almost all aspects of human life have been involved in the capitalistic way of life, from food to social interaction and relationships. According to the father of capitalism, Adam Smith, capitalism works much like gravity. Gravity is guided by the laws of nature, which suggest that for every action, there must be an equal and opposite reaction. In capitalism, supply and demand will lead to a balance that eventually has prices set at an acceptable level for everyone. When the demand for prices goes up, then the prices will go up, but if they rise too high, then demand falls and this forces the prices to be caped or dropped. Another effect of capitalism is that once a product is created, it almost always opens up m ...
Start-up losses are mounting and innovation is slowing, but venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, consultants, university researchers, and business schools are hyping new technologies more than ever before. This hype is facilitated by changes in online media, including the rise of social media. This paper describes how the professional incentives of experts and the changes in online media have increased hype and how this hype makes it harder for policy makers, managers, scientists, engineers, professors, and students to understand new technologies and make good decisions. We need less hype and more level-headed economic analysis and this paper describes how this economic analysis can be done. Here is a link to the journal, Issues in Science & Technology: www.issues.org
44 Time October 24, 2016Globalization is usually defined a.docxalinainglis
44 Time October 24, 2016
Globalization is usually defined as the free
movement of people, goods and capital. It’s been the
most important economic force of modernity. Until
the financial crisis of 2008, global trade grew twice
as fast as the global economy itself. Yet, thanks to
both economics and politics, globalization as we have
known it is changing fast.
Statistics tell the story: According to the World
Trade Organization, average global trade flows grew
around 10% a year from 1949 to 2008. But those num-
bers slumped to 1.3% from 2009 to 2015 and show
no signs of picking up, even as the global economy
has partially recovered from recession. Meanwhile,
flows of financial capital have become balkanized—
which is to say that after decades of coming closer
together, global markets and banking systems are
pulling apart. While cross-border goods, services and
financial flows represented 53% of the world econ-
omy in 2007, they are a mere 39% now. And there is
a drastic political pushback against the free flow of
people across national borders—globalization at its
most human.
The question is: Have we reached peak trade? “If
you think about globalization in traditional terms, in
terms of old-line trade in goods, for example, then
yes,” says McKinsey Global Institute research direc-
tor Susan Lund. “But if you think of it in terms of the
flow of digital data and ideas, then no—it’s actually
increasing.” Indeed, the cross-border flow of digi-
tal data—e-commerce, web searches, online video,
Digital
globalization may
yet offer a new
paradigm for
global trade
Has the
world
reached
peak trade?
B Y R A N A F O R O O H A R
E C O N O M Y
machine-to-machine interactions—has
grown 45 times larger since 2005 and is
projected to grow much faster than the
global economy over the next few years.
The real questions are whether that activ-
ity will buoy the global economy as much
as trade in physical goods once did, and
whether a more inclusive kind of global-
ization could help counter protectionism,
nationalism and xenophobia.
There’s no doubt globalization has
increased wealth at both global and na-
tional levels. According to the U.S. Coun-
cil of Economic Advisers, the reduction
of trade barriers alone raised U.S. GDP
by 7.3% from the end of World War II
through 2014. But free trade can also
widen the wealth divide within coun-
tries, in part by creating concentrated
groups of economic losers. Free trade
has made goods and services cheaper for
Americans—think of all the inexpensive
JA
K
O
B
W
A
G
N
E
R
high-end jobs—in research and develop-
ment or product design—closer to lower-
end factory and logistics jobs. The aim is
to better satisfy consumers who, for ex-
ample, want product selection in stores
to change every few weeks rather than
once every three to six months. Firms like
American Apparel, Zara, L Brands and
many others now create multiple prod-
uct hubs in regions, rather than building
complex global supply chains based on
wher.
1. Globalisation and
Corporate Espionage
University Zuyd
Faculty of International Business Communication
Maastricht, 01-04-2013
Angelo Echtermeijer
0915947
Group A
Study: International Business & Languages
Pre-Masters Academic Writing Skills
Lecturer: Larissa Stutterheim
Writing Assignment: Globalization Essay and
Literature Review
2. Introduction
What do you think about when globalisation is mentioned? You might think about the
increase of competition between companies. Or perhaps you think about the potential of
losing national culture. But do you think about corporate espionage? You should.
Globalisation is more than just an increase of the interconnectivity between countries
worldwide and had a lot of effects on the business environment. Then there is industrial
espionage, a growing threat to businesses worldwide. Even though globalisation is often
perceived as a good thing, it has resulted in the increase of a threat called industrial espionage.
This paper starts with a literature review of the subject globalisation based on two articles.
This is followed by the research gap, showing that previous literature did not mention the
relation between globalisation and industrial espionage. Then, this research gap is explored in
a literature review on industrial espionage based on two articles. Finally, this paper is ended
with an overall conclusion, which is that there is a correlation between the development of
both globalisation and corporate espionage.
3. The Numerous Aspects of Globalisation: A Literature Review
The term „globalisation‟ has rapidly evolved into a hot topic, and has been used in multiple
different articles and contexts. In one of these articles, “The social dimension of globalization:
A review of the literature” by Bernhard G. Gunter and Rolph van der Hoeven, the authors
consider globalisation to be “[...] the gradual integration of economies and societies driven by
new technologies, new economic relationships and the national and international policies of a
wide range of actors, including governments, international organizations, business, labour and
civil society” (Gunter & van der Hoeven, 2004, para. 1). The article written by Gunter & van
der Hoeven (2004) and the article of Preble (2010) comment on the debate regarding
globalisation by investigating, analysing and reporting on the advantages and disadvantages
of globalisation. Both articles also include recommendations.
Advantages
According to the data of the World Bank and IMF (as cited in Gunter and van der Hoeven,
2004, p. 10) international trade has increased due to the liberalisation of trading across the
globe. Also, competition between developing countries has increased. Elliot (as cited by
Preble, 2010, p. 333) confirms the increase of competition, and mentions another advantage
that resulted from the increased competition: lower prices that hold back inflation. Other
advantages of globalisation include the fact that, between 1989 and 2004, global FDI and
portfolio equity investment across the world have increased (Gunter & van der Hoeven,
2004). Finally, Preble (2010) identified other advantages of globalisation such as higher
standards of living, higher paid jobs created at home (U.S. Chamber of Commerce, as cited in
Preble, 2010, p. 333) and much more varied goods being offered (Hill, as cited in Preble,
2010, p. 333).
4. Disadvantages
The data of the World Bank and IMF (as cited by Gunter and van der Hoeven, 2004, p. 12)
point out that there are huge differences in the amount of portfolio equity investments in the
different income groups, in which high-income countries take account for approximately 90
percent of the world portfolio investment. Also, according to Gunter van van der Hoeven
(2004), it is broadly accepted that globalisation leads to insecurity. This includes economic,
social and political insecurity. There are other disadvantages, such as unemployment at home,
pressure on current loans and abuse of human rights and environmental degradation
(Tonelson, as cited in Preble, 2010, p. 355). Also, the threat of losing national culture and
identity (BBC News, as cited in Preble, 2010, p. 355) and the threat of a decline in democracy
(Preble, 2010) are two disadvantages of globalisation.
Conclusions and recommendations
Gunter and van der Hoeven (2004), and Preble (2010) conclude that globalisation has lead to
economic growth and that the advantages of globalisation are larger than the disadvantages.
However, both authors also have some recommendations regarding globalisation. According
to Gunter and van der Hoeven (2004), the majority of literature advises that there should be a
development round of trade negotiations and a new financial architecture. Preble (2010)
recommends that national policy should focus on the rise of export and on forming barriers to
multinationals, in order to prevent them from cancelling a direct investment in a quick and
painless way. More recommendations by Preble (2010) are to provide better information on
the advantages of globalisation and sovereign nations should protect their own interests better
than they have done in the past. Finally, regarding the natural environment, it is recommended
that strict policies are created for developing countries and that existing rules are better
regulated and that more multinationals should focus on sustainability of the environment.
5. Analysis of the literature
John F. Preble comments on the debate regarding globalisation and linking the subject to four
areas: jobs, inequality and poverty, national sovereignty and cultural diversity and the natural
environment. This opposed to Bernhard G. Gunter and Rolph van der Hoeven, who
demonstrate the impact of globalisation from a more economic perspective, on wages, taxes,
poverty, inequality, insecurity, child labour, discrimination based on gender and migration.
Both articles
The sources used in the article of Preble and in the article of Gunter and van der Hoeven
range from 1974 to 2008 and are written in multiple countries, although most sources
originated from English-speaking countries which might have resulted in a biased observation
by the authors.
6. Research gap
Both Gunter and van der Hoeven (2004) and Preble (2010) stated that competition between
companies has increased due to globalisation, but left out what the effects of this change were
on the way businesses try to outsmart competitors. It might be possible that because of an
increase in competition, companies have started operating more competitive. Some businesses
might even cross certain legal or ethical lines to gain market advantage over their competitors.
Because of the fact that both authors did not mention any of this at all, research has been done
regarding industrial espionage. The purpose of this research is to fill this research gap, and to
create awareness for the relationship between globalisation and corporate espionage.
7. The Increasing Threat of Industrial Espionage: A Literature Review
Besides spying on governments for national security purposes, there is also spying on
businesses for commercial reasons. This is called industrial espionage, also known as
corporate or business espionage. Mostly this consists of businesses spying on competitors
with the goal to increase their own market advantage with the information they might gain.
Target information of industrial espionage includes future plans, product designs and
manufacturing processes (Jones, 2008). Basically, industrial espionage is an illegal way of
commercial information gathering and is often considered as unethical (Crane, 2005).
The articles written by Jones (2008) and Crane (2005) provide detailed information on
industrial espionage, including the different techniques being used. Jones (2008) also shows
why industrial espionage never been easier, while Crane (2005) focuses on the gray area
between industrial espionage and standard information gathering for commercial purposes.
Both authors end their articles with recommendations.
Techniques
A lot of the techniques used today are only possible thanks to the invention of the computer
and the usage of the computer within all sorts of businesses. Many new techniques have been
developed to make use of the increasing use of computers within various business aspects.
Due to the use of computers, large volumes of information are stored electronically. This has
a direct negative impact on the ability to protect data (Jones 2008). Crane (2005) confirms
that it is indeed harder to protect electronically stored information.
One common technique of industrial espionage is the theft of laptops or computers. Revealed
by securityfocus.com, as cited by Jones (2008), 10% to 15% of the laptops were stolen with
the purpose of selling the information they contained. The Computer Security Institute / FBI
Computer Crime and Security Survey, as cited by Jones (2008), estimated in 2002 that the
8. average loss as a result from a stolen laptop was approximately US$89000. Only a small
percentage of this loss actually comes from the costs of the stolen laptop itself. Other common
techniques that take advantage of the increasing use of computers involve using key loggers,
spyware and creating back doors. Techniques such as wire tapping and interception of
wireless signals do not require computers (Jones, 2008).
Conclusion and recommendations
Crane (2005) concludes that due to the progress in information and communication
technologies, industrial espionage has become a bigger problem than it was before. Business
have more opportunities regarding industrial espionage and are more willing to cross the fine
line between intelligence gathering and industrial espionage, due to the ease of different
techniques.
Jones (2008) agrees with the conclusion that industrial espionage never was a bigger threat to
businesses as it is today. He states that industrial espionage has become more easy due to
businesses increasingly using technology. “There is now so much personal and corporate
information available in electronic form that the biggest problem facing the perpetrator
conducting the espionage is where to start looking for the information that they need.” (Jones,
2008, p. 13)
Crane (2005) recommends that companies stop thinking of themselves and their competitors
as opponents of each other, and start thinking they are each other‟s allies and look for shared
interests. Crane (2005) considers this will result in less industrial espionage. This helps the
different industries, since a reputation for spying is a disadvantage for any business or
industry.
9. Jones (2008) recommends that businesses should protect themselves and their data more to
industrial spies, as he points out that that it has only become easier and more attractive to
participate in the world of industrial espionage.
Analysis of the literature
The article by Andrew Crane, member of the International Centre for Corporate Social
Responsibility at University of Nottingham Business School, focuses on the ethical side of
corporate espionage and investigates the thin line between regular gathering of competitive
intelligence and the act of corporate espionage. This in contrast to the article by Dr Andrew
Jones, head of Security Technology Research Centre at BT Security Research at Edith Cowan
University, which mainly discusses the technological side of corporate espionage as well as
measures organisations can take to decrease the probability of becoming a victim of corporate
espionage. Even though both articles are written from two different perspectives, both authors
agree that corporate espionage is a significant problem for businesses.
While Andrew Crane used multiple sources for his article, with years of publication ranging
from 1984 to 2002, it seems that Dr Andrew Jones has not used any articles as a source for his
article, or at least failed to mention them.
10. Conclusion
As economies and societies have integrated, more fully driven by new technologies,
globalisation has become a fact that has resulted in numerous advantages and disadvantages.
Globalisation has lead to economic growth, an increase of international trade and an increase
of competition. It seems that globalisation has brought more advantages than disadvantages.
Meanwhile, industrial espionage has grown to be a bigger problem that it ever was before.
While the competition between companies has increased, businesses are spying more and
more on their competitors to gain information that might help them strengthen their market
advantage. More companies are willing to cross the fine line between intelligence gathering
and industrial espionage.
Due to new technologies, large volumes of information are stored electronically and it became
harder to protect this information. New industrial espionage techniques have been created to
take advantage of these new technologies. The biggest boost industrial espionage techniques
had, was the invention and the usage of the computer within all sorts of businesses.
If both globalisation and the increase of industrial espionage happened in the same period,
does this mean that one lead to the other? In this case, it does. While both globalisation and
industrial espionage profited from new technologies, it was globalisation that caused an
increase in competition, which has lead to more businesses participating in the act of
industrial espionage. Therefore it seems unfair to only blame these new technologies for the
fact that industrial espionage has become a bigger threat than it ever was.
So while globalisation has increased, bringing all kinds of good to the world like economic
growth and an increase of international trade, corporate espionage has unnoticeably grown to
be a bigger threat than it was ever was before.
11. References
Crane, A. (2005). In the company of spies: When competitive intelligence gathering becomes
industrial espionage. Business Horizons , pp. 233-340.
Gunter, B., & van der Hoeven, R. (2004). The social dimension of globalization: A review of
the literature. International Labour Review .
Jones, A. (2008, January). Industrial espionage in a hi-tech world. Computer Fraud &
Security, pp. 7-13.
Preble, J. (2010). Toward a Framework for Achieving a Sustainable Globalization. Business
and Society Review, 115:3, 331.