MSF (Doctors without Borders)
Objective: to support the Public Civil Action (ACP) and
demonstrate the feasibility of compulsory licensing
Result: technical report showing that Brazil has the
capacity to produce Lopinavir/ritonavir at a lower cost
than the imported price
This report was presented to the Federal Attorney General
and the Ministry of Health
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
The Ministry of Health issues a
compulsory license for Efavirenz -
May 2007
- Price reduction of more than 50%
- Annual savings of US$ 30 million
- Extension of access to 190,000 people
198 Crowd Funding Club was created to assist those who have failed to reach their crowdfunding goals. It offers various services free of charge like reviewing crowdfunding blueprints, chatting with support teams, and selecting the right crowdfunding platform. The company aims to help campaigns connect with donors, train crowdfunding coaches, and assist crowdfunding launch managers. It can benefit start-ups seeking funding, companies forming joint ventures, students with ideas, and celebrities or politicians wanting to build supporters.
North American Office Highlights 1Q 2011Coy Davidson
The U.S. office market began 2021 on a soft note with modest growth in occupied space and little change in vacancy rates. Rents increased slightly for the first time in three years in both downtown and suburban areas. While the economic recovery is ongoing, higher energy costs may impact demand for office space. The outlook remains uncertain as employment growth has been lackluster. Canadian office markets performed better in Q1 backed by a strong economy and job market. Both U.S. and Canadian economies are expected to see gains in 2021, but rising energy prices pose a risk to business expansion and inflation.
Finance mailing hours are from 7 November to 23 December from 1000 to 1700 Monday through Saturday. The BX Annex has mailing hours from 7 November to 16 December on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 1000 to 1400 and only accepts cash and checks. Parcel pick up hours are from 7 November to 23 December from 1000 to 1900 Monday through Saturday and 1200 to 1500 on Sundays.
The Medicines Patent Pool Presentation during the session "Market Interventions for Innovation and Access", UN High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS
New York, 9 June 2011
Licensing for Access: Compulsory and
Humanitarian Licenses
Cristina de A. Possas
Conference FDUSP UAEM
The Right to Health: the Role of Universities
in the access to medicines
São Paulo, August 17, 2010
The document summarizes a presentation on licensing for access to medicines and compulsory/humanitarian licenses. It discusses the global HIV/AIDS scenario, challenges in access to antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, and Brazil's success in universal access through price reductions from compulsory licenses. However, sustainability issues remain as expenditures on patented third-line ARVs are increasing exponentially. Alternative incentives to innovation and more flexible intellectual property regimes are needed to promote access to medicines globally.
This document discusses lessons that can be learned from international healthcare systems to develop a sustainable healthcare system. It provides 3 key lessons:
1. Prioritize health in policymaking by demonstrating how health impacts productivity, education, employment and economic growth.
2. Increase investment in healthcare through dedicated funding and by legislating specific access entitlements.
3. Engage patients by making services patient-centered, ensuring quality communication of information, and driving continuous quality improvement.
198 Crowd Funding Club was created to assist those who have failed to reach their crowdfunding goals. It offers various services free of charge like reviewing crowdfunding blueprints, chatting with support teams, and selecting the right crowdfunding platform. The company aims to help campaigns connect with donors, train crowdfunding coaches, and assist crowdfunding launch managers. It can benefit start-ups seeking funding, companies forming joint ventures, students with ideas, and celebrities or politicians wanting to build supporters.
North American Office Highlights 1Q 2011Coy Davidson
The U.S. office market began 2021 on a soft note with modest growth in occupied space and little change in vacancy rates. Rents increased slightly for the first time in three years in both downtown and suburban areas. While the economic recovery is ongoing, higher energy costs may impact demand for office space. The outlook remains uncertain as employment growth has been lackluster. Canadian office markets performed better in Q1 backed by a strong economy and job market. Both U.S. and Canadian economies are expected to see gains in 2021, but rising energy prices pose a risk to business expansion and inflation.
Finance mailing hours are from 7 November to 23 December from 1000 to 1700 Monday through Saturday. The BX Annex has mailing hours from 7 November to 16 December on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 1000 to 1400 and only accepts cash and checks. Parcel pick up hours are from 7 November to 23 December from 1000 to 1900 Monday through Saturday and 1200 to 1500 on Sundays.
The Medicines Patent Pool Presentation during the session "Market Interventions for Innovation and Access", UN High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS
New York, 9 June 2011
Licensing for Access: Compulsory and
Humanitarian Licenses
Cristina de A. Possas
Conference FDUSP UAEM
The Right to Health: the Role of Universities
in the access to medicines
São Paulo, August 17, 2010
The document summarizes a presentation on licensing for access to medicines and compulsory/humanitarian licenses. It discusses the global HIV/AIDS scenario, challenges in access to antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, and Brazil's success in universal access through price reductions from compulsory licenses. However, sustainability issues remain as expenditures on patented third-line ARVs are increasing exponentially. Alternative incentives to innovation and more flexible intellectual property regimes are needed to promote access to medicines globally.
This document discusses lessons that can be learned from international healthcare systems to develop a sustainable healthcare system. It provides 3 key lessons:
1. Prioritize health in policymaking by demonstrating how health impacts productivity, education, employment and economic growth.
2. Increase investment in healthcare through dedicated funding and by legislating specific access entitlements.
3. Engage patients by making services patient-centered, ensuring quality communication of information, and driving continuous quality improvement.
GSIPA2M, Roundtable 4, Challenging unmerited patents - Jose Maria di BelloMakeMedicinesAffordable
The document discusses successes and challenges of civil society patent challenges in Argentina. It summarizes Fundación GEP's efforts to oppose patents and promote generic competition through legal challenges. This has led to significant price reductions for key HIV and hepatitis C medicines including Sofosbuvir. However, pharmaceutical companies continue submitting numerous patent applications, and civil society must defend patentability guidelines and promote the use of public interest safeguards in patent law.
Access to Medicines: A Role for Our Universities
MedicinesAugust 17, 2010Universities Allied for Essential MedicinesPresentation for Universidade de SÃO PAULO -USP
This document discusses access to medicines and the role that universities can play in improving access. It notes that over 2 billion people lack access to life-saving drugs and that high medicine prices are a major barrier. While medical research has improved health in developed countries, people in developing countries have not benefited as much. The implementation of TRIPS requiring intellectual property protections globally has reduced access to affordable generic medicines. The document argues that as public universities contribute significantly to medical research and drug development, they are well positioned to promote access by adopting patent and licensing policies that facilitate generic competition and ensure people in developing countries can afford essential medicines.
INDIA - POLIO ERADICATION FIGURES - Rotary International Operation manual ins...Pablo Ruiz Amo
These are the latest figures in the worldwide effort to eradicate polio. Rotary International has since 1988 spent millions of dollars to make this dream a reality.
To learn more of this effort please visit our site and be a part of history: http://thisclose.endpolio.org/en
Public health and intellectual propertyDawal Salve
This document provides an overview of public health and intellectual property. It discusses the role of innovation in health globally and the 3D cycle of innovation. It examines the TRIPS agreement and its impact on developing countries' access to medicines. Key points include that TRIPS extended patent protections but the Doha Declaration affirmed members' right to protect public health. India implemented TRIPS by restricting patentability scope and including compulsory licensing to facilitate access.
Clinical trials in Latin America face regulatory frameworks that vary by country. While countries like Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico have adopted international good clinical practice guidelines, regulatory approval processes can be lengthy, requiring documents translated to the local language and approvals from both local and national ethics boards. Common challenges include economic instability, intellectual property protection, and health care access and costs. Strategies for successful clinical trials in the region include early planning, partnering with experienced local clinical research organizations, and consulting regulatory experts from within each country.
Regulatory aspects of orphan drugs devolpmentsJITHIN K JOY
This document discusses regulatory aspects of orphan drugs and developments. It begins by defining orphan diseases and the need for orphan drug regulation to incentivize development of treatments for rare conditions. It describes orphan drug regulations in various countries like the US, Japan, Australia and challenges in developing orphan drugs. In India, around 6000-8000 rare diseases have been identified but many lack treatments. The document calls for India to introduce its own orphan drug act to define rare diseases, provide incentives for research and improve access to existing orphan drugs.
This document describes research into using gene therapy to treat diabetes. Researchers developed an AAV vector carrying the gene for exendin-4, a GLP-1 analog, for delivery to salivary glands. Animal studies showed this approach led to persistent exendin-4 blood levels and improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. A provisional patent application was filed, and the intellectual property status and competitive landscape are discussed. The potential market opportunities in gene therapy and incretin drug markets are also analyzed.
Lecture at IUC Turin as part of a Module on Social Food Movements. Here I present the right to food constituency, NGOs, associations, legal scholars and the few institutions and countries that actually support politically and financially this fundamental right (closely linked to right to life). I explore major barriers (normative, academic and political) to the full implementation, and analyse the different developments in Latin America (progress) and Europe (stalemate).
Tinnitus market analysis and projectionsAlexOsborne31
Tinnitus a problem that affects more than 800 millions of people around the world.
Includes the tinnitus current market situation (including the impact of COVID-19), as well as its medium and long term (2030) perspectives.
A Short Note On Hepatitis E Virus ( Hev ) EssayMiles Priar
The document discusses opportunity recognition, noting that it can mean different things to different people but refers to noticing when an opportunity is presented and taking advantage of it. It goes on to say that opportunity recognition is an important skill for entrepreneurs as it allows them to see potential business ideas where others may not. Effective opportunity recognition involves staying aware of industry trends, customer needs and looking for problems that need solutions.
Study on the human dimensions of the financial crisis in ethiopia finalUN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) research: “Study on the Human Dimensions of the Financial Crisis in Ethiopia,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
Humanitarian aid and access to haemophilia careAlbert Farrugia
This document summarizes information presented at a conference on access to haemophilia care post humanitarian aid. It discusses global plasma collection and FVIII production, examples of humanitarian aid programs providing factor concentrates, and comparisons of factor prices between different countries and over time. Barriers to increasing global access to treatment and potential strategies for overcoming these barriers are also examined.
The Power of Vaccines: ‘getting to zero’ for HIV and TB was an event hosted by the TB/HIV and Prevention Working Groups of the UK Consortium on AIDS and International Development. The meeting was sponsored by Pamela Nash MP and held on Friday, 18th May 2012, in Portcullis House, Westminster. Read more at http://storify.com/PamojaUK/the-power-of-vaccines
http://www.pamoja.uk.com
This document discusses strategies for improving global cardiovascular health, including political and economic factors influencing non-communicable diseases, the WHO's "25 by 25" goals, and polypills. It outlines WHO's proposed targets to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 25% by 2025. It also discusses research on polypills, including a study in India that found a polypill reduced cardiovascular risk factors but not to the extent originally predicted, and had 16% of patients permanently stop medications after 12 weeks. Overall the document analyzes political, economic and scientific factors impacting efforts to address non-communicable diseases globally.
This document discusses public and private health spending in the Philippines. It provides data on the leading causes of death from 1997-2005 and notes diseases of the heart and cancer as the top two causes. It also shows health care resources available in the Philippines compared to neighboring countries. The document outlines the government health facilities and resources in the Philippines at the national and local levels. It discusses issues with government spending on medicines and the importance of medicine innovation for developing new drugs and treatments. It advocates for government reforms to make the healthcare system more competitive through reducing taxes, encouraging more players, and allowing decentralization instead of re-centralizing healthcare.
This document discusses opportunities in the health resources and tissue engineering markets. It analyzes trends in healthcare spending, demographics of aging populations in the US and EU, and market sizes for pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and tissue engineering. Specifically, it sees potential for peptide-based hydrogels to deliver compounds that prevent dental caries, whiten teeth, and treat periodontal issues. Such technologies could carry fluoride, hydrogen peroxide, or antibiotics to locally address common oral health problems. The global dental market is sizable, with demand for whitening and treatments for gum disease.
The document discusses various health policies and legislations in India, including the National Health Policy of 1983 and 2002. The National Health Policy of 1983 aimed to establish a network of primary health care services through community health workers and a referral system. The National Health Policy of 2002 recognized gaps in health facilities and sought to increase health spending, strengthen primary care, and reduce inequities in access. The National Population Policy of 2000 and National Policy for Children of 1974 also aimed to improve health, education, nutrition, and empowerment outcomes for populations.
This document summarizes issues related to privacy and emerging technologies. It discusses how technologies like body cameras, big data, and the internet of things impact privacy based on international human rights standards. Specific concerns addressed include behavioral marketing, data aggregation, metadata collection, and government surveillance partnerships with private companies. The document advocates that any reforms around these issues must consider the close relationship between companies and governments when it comes to accessing people's personal information.
O documento discute Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REA), definindo-os como materiais educacionais sob domínio público ou licenciados de forma aberta que permitem uso e adaptação. Apresenta os desafios da educação nos países do Sul como o crescimento do número de alunos e recursos limitados. Defende que REA podem ajudar a superar esses desafios ao maximizar o acesso aos conhecimentos.
GSIPA2M, Roundtable 4, Challenging unmerited patents - Jose Maria di BelloMakeMedicinesAffordable
The document discusses successes and challenges of civil society patent challenges in Argentina. It summarizes Fundación GEP's efforts to oppose patents and promote generic competition through legal challenges. This has led to significant price reductions for key HIV and hepatitis C medicines including Sofosbuvir. However, pharmaceutical companies continue submitting numerous patent applications, and civil society must defend patentability guidelines and promote the use of public interest safeguards in patent law.
Access to Medicines: A Role for Our Universities
MedicinesAugust 17, 2010Universities Allied for Essential MedicinesPresentation for Universidade de SÃO PAULO -USP
This document discusses access to medicines and the role that universities can play in improving access. It notes that over 2 billion people lack access to life-saving drugs and that high medicine prices are a major barrier. While medical research has improved health in developed countries, people in developing countries have not benefited as much. The implementation of TRIPS requiring intellectual property protections globally has reduced access to affordable generic medicines. The document argues that as public universities contribute significantly to medical research and drug development, they are well positioned to promote access by adopting patent and licensing policies that facilitate generic competition and ensure people in developing countries can afford essential medicines.
INDIA - POLIO ERADICATION FIGURES - Rotary International Operation manual ins...Pablo Ruiz Amo
These are the latest figures in the worldwide effort to eradicate polio. Rotary International has since 1988 spent millions of dollars to make this dream a reality.
To learn more of this effort please visit our site and be a part of history: http://thisclose.endpolio.org/en
Public health and intellectual propertyDawal Salve
This document provides an overview of public health and intellectual property. It discusses the role of innovation in health globally and the 3D cycle of innovation. It examines the TRIPS agreement and its impact on developing countries' access to medicines. Key points include that TRIPS extended patent protections but the Doha Declaration affirmed members' right to protect public health. India implemented TRIPS by restricting patentability scope and including compulsory licensing to facilitate access.
Clinical trials in Latin America face regulatory frameworks that vary by country. While countries like Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico have adopted international good clinical practice guidelines, regulatory approval processes can be lengthy, requiring documents translated to the local language and approvals from both local and national ethics boards. Common challenges include economic instability, intellectual property protection, and health care access and costs. Strategies for successful clinical trials in the region include early planning, partnering with experienced local clinical research organizations, and consulting regulatory experts from within each country.
Regulatory aspects of orphan drugs devolpmentsJITHIN K JOY
This document discusses regulatory aspects of orphan drugs and developments. It begins by defining orphan diseases and the need for orphan drug regulation to incentivize development of treatments for rare conditions. It describes orphan drug regulations in various countries like the US, Japan, Australia and challenges in developing orphan drugs. In India, around 6000-8000 rare diseases have been identified but many lack treatments. The document calls for India to introduce its own orphan drug act to define rare diseases, provide incentives for research and improve access to existing orphan drugs.
This document describes research into using gene therapy to treat diabetes. Researchers developed an AAV vector carrying the gene for exendin-4, a GLP-1 analog, for delivery to salivary glands. Animal studies showed this approach led to persistent exendin-4 blood levels and improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. A provisional patent application was filed, and the intellectual property status and competitive landscape are discussed. The potential market opportunities in gene therapy and incretin drug markets are also analyzed.
Lecture at IUC Turin as part of a Module on Social Food Movements. Here I present the right to food constituency, NGOs, associations, legal scholars and the few institutions and countries that actually support politically and financially this fundamental right (closely linked to right to life). I explore major barriers (normative, academic and political) to the full implementation, and analyse the different developments in Latin America (progress) and Europe (stalemate).
Tinnitus market analysis and projectionsAlexOsborne31
Tinnitus a problem that affects more than 800 millions of people around the world.
Includes the tinnitus current market situation (including the impact of COVID-19), as well as its medium and long term (2030) perspectives.
A Short Note On Hepatitis E Virus ( Hev ) EssayMiles Priar
The document discusses opportunity recognition, noting that it can mean different things to different people but refers to noticing when an opportunity is presented and taking advantage of it. It goes on to say that opportunity recognition is an important skill for entrepreneurs as it allows them to see potential business ideas where others may not. Effective opportunity recognition involves staying aware of industry trends, customer needs and looking for problems that need solutions.
Study on the human dimensions of the financial crisis in ethiopia finalUN Global Pulse
Executive summary of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) research: “Study on the Human Dimensions of the Financial Crisis in Ethiopia,” conducted as part of UN Global Pulse’s Rapid Impact and Vulnerability Assessment Fund (RIVAF). For more information: http://www.unglobalpulse.org/projects/rapid-impact-and-vulnerability-analysis-fund-rivaf
Humanitarian aid and access to haemophilia careAlbert Farrugia
This document summarizes information presented at a conference on access to haemophilia care post humanitarian aid. It discusses global plasma collection and FVIII production, examples of humanitarian aid programs providing factor concentrates, and comparisons of factor prices between different countries and over time. Barriers to increasing global access to treatment and potential strategies for overcoming these barriers are also examined.
The Power of Vaccines: ‘getting to zero’ for HIV and TB was an event hosted by the TB/HIV and Prevention Working Groups of the UK Consortium on AIDS and International Development. The meeting was sponsored by Pamela Nash MP and held on Friday, 18th May 2012, in Portcullis House, Westminster. Read more at http://storify.com/PamojaUK/the-power-of-vaccines
http://www.pamoja.uk.com
This document discusses strategies for improving global cardiovascular health, including political and economic factors influencing non-communicable diseases, the WHO's "25 by 25" goals, and polypills. It outlines WHO's proposed targets to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 25% by 2025. It also discusses research on polypills, including a study in India that found a polypill reduced cardiovascular risk factors but not to the extent originally predicted, and had 16% of patients permanently stop medications after 12 weeks. Overall the document analyzes political, economic and scientific factors impacting efforts to address non-communicable diseases globally.
This document discusses public and private health spending in the Philippines. It provides data on the leading causes of death from 1997-2005 and notes diseases of the heart and cancer as the top two causes. It also shows health care resources available in the Philippines compared to neighboring countries. The document outlines the government health facilities and resources in the Philippines at the national and local levels. It discusses issues with government spending on medicines and the importance of medicine innovation for developing new drugs and treatments. It advocates for government reforms to make the healthcare system more competitive through reducing taxes, encouraging more players, and allowing decentralization instead of re-centralizing healthcare.
This document discusses opportunities in the health resources and tissue engineering markets. It analyzes trends in healthcare spending, demographics of aging populations in the US and EU, and market sizes for pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and tissue engineering. Specifically, it sees potential for peptide-based hydrogels to deliver compounds that prevent dental caries, whiten teeth, and treat periodontal issues. Such technologies could carry fluoride, hydrogen peroxide, or antibiotics to locally address common oral health problems. The global dental market is sizable, with demand for whitening and treatments for gum disease.
The document discusses various health policies and legislations in India, including the National Health Policy of 1983 and 2002. The National Health Policy of 1983 aimed to establish a network of primary health care services through community health workers and a referral system. The National Health Policy of 2002 recognized gaps in health facilities and sought to increase health spending, strengthen primary care, and reduce inequities in access. The National Population Policy of 2000 and National Policy for Children of 1974 also aimed to improve health, education, nutrition, and empowerment outcomes for populations.
This document summarizes issues related to privacy and emerging technologies. It discusses how technologies like body cameras, big data, and the internet of things impact privacy based on international human rights standards. Specific concerns addressed include behavioral marketing, data aggregation, metadata collection, and government surveillance partnerships with private companies. The document advocates that any reforms around these issues must consider the close relationship between companies and governments when it comes to accessing people's personal information.
O documento discute Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REA), definindo-os como materiais educacionais sob domínio público ou licenciados de forma aberta que permitem uso e adaptação. Apresenta os desafios da educação nos países do Sul como o crescimento do número de alunos e recursos limitados. Defende que REA podem ajudar a superar esses desafios ao maximizar o acesso aos conhecimentos.
El documento trata sobre el tema de la ciberseguridad. Explica brevemente algunas definiciones clave como ciberespacio e incidentes de ciberseguridad importantes como el caso de Estonia. Luego discute los debates y esfuerzos internacionales sobre políticas de ciberseguridad en organizaciones como la ONU, OEA e ITU, así como iniciativas a nivel nacional de diferentes países de América Latina. Finalmente, menciona algunos desafíos pendientes en materia de ciberseguridad en la región.
A Civil Rights Based Internet: From Brazil to the World
In a bold move, Brazil has given to the world a example - it passed into law the civil framework for the internet called Marco Civil. What are the lessons learned? Can we extract core values and languages from the Marco Civil that should be present in every legislation coming up in the next decade? Is Marco Civil a model to be followed? What is the importance of this mark to the region? What are the "ifs"? Join Brazilian and Latin Americans in this discussion.
Organizers: Carolina Rossini (Public Knowledge), Laura Tresca (Article 19) and Paz Peña (Derechos Digitales)
Sif14 How Trade Agreements Mess Up with Internet Freedoms Carolina Rossini
How Trade Agreements Mess Up with Internet Freedom
Time and time again, abusive copyright provisions have been successfully reproduced to multiple trade agreements. These binding instruments are expanding to cover core topics that traditionally were part of the broader internet governance sphere. The impact of these provisions on human rights and Internet are disastrous, but so few are paying attention. Forum shopping and policy laundering are happening at alarming rates as unpopular policies that would likely fail in national public forums are being cycled through non-transparent international negotiations that do not have the same standards of democratic oversight. Clear examples are the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement, Korea-US trade agreement, the Canadian-EU Trade Agreement (CETA) and the Transatlantic Partnership. But the list goes on.
In a world of policy laundry and forum shopping, this panel aims to identify the challenges ahead for public interest organizations and build a strategy, created through dialogue, on how we should deal with the issues that will arise from these agreements.
Speakers will provide perspectives from different countries, but will foster debate on what could be core coordination and strategy efforts
2:00-3:30 Session VI: Can We Measure Internet Openness? If so, what does that...Carolina Rossini
This document summarizes findings from research analyzing the economic and social impacts of increased broadband access and adoption in Latin America. The research finds that greater broadband penetration is associated with higher levels of economic activity, as measured by tax revenues and the number of firms in municipalities. The positive impacts are seen for both household and corporate broadband adoption. The research also finds that increased broadband connectivity in municipalities is associated with higher household incomes, especially for those who adopt broadband services. However, the impact on employment is found to be inconclusive. While local externalities from broadband are present, the effects are significantly higher for individuals and households that adopt broadband.
O X Workshop NPT, esse ano, traz para discussão e aprofundamento o seguinte tema:.”Recursos Educacionais Abertos educam?” Este é um evento realizado anualmente, promovido pelo NPT – Research Group. Este evento já está na sua décima edição.
O X Workshop ocorrerá no dia 8 de Novembro, na Sala da Congregação da FEA-USP (em São Paulo) e está programado para 150 participantes, entre alunos de graduação, pós-graduação e profissionais da área.
O objetivo do evento é enriquecer a formação dos profissionais da área, através de palestras e discussões. Para tanto, contaremos com a presença de renomados profissionais, convidados de diversos institutos e universidades do estado de São Paulo e do Brasil. Este evento é destinado a estudantes e profissionais da área que buscam atualização e excelência na área e demais interessados.
A realização do X Workshop tem como objetivo a participação e incentivo a eventos científicos na área tecnológica e educacional.
Detalhes em http://workshop.npt.com.br.
USA CENDI's Strategic Thinking About Openness for 2014 Carolina Rossini
The document discusses open government and open science from an international perspective. It notes that examples of citizen-driven open science are emerging rapidly, but that government policies and institutions have yet to fully embrace openness. It questions how citizen science and open government can best work together to address societal challenges.
Workshop on Copyright Management for Open Access in Brazil - CONFOA 2013Carolina Rossini
This document discusses intellectual property management for open access, open educational resources, and open data. It provides 3 key points to remember: 1) open systems and networks can create new forms of innovation and creation; 2) new forms of innovation can be helped or hindered by public policies and institutions; and 3) Brazil is experimenting with collaboration and openness ideas but is just beginning. It then discusses several concepts relevant to intellectual property management in open contexts, including rights, authors, publishers, and the public/users. It emphasizes thinking of new ways to manage intellectual property rights along the value chain to enable open access, open educational resources, and open data while respecting goals and missions.
Open Educational Resources at the mAlliance and OAS Seminar seriesCarolina Rossini
The document discusses open educational resources (OER) in Brazil, including key concepts, policies, and projects related to OER. It notes that OER are teaching materials that are in the public domain or released under an open license allowing free use and modification. Successful OER strategies in Brazil involve making taxpayer-funded educational resources openly available, using open content licenses, and enabling collaborative production of resources. The document analyzes several Brazilian OER projects and their interoperability and rights over content. It discusses efforts to include support for OER in Brazil's National Education Plan and legislation promoting more efficient use of public funds for education.
1. O documento discute como sistemas e redes abertos podem criar novos modos de inovação e colaboração através de recursos educacionais abertos.
2. As políticas e projetos institucionais e governamentais podem auxiliar ou prejudicar esses novos modos de inovação.
3. Instituições brasileiras e de outros países estão experimentando a abertura, mas ainda estão no início deste processo.
The document summarizes key points made by Carolina Rossini, International Intellectual Property Director at EFF, at a 2012 Trans-Pacific Partnership Stakeholder Forum regarding technological protection measures (TPMs) and access rights. Rossini argues that overbroad TPM laws, as seen from the US experience with the DMCA, can restrict lawful and socially beneficial uses of copyrighted works, chill scientific research, stifle technology innovation, and enable anti-competitive behavior. The TPP agreement should leave TPM policy choices to member countries and any provisions must balance copyright protections with other public interests.
The document discusses balancing the free flow of information, freedom of expression, and privacy in trade agreements like the Trans-Pacific Partnership. While facilitating communication and trade has benefits, these agreements could impact human rights by deciding complex issues around these topics in closed trade negotiations instead of through open democratic processes. Countries should be able to set their own privacy laws and not have them challenged as trade barriers in trade agreements.
Fair use promotes economic growth more than strong copyright, according to multiple studies. A US study found that fair use accounted for over $4.5 trillion in annual revenue and 233,000 jobs in California alone. Studies of Australia and Singapore found that expanding fair use was correlated with hundreds of millions to billions in additional economic growth, without significantly impacting copyright industries. The evidence suggests fair use supports faster growth in technology sectors and cultural production compared to stronger copyright laws.
The document discusses concerns about provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement regarding internet intermediary liability and restrictions on the free flow of online information. It notes that while free flow of information has economic benefits, it is also linked to complex issues of privacy, political considerations, and human rights that may not be best addressed in closed-door trade negotiations. The document advocates for balancing free expression with privacy protections, and ensuring any international framework respects sovereign countries' privacy laws and principles of informed consent.
This document discusses the role of interoperability in knowledge creation and governance. It argues that interoperability is an essential condition for the emergence of novel, democratized and distributed knowledge governance systems that can complement traditional systems. When applied at multiple levels from technology to intellectual property, interoperability allows for distributed peer production of knowledge across disciplines. It also discusses how the separate early design of the internet enabled distributed innovation and knowledge construction. For knowledge governance to scale beyond individual institutions, actors from industry, universities, and government must be connected in an interoperable network for open collaboration.
The document discusses concerns about provisions in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement regarding internet intermediary liability and restrictions on the free flow of online information. It notes that while free flow of information has economic benefits, it is also linked to complex issues of privacy, censorship, and other sociopolitical considerations that may not be best addressed in closed-door trade negotiations. The document argues that privacy is a fundamental human right that should not be compromised, and that trade agreements should not be used to challenge legitimate privacy laws.
This document discusses how international trade agreements can threaten technological innovation and public interests if they are negotiated without transparency and take digital freedoms for granted. It argues that agreements are expanding copyright holder rights and limiting exceptions, while also pressuring internet service providers. If these issues are not addressed, agreements like ACTA, TPP, and CETA could impede innovation by overriding exceptions to copyright, requiring websites and ISPs to censor content, and forcing disclosure of customer identities. The document calls for citizens to get involved in policymaking to protect the open internet.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
1. AIDS: NGO initiatives for the access to
treatment and intellectual property
•
Jorge A Beloqui
•
GIV (Grupo de Incentivo à Vida/ Group for Life Incentive)
•
5511-5084-0255 giv@giv.org.br
•
ABIA (Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS/ Brazilian
Interdisciplinary AIDS Association) 5521-2223-1040
•
RNP+
•
IME-USP
•
GTPI (Rebrip)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
2. (preventive or therapeutic) against the HIV
virus or Hepatitis C ? What are the current
access issues experienced by the HPV
vaccine?
•
Would they be available to everyone in the
world who needs them?
•
Or would there be the same access problems
that we experience with antiretrovirals?
•
In Brazil, should the Unified Health System
SUS) import these drugs from developed
nations paying the same price as them?
•
Would the manufacturing technology be
transferred to Brazil or other developing
nations?
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
3. HPV Vaccine
•
Tested in Phase III in Brazilian women
•
Mass vaccination in Europe for young
women
•
In Brazil it is available in private clinics, not
through public services
•
Price: around 1000R$ (more than 500U$S)
•
Conclusion: Brazilian women participated in
the risk of the trial but not in the benefit of the
results
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
4. Brazil and Patents (I)
•
There was no transferring of technology
•
Increased the amount of money spent in foreign
markets for the purchase of products patented in
Brazil
•
There are few Brazilian patents in demand. The
greater part comes from developed nations.
•
This caused the closure of several factories and
prevented the investment of new ones in Brazil
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
5. PARALYZED AND UNIMPLEMENTED UNITS
INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF FINE CHEMISTRY
PERÍOD 89-99 (D. Barbosa)
Pharmaceutical Pharmo- Agro- Additives,
Type Intermediaries chemicals chemicals Aromatic TOTAL
and Dyes
Paralyzed 241 407 73 375 1.096
Not Implemented 208 110 10 27 355
TOTAL 449 517 83 402 1.451
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
6. How can patents create a barrier
to access?
•
Because they establish a (temporary) monopoly,
which is often widened over time
•
This monopoly presents an opportunity to skyrocket
prices to unreasonable amounts
•
And thus diminishes access to treatment
•
This is the concern of NGOs working in the HIV/AIDS
sector, as well as that of the people living with the
virus
•
It is key to highlight that this access issue affects
everyone using a new, patented drug:
psychopharmaceuticals; chemotherapy;
antihypertensive, asthma, and cholesterol
medications; antibiotics; contraceptives; vaccines;
etc.
•
Paid by the Public System agosto our own pockets
Jorge Beloqui, or from
2010
7. Effects of the distribution policy of
antiretroviral drugs
Brazil
üReduction in mortality rates 40 - 70%
ü Reduction in morbidity rates 60 - 80%
ü Decrease of new HIV/AIDS cases 58.000 (until 2002)
ü Decrease of HIV/AIDS-related deaths 90.000
ü Reduction of hospitalizations: 7x decreas
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
8. In
Brazil
Universal access policy. The Ministry of
Health is the only buyer. Budget 2008 = US$
640 million
December 2008 - 190.000 persons using
ARVs
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
9. ARVs distributed in Brazil - 2008
I
P
ITRN and ITRNt
§ RITONAVIR (1996)*
§ ZIDOVUDINA (1993)* § SAQUINAVIR (1996)*
§ ESTAVUDINA (1997)* § INDINAVIR (1997)*
§ DIDANOSINA (1998)* § NELFINAVIR (1998)**
§ LAMIVUDINA (1999)* § AMPRENAVIR (2001)
§ ABACAVIR (2001) § LOPINAVIR/r (2002)
§ TENOFOVIR (2003) § ATAZANAVIR (2004)
§ DIDANOSINA EC (2005) § FOSAMPRENAVIR (2007)
ITRNN § DARUNAVIR (2008)
Fusion Inhibitors
§ NEVIRAPINA (2001)*
§ EFAVIRENZ (1999) § ENFUVIRTIDE
* national manufacturing– not protected by patents (2005)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
**excluded in 2007 2010
11. Getting close to Universal Access
ü 94,8% coverage of ARVs – universal access
ü Average Cost
ü First line (AZT – 3TC – D4T – DDI – TDF – EFZ – NVP) – US$ 667
per patient/per year
ü Second line (LPV/r – SQV – IDV – ATV – FOS – RTV)
US$ 2,114 per patient/per year– 25% of all patients
* Excluding costs from Darunavir and T20
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
12. Compulsory Licensing 2007
- Efavirenz
End of 2006: Thailand implements compulsory licensing for
EFV, Lopinavi/r and Plavix. Beginning of 2007: another 3
compulsory licenses are issued (Glivec among them)
Brazil: EFV becomes the most widely used, imported ARV –
75.000 patients
Long negotiation process – stable price since 2003 - US$
1,59/pill
–
Thailand – 1.2% prevalence, 17.000 patients – US$
0,67/pill
–
Dominican Republic – 1.1% prevalence
• Jorge Beloqui, agosto
1,500 patients- US$ 0,67/pill
2010
13. Compulsory Licensing 2007 -
Efavirenz
Annual Cost – from US$ 580.00 to US$166.36 per
patient/per year
–
US$ 0,46 (including royalties and freightage)
“Savings” estimated up to 2012 - US$ 237 millions
In 2007 – from US$ 42 millions to US$ 12 millions
Current National Manufacturing
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
14. ANVISA Report 2010
n ANVISA is the Brazilian National
Sanitary Agency
n Selected Prices of selected
Medicines during 2009
n in R$
n 1 US dollar ~ 1.8 R$
15. ARVs
ARV Br US Sp It Gr Ca Au Fr
amp 536 693 546 742
mar 681 871 942 1221 1093
ral 1011 1879 2451 1540 1787 2505
kal 1029 1158 1234 794 1154 1184 947 1392
16. GLIVEC (Imatinib, in R$)
BR US Sp It Gr Ca Au Fr
3978 3040 3660 2329 3359 2919 2988 3562
18. NGO (HIV/AIDS) Initiatives (II)
•
The Latin American and Caribbean Forum on HIV/AIDS (Río de Janeiro- November 5th and 6th,
2000)
•
2001: demonstrations staged outside the US Consulates in SP, Recife, Rio de Janeiro , due to the
handing over of a letter about ‘a contentious Brazil’ by the US in the WTO
•
2001 June: lobby in the US Congress
•
The Brazilian Ministry of Health threatens to grant compulsory
licensing to two antiretrovirals (Nelfinavir y Efavirenz); and Glivec
(for leukemia)
•
A group of 39 pharmaceutical companies take action against the
South African government to prevent the parallel importing of ARVs;
•
Doha Declaration (WTO)
•
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights: access to
essential medicines as a human right;
•
UN GA: launches the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and
Malaria;
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
19. NGO (HIV/AIDS) Initiatives (III)
•
State Health Conference (SP, 2001)
•
Letter to the US Treasury Secretary
(August 2002)
•
XII ENONG (SP, 2003)
•
Government Transition Team (Nov.
2003)
•
National Conference of Science, Technology
and Innovation in Health (CNCTIS)
•
National Conference on Pharmaceutical
Assistance (2004)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
20. Key action: December 1st,
2004
•
On the World AIDS day, the State of São
Paulo AIDS/NGO Forum requested President
Lula to implement a compulsory licensing
(called ‘patent-breaking’) of AIDS drugs that
formed a large part of the budget for ARVs.
•
The AIDS/NGO Forums of the States of
Goiás and Ceará did the same
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
21. Future Prospects: Access to Antiretrovirals
• Second-line treatments are becoming more and more
important
• Current second-line treatments may become first-line
treatments in the future
•The prices of third-line drugs can skyrocket (i.e. T-20)
• According to 2005 and 2008 surveys, there are
approximately 700,000 persons living with HIV in Brazil
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
23. February 2005 crisis (I)
•
In this month there was a lack of
diverse ARVs in Brazil
•
This crisis presented itself from the
beginning of Lula’s term of government
(2003), with localized and each time
more frequent ARVs scarcity
•
There was a lack of nationally produced
drugs, as well as imported ones
•
The first case was due to low quality
and a scarcity of raw materials
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
24. The crisis of February, 2005 (II)
•
Exhibited the great dependency that
Brazil has on drugs
•
The crisis has not been completely
overcome, but it has significantly
improved
•
Some people think that Brazil will never
return to its previous stock rates and
stability
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
25. Bill 22/2003
•
Several letters were sent by NGOs
(AIDS) supporting Bill 22/2003 by
Congressman R Gouveia, that declared
that HIV treatments should not be
patentable
•
Bill was approved by several
Commission in the House of
Representatives. But it needs to be
voted in plenary due to a requirement.
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
26. 2005: Approved motions on compulsory
licensing and Bill 22 (PL22)
•
RNP+ SE (Cedral (SP), march)
•
ERONG SE (Guarapari (ES), august)
•
ERONG Sul (SC, august)
•
RNP+ (Florianópolis (SC), august)
•
XIII ENONG (Curitiba, september)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
27. Resolutions
•
2005 : The NHC approved a resolution
for the issuing of compulsory licenses
for tenofovir, efavirenz and lopinavir/rtv
•
The Ministry refused to sanction the
resolution
•
Regional Council of Medicine of the
State of Sao Paulo’s (CREMESP)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
29. The Working Group on
Intellectual Property (WGIP)
visits the Civil House (I)
•
In February of 2005, a meeting of
advisors from the Presidency of the
Republic Civil House (similar to the
head of the Cabinet Ministers) took
place to discuss the regulations of the
previous resolution by Anvisa (National
Health Surveillance Agency) (law
10196)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
30. The Working Group on
Intellectual Property (GTPI)
visits the Civil House (II)
•
This law establishes that patent
applications for medicines submitted to
INPI (National Industrial Property Institute)
must have the previous approval of
Anvisa
•
Anvisa would not grant its approval for
second use or for new formulations
•
Thus, we supported this law’s regulations
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
32. Brazilian Network for the
Integration of Peoples (REBRIP) –
2001
Network formed by non-governmental organizations
and social movements.
Divided into Work Groups- Agriculture, Commerce,
Environment, Services, Intellectual Property, Gender, and
Parliament.
Monitoring of free trade agreements, encouragement
of public debate, NGO training and awareness-raising
about topics related to multilateral organizations.
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
33. Working Group on Intellectual
Property - 2001/2002
Membership – Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS
Association (coordinators), HIV/AIDS NGOs
and Brazilian human rights groups (GIV,
GAPA-RS & SP, Conectas, RNP+), Intellectual
Property researchers, Oxfam, Doctors without
Borders, and other NGOs
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
34. The WGIP and Rebrip aim
to minimize the negative
impact of the patent system
for the access to medicines
in Brazil
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
35. Action in the different spheres of government
TRIPS Context
Mobilização da opinião pública e capacitação
Pressure against
Legislativ projects
derived from
e TRIPS-plus
Opposition to laws
the undue Public Demand for
granting of Compulsory
patents Licensing
Executiv Judicial
e Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
37. Public Civil Action (ACP) - 2005
Actors
5 NGOs (AIDS)
1 Human rights group
1 Consumer Protection group
Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office
A demand to the National Attorney to oblige
the Executive branch of government to issue
a compulsory license for Lopinavir/ritonavir
(Kaletra®)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
38. Technical Consultancy by the WGIP
and MSF
Verification of the national capacity to manufacture AIDS
medicines (public and private laboratories)
http://www.abiaids.org.br/media/ARV.pdf
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
39. Booklet on Patents and Access to
Medicines
Spanish Version:
http://www.abiaids.org.br/media/cartilh
a_patentes_es.pdf
www.abiaids.org.br/media/cartilha_patent
es.pdf
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
40. WGIP: prevent the undue granting of
patents (2006)
•
Presented technical arguments to subsidize the
exam applied to patent applications by the
National Industrial Property Institute (INPI)
n Aimed to prevent the issuing of patents that do not
meet the requirements for patentability
n And to avert the widening of the drug monopoly,
through the acquirement of patents for old (and
widely used) medicines
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
41. WGIP: prevent the undue granting of
patents (2006)
•
Tenofovir (TDF) – does not meet the
inventive step criterion
•
2nd patent for Lopinavir/ritonavir – illegal
request, as it already possesses the first
pipeline patent (includes arguments about
the unconstitutional nature of the pipeline
patent system)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
42. Tenofovir – 2008/09
first-line ARV – quick increase – 33.000 patients.
Patent was issued in Brazil in 1995. The Ministry of
Health declared TDF as part of the ‘public interest’ in
April, 2008. TDF patent was denied in July, 2009.
–
Brazil – US$ 3,25/pill = US$ 1.186/year
–
Thailand – US$ 1,24/pill = US$ 454/year
–
Gilead Access Price - US$ 0,567/pill = US$
207/year
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
43. TRIPS flexibilities and their use (2007)
•
Great importance of the compulsory licenses
issued by Thailand (efv, lop/r, plavix, imatinib and
others) for the access to these drugs by
developing countries and for the effective use of
TRIPS flexibilities
•
Open letter of solidarity to Thailand (on compulsory
licenses) was signed by 80 Latin American
organizations and social movements
•
Letter denouncing Novartis’ actions in India
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
44. Questions and answers about the compulsory
licensing of Efavirenz in Brazil
http://www.abiaids.org.br/media/EFAVIRENZ.pd
f
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
45. Other Activities (I)
•
Workshop on Pipeline patents
and access to medicines in São
Paulo (2007): provided widespread
coverage and criticism of the topic
in conjunction with politicians, the
media, activists, and specialists.
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
46. Other Activities (II)
•
In May 2009, the Federal General
Attorney filed a legal action claiming the
unconstitutionality of pipeline patents
(ADI) 4234
•
Diverse Amicus Curiae (among them:
ABIFINA, WGIP, Pró-Genéricos,
Abrasem, etc)
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
47. Other Activities (III)
•
Cooperation with India, Thailand, China,
Colombia and South Africa was launched
to undertake a study on access to
medicines, and joint actions to oppose
patents (India) and lend solidarity
(compulsory licensing in Thailand and
Colombia) since 2008
•
Satellite Events at the IAS and AIDS
Conferences
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
48. The case of Truvada (I)
•
Truvada (Gilead, tenofovir + emtricitabine)
is a combination of ARVs, widely used as
first line regime for HIV
•
Licensed by FDA and EMEA in 2005
•
Though used in clinical trials in Brazil
Gilead did not apply for a license in Brazil
till September 25th, 2009. This in part due
to a solicitation by GTPI, and SP
AIDS/NGOs FOrum
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
49. The case of Truvada (II)
•
Tenofovir was also licensed for Hep B
treatment by FDA in August 2008
•
And also by EMEA
•
Due to an agreement with Glaxo, which
produces Hepsera (for Hep B), they did
not ask for a license in Brazil for this use.
•
It was a kind of Tordesilhas Treaty!
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
52. The case of Truvada (III)
n So the M o H asked for an “ex
officio” license to ANVISA for the
use of Tenofovir for Hep B.
n Of course in developed countries
both drugs are licensed for Hep
B!
52
53. Freedom and Necessity
•
The issue of access to medicines does not only encompass
health needs (sensu stricto), but is also a matter of individual and
collective freedom;
•
There needs to be a wide choice range (freedom) for patients;
•
The fight for universal access to ARVs and other pharmaceutical
products (vaccines) is also an opportunity to publicly participate
and be socially included;
•
The implementation of TRIPS flexibilities is fundamental to sustain
the universal access policy for AIDS drugs and to promote the
transfer of technology in the pharmaceutical sector; freedom to
R&D, production and commerce
•
The real challenge is to create new mechanisms for the protection
of intellectual property that do not interfere with the necessities of
the population, specially the low-income portion
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
54. University, patents and
access (I)
•
Universities should stress the importance of
REAL INNOVATION instead of helping
pharma to obtain evergreening patents
•
This is one of the natural effects of the current
patent system: try to extend the monopoly!
•
Here we have a clear conflict between
MARKET and PUBLIC INTERESTS
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
55. University, patents and access
(II)
•
Universities should stress the importance of
performing only clinical trials in Brazil whose
results will be useful for Brazilians: this was
not the case with HPV vaccine, for example.
•
It is not acceptable that Brazilians participate
in the risks but not in the benefits
•
Universities should stress the importance of
divulgating and presenting alternatives to the
existing monopolies system as a way to
reward innovation
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
56. University, patents and access
(III)
•
Universities should become aware that there
are persons with many health needs in the
Universities, among students, employees
and professors
•
Universities should stress the importance of
access for all citizens as a right superior to
intellectual property and monopolies.
Especially in case of health
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010
57. Patenting the Sun
•
A journalist asked Jonas Salk: "Who
has the right to patent the anti-polio
vaccine?"
•
Salk responded: "The people. Patenting
the vaccine would be like patenting the
sun"
Jorge Beloqui, agosto
2010