The document discusses various techniques used to examine paint samples, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and chromatography. Microscopy techniques described are polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and optical light microscopy. Spectroscopy techniques discussed are infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, microspectrophotometry, and Raman spectroscopy. Chromatography analysis of paint samples focuses on pyrolysis gas chromatography. The document provides details on the components of paint and how each analytical technique is applied to examine paint layers, pigments, binders, and other characteristics.
This document discusses paint as forensic evidence. It describes the typical components of paint, including binders, pigments, and solvents. It outlines different types of paints like household and automotive paints. The document then discusses various forensic analysis techniques that can be used to analyze paint evidence like microscopy, spectroscopy, micro-chemical tests, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. It provides an example case study of how paint evidence was used to identify a vehicle involved in a hit and run accident. In conclusion, paint is described as trace evidence that contains information about its components that can be examined using various technical approaches.
This document discusses the analysis of paint evidence in forensic investigations. It describes the procedures for collection, documentation, and various examination techniques used to analyze and compare paint samples, including visual examination under stereomicroscopes, physical matching of edges, and instrumental methods like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis of paint evidence can help investigators match a paint chip from a crime scene to a specific vehicle make and model in a hit-and-run case.
T6 new generation calcium carbonate by k.k. mishraGn Tewari
This document discusses a new generation of calcium carbonate extenders for paint formulations. It begins with an overview of how extenders have evolved from mere fillers to functional raw materials that contribute properties like rheology, adhesion and hiding power. It then describes several new calcium carbonate extenders produced by 20 Microns Ltd. that are said to improve properties like opacity, gloss and cost. Experimental results are presented showing that partially replacing titanium dioxide with two of these new extenders in an exterior emulsion paint reduced costs without negatively affecting optical or weathering properties.
Paint is defined as a mixture of binder, pigment, and additives that forms a solid film after drying. Pigments impart color and protect the film from radiation like UV rays. Paints can be classified by their application, such as house paints, wall paints, marine paints, and more. The main constituents of paint are pigments, extenders, film formers, driers, thinners, and others. Pigments protect the film and extenders decrease costs. Film formers form the protective coating while driers and thinners control the drying process.
Physical trace evidence such as paint is commonly found at crime scenes like hit-and-run accidents or burglaries. Paint contains pigments that impart color, a binder that holds the pigments, and a solvent that disperses the components. Automotive paint systems typically involve an electrocoat primer, a primer surfacer, a basecoat containing color pigments, and a clear topcoat for protection and shine. Microscopic examination of multiple matching colored paint layers can help relate two paint samples to a common origin, though there is no set number of layers required to make this determination. Entomology uses knowledge of insect colonization of remains to estimate time of death, as blowflies are usually the first to lay eggs which
Analysis of Automobile Paint Chips Using an Automated IR MicroscopePerkinElmer, Inc.
The information obtained from paint chips involved in road traffic accidents is extremely important for piecing together evidence in criminal cases. Traces of paint can be transferred from a vehicle onto other surfaces or materials, such as victims clothing, and these can be matched to the paint type of the vehicle. This is achievable since the paint chips are multi-layered materials consisting of several coats of paint. The layer combinations are unique for an individual manufacturer, model, color, and year of a particular vehicle. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a standard technique used for the measurement of paint samples with ASTM method E2937 - 13 acting as a standard guide for using infrared spectroscopy in forensic paint examinations. Infrared microscopes are routinely used for measuring extremely small paint samples down to a few micrometers in size allowing spectra to be recorded for each of the layers.
This Application Note describes the use of the different sampling modes and automation features of the Spotlight™ 200i IR microscope system applied to an automobile paint chip sample retrieved from the roadside at the scene of a road traffic accident.
There are three main sampling techniques for infrared spectroscopy of solid samples: transmission, (specular) reflectance, and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR). All of these sampling techniques can be applied to standard (macro) IR accessories as well as IR microscopes for microsamples. Each of these techniques has been applied to this sample on the IR microscope and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each are described.
This document discusses the optical properties of polymers, including refractive index, gloss, haze, yellowness index, transmittance, and photoelasticity/birefringence. It explains how each property is defined and measured, how it relates to the material composition and structure, and the relevant ASTM standard test methods. The refractive index, gloss, haze, and yellowness index sections provide specific examples of how these properties are affected by materials, additives, and processing.
This document provides a graduation project report on the manufacture of paint. It includes:
1. An acknowledgement section thanking the supervisor for their support and guidance.
2. A table of contents outlining the various sections covered in the report, including paint raw materials, factors influencing paint formulas, production processes, quality control, and defects.
3. An abstract providing an overview of the key points covered, including the optimization of manufacturing processes from economic and environmental perspectives, various production stages like transportation and mixing, and the role of laboratories in developing formulations that meet standards.
This document discusses paint as forensic evidence. It describes the typical components of paint, including binders, pigments, and solvents. It outlines different types of paints like household and automotive paints. The document then discusses various forensic analysis techniques that can be used to analyze paint evidence like microscopy, spectroscopy, micro-chemical tests, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. It provides an example case study of how paint evidence was used to identify a vehicle involved in a hit and run accident. In conclusion, paint is described as trace evidence that contains information about its components that can be examined using various technical approaches.
This document discusses the analysis of paint evidence in forensic investigations. It describes the procedures for collection, documentation, and various examination techniques used to analyze and compare paint samples, including visual examination under stereomicroscopes, physical matching of edges, and instrumental methods like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis of paint evidence can help investigators match a paint chip from a crime scene to a specific vehicle make and model in a hit-and-run case.
T6 new generation calcium carbonate by k.k. mishraGn Tewari
This document discusses a new generation of calcium carbonate extenders for paint formulations. It begins with an overview of how extenders have evolved from mere fillers to functional raw materials that contribute properties like rheology, adhesion and hiding power. It then describes several new calcium carbonate extenders produced by 20 Microns Ltd. that are said to improve properties like opacity, gloss and cost. Experimental results are presented showing that partially replacing titanium dioxide with two of these new extenders in an exterior emulsion paint reduced costs without negatively affecting optical or weathering properties.
Paint is defined as a mixture of binder, pigment, and additives that forms a solid film after drying. Pigments impart color and protect the film from radiation like UV rays. Paints can be classified by their application, such as house paints, wall paints, marine paints, and more. The main constituents of paint are pigments, extenders, film formers, driers, thinners, and others. Pigments protect the film and extenders decrease costs. Film formers form the protective coating while driers and thinners control the drying process.
Physical trace evidence such as paint is commonly found at crime scenes like hit-and-run accidents or burglaries. Paint contains pigments that impart color, a binder that holds the pigments, and a solvent that disperses the components. Automotive paint systems typically involve an electrocoat primer, a primer surfacer, a basecoat containing color pigments, and a clear topcoat for protection and shine. Microscopic examination of multiple matching colored paint layers can help relate two paint samples to a common origin, though there is no set number of layers required to make this determination. Entomology uses knowledge of insect colonization of remains to estimate time of death, as blowflies are usually the first to lay eggs which
Analysis of Automobile Paint Chips Using an Automated IR MicroscopePerkinElmer, Inc.
The information obtained from paint chips involved in road traffic accidents is extremely important for piecing together evidence in criminal cases. Traces of paint can be transferred from a vehicle onto other surfaces or materials, such as victims clothing, and these can be matched to the paint type of the vehicle. This is achievable since the paint chips are multi-layered materials consisting of several coats of paint. The layer combinations are unique for an individual manufacturer, model, color, and year of a particular vehicle. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a standard technique used for the measurement of paint samples with ASTM method E2937 - 13 acting as a standard guide for using infrared spectroscopy in forensic paint examinations. Infrared microscopes are routinely used for measuring extremely small paint samples down to a few micrometers in size allowing spectra to be recorded for each of the layers.
This Application Note describes the use of the different sampling modes and automation features of the Spotlight™ 200i IR microscope system applied to an automobile paint chip sample retrieved from the roadside at the scene of a road traffic accident.
There are three main sampling techniques for infrared spectroscopy of solid samples: transmission, (specular) reflectance, and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR). All of these sampling techniques can be applied to standard (macro) IR accessories as well as IR microscopes for microsamples. Each of these techniques has been applied to this sample on the IR microscope and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each are described.
This document discusses the optical properties of polymers, including refractive index, gloss, haze, yellowness index, transmittance, and photoelasticity/birefringence. It explains how each property is defined and measured, how it relates to the material composition and structure, and the relevant ASTM standard test methods. The refractive index, gloss, haze, and yellowness index sections provide specific examples of how these properties are affected by materials, additives, and processing.
This document provides a graduation project report on the manufacture of paint. It includes:
1. An acknowledgement section thanking the supervisor for their support and guidance.
2. A table of contents outlining the various sections covered in the report, including paint raw materials, factors influencing paint formulas, production processes, quality control, and defects.
3. An abstract providing an overview of the key points covered, including the optimization of manufacturing processes from economic and environmental perspectives, various production stages like transportation and mixing, and the role of laboratories in developing formulations that meet standards.
Paints: types and composition; Forensic examination of paint: microscopic and macroscopic examination, pigment distribution, micro-chemical analysis, physical matching and solubility test; Analytical tools used in paint comparison
This document discusses various lithography techniques used in nanofabrication, including photolithography, electron beam lithography, and x-ray lithography. Photolithography involves cleaning a silicon wafer, applying a photoresist, exposing the resist to a patterned mask, developing the resist, and etching. Electron beam lithography uses a focused electron beam to pattern resist at the nanoscale but is slower than photolithography. X-ray lithography uses x-rays to expose a resist through a mask, allowing for high resolution but requiring additional electroforming steps. The document provides details on the basic processes and components involved in each lithography method.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the texture characteristics of 19 different automotive interior textures and how those characteristics affected the textures' performance on mar resistance and gloss level tests. Plaques with the different textures were molded in plastic and tested for mar resistance using a five-finger scratch and mar tester and for gloss level using a gloss meter. A 3D scanner was also used to analyze the textures' characteristics. The results showed that certain texture characteristics led to better or worse performance on the mar resistance and gloss level tests. Understanding these relationships allows designers to create textures that meet functional requirements while still being aesthetically pleasing.
Topographic analysis of dental materials :A review of current devicesMohamed M. Abdul-Monem
This document discusses topographic analysis of dental materials. It describes various techniques used to analyze surface properties including surface roughness, composition, hardness, and crystallinity. Methods covered are light microscopy, SEM, EDX, XRD, profilometry, confocal microscopy, AFM, hardness tests, and contact angle measurement. Locations mentioned where some techniques can be performed are the dental biomaterials lab, faculty of science, engineering, and SRTA at EJUST university.
The document discusses methods for determining particle size from SEM micrographs and XRD data. It provides background on SEM, describing how it can be used to obtain particle morphology, size, and other information from micrographs. It also discusses how to measure particle size manually from micrographs and using ImageJ software. For XRD, it describes how the Scherrer equation can be used to calculate crystallite size from peak broadening in XRD patterns. Examples of SEM micrographs and XRD patterns are provided to illustrate these techniques.
Nanotechnology is seen as one of the key technologies of the future. Nanotechnology refers to a wide range of scientific and technological phenomena which focuses on nanoscale (0.1 to 100 nm). It is the science of developing materials through individual control of atoms and molecules to create products that are thousands of times smaller than current technology allows for. The basis of this technology is to modify the inherent material properties such as color, abrasion resistance, conductivity, etc. the reduction of its size without modifying its chemical composition. nano-particles artificially produced have new properties which are important for the development of new products and applications.
The composition of an organic coating (paint) may be may be a formulation simple or complex, with a variety of materials, each having a specific function. The formulations generally have three components designed to be permanent and serve specific functions in the dry film. These components are the pigment, carrier and additives. Pigments provide color and other functions. The vehicles commonly called ligands act as an adhesive to adhere the pigment particles to the substrate or to each other. Finally, the additives are chemicals which modify the coating properties in fluid or solid state.
This document discusses special effect pigments used in aerospace coatings. It provides a history of special effect pigments dating back to 1655 and describes the different types including metallic and mica flake pigments. It explains how these pigments produce effects like interference and iridescence through their layered structures and interactions with light. Evaluation criteria for these pigments include durability, sprayability, reparability, price, and weight. Examples are given of airlines that have selected mica pigments for use on their aircraft fleets.
Presentation on Training at Nerolac PaintsHimanshu Yadav
This presentation summarizes the manufacturing process of paints and resins at Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited. It discusses the composition of paints including pigments, binders, solvents and additives. It also describes the types of equipment used like premixers, sand mills and ball mills. Furthermore, it explains the production flow sheet and manufacturing processes for different resins like acrylic, melamine formaldehyde and alkyd resins. Quality control tests performed on the finished products are also outlined.
Forensic engineers use various analytical tools to determine why products fail. Some of the key tools discussed include optical microscopy for initial sample observation up to 500,000x magnification, SEM for high resolution surface images, EDS for elemental analysis, and metallographic cross-sections to view sample edges. Other tools provide more specialized analysis like surface topography with AFM, chemical composition with FTIR and GC-MS, and crystalline structure with XRD. Understanding the capabilities of these tools helps attorneys maximize an expert's analysis in product failure cases.
The document discusses the complex requirements for formulating inkjet inks. It notes that inks must have properties suitable for the specific printing device, such as surface tension and viscosity ranges. The end use of the printing system also affects ink properties. When formulating new inks, all components' effects must be considered from storage to application. Functional inks like conductive inks present additional conflicting requirements - particles must be stabilized during storage but form connections for conductivity during use. Proper ink preparation and long-term stability are essential.
Pigments are solid colored particles that are insoluble in their applied medium and are used for their coloring properties. They can be classified as organic or inorganic based on their chemical structure, and include pigments like titanium dioxide, iron oxides, cadmium pigments, and organic azo and phthalo pigments. Pigments are used to color paints, inks, plastics, and other materials by selectively absorbing or scattering light. Common applications include coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other materials.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a non-destructive testing method that uses an electron beam to produce high magnification and high-resolution images of a sample's surface. SEM has advantages over optical microscopes such as greater magnification up to 100,000x and depth of field 300x greater. SEM provides 3D imaging and little sample preparation is required. Applications include failure analysis, quality control, and examining integrated circuits, metals, ceramics, polymers, and biological samples.
This document provides an overview of microscopic anatomy and various microscopy techniques. It discusses that [1] cells are the basic building blocks of living organisms and come in varied shapes and sizes, [2] microscopy involves using probes like light or electron beams that interact with tissue components to produce images, and [3] important considerations in microscopic analysis include the probe size and its ability to interact with and observe the object being investigated. It then describes various microscopy methods like light, fluorescence, polarization, and electron microscopy as well as tissue preparation techniques and important microscopy terms.
Pigments are solid colored particles that are insoluble in the medium they are incorporated into and are used for their coloring properties. They can be classified as organic or inorganic based on their chemical structure and include substances like titanium dioxide, carbon black, iron oxides, cadmium pigments, and organic azo and phthalo pigments. Pigments are used to color paints, inks, plastics, fabrics, cosmetics, and other materials by selectively absorbing or scattering light. Key properties like hiding power, tinting strength, and light fastness are considered when selecting pigments for different applications.
Zinc ferrite nano pigment and its use in anti-corrosive coatingsMayur Khandait
The document discusses the development of non-toxic pigment mixtures to enhance the anticorrosion efficiency of coatings. It aims to replace toxic chromates and lead pigments. The document introduces various types of anticorrosive pigments and their mechanisms of corrosion protection. It also discusses the synthesis of zinc ferrite nanoparticles via a precipitation method and their use in an anticorrosive paint formulation. Testing of the paint samples found that the zinc ferrite-based paint provided excellent resistance to water and salt water. The nanopigments allow for enhanced properties and better anticorrosion performance compared to conventional pigments.
This document discusses the functions of dispersing additives in ink. It begins by explaining what pigments are and how their properties like particle size affect application characteristics. It then discusses the objective of pigment dispersion, which is to separate pigment agglomerates formed during drying. Dispersing additives improve dispersion by reducing inter-particle attraction and creating a more stable dispersion. The document covers different types of dispersing additives like polymers, surfactants, and their mechanisms of stabilization like steric and electrostatic stabilization. It provides details on how dispersing additives adsorb and anchor to pigment surfaces. In summary, the key points are that dispersing additives improve properties like gloss and color strength by creating a
Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents ...IOSR Journals
Primary coloured inks i.e. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black used in inkjet printers were extracted from the printed document and analyzed in order to identify the possible functional groups using Infrared (IR) spectroscopic technique. Experiments were conducted on the all four primary inks and the results are presented. The technique can provide valuable information if an admitted sample is provided for comparison with the suspect printed document.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
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This document discusses various lithography techniques used in nanofabrication, including photolithography, electron beam lithography, and x-ray lithography. Photolithography involves cleaning a silicon wafer, applying a photoresist, exposing the resist to a patterned mask, developing the resist, and etching. Electron beam lithography uses a focused electron beam to pattern resist at the nanoscale but is slower than photolithography. X-ray lithography uses x-rays to expose a resist through a mask, allowing for high resolution but requiring additional electroforming steps. The document provides details on the basic processes and components involved in each lithography method.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the texture characteristics of 19 different automotive interior textures and how those characteristics affected the textures' performance on mar resistance and gloss level tests. Plaques with the different textures were molded in plastic and tested for mar resistance using a five-finger scratch and mar tester and for gloss level using a gloss meter. A 3D scanner was also used to analyze the textures' characteristics. The results showed that certain texture characteristics led to better or worse performance on the mar resistance and gloss level tests. Understanding these relationships allows designers to create textures that meet functional requirements while still being aesthetically pleasing.
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This document discusses topographic analysis of dental materials. It describes various techniques used to analyze surface properties including surface roughness, composition, hardness, and crystallinity. Methods covered are light microscopy, SEM, EDX, XRD, profilometry, confocal microscopy, AFM, hardness tests, and contact angle measurement. Locations mentioned where some techniques can be performed are the dental biomaterials lab, faculty of science, engineering, and SRTA at EJUST university.
The document discusses methods for determining particle size from SEM micrographs and XRD data. It provides background on SEM, describing how it can be used to obtain particle morphology, size, and other information from micrographs. It also discusses how to measure particle size manually from micrographs and using ImageJ software. For XRD, it describes how the Scherrer equation can be used to calculate crystallite size from peak broadening in XRD patterns. Examples of SEM micrographs and XRD patterns are provided to illustrate these techniques.
Nanotechnology is seen as one of the key technologies of the future. Nanotechnology refers to a wide range of scientific and technological phenomena which focuses on nanoscale (0.1 to 100 nm). It is the science of developing materials through individual control of atoms and molecules to create products that are thousands of times smaller than current technology allows for. The basis of this technology is to modify the inherent material properties such as color, abrasion resistance, conductivity, etc. the reduction of its size without modifying its chemical composition. nano-particles artificially produced have new properties which are important for the development of new products and applications.
The composition of an organic coating (paint) may be may be a formulation simple or complex, with a variety of materials, each having a specific function. The formulations generally have three components designed to be permanent and serve specific functions in the dry film. These components are the pigment, carrier and additives. Pigments provide color and other functions. The vehicles commonly called ligands act as an adhesive to adhere the pigment particles to the substrate or to each other. Finally, the additives are chemicals which modify the coating properties in fluid or solid state.
This document discusses special effect pigments used in aerospace coatings. It provides a history of special effect pigments dating back to 1655 and describes the different types including metallic and mica flake pigments. It explains how these pigments produce effects like interference and iridescence through their layered structures and interactions with light. Evaluation criteria for these pigments include durability, sprayability, reparability, price, and weight. Examples are given of airlines that have selected mica pigments for use on their aircraft fleets.
Presentation on Training at Nerolac PaintsHimanshu Yadav
This presentation summarizes the manufacturing process of paints and resins at Kansai Nerolac Paints Limited. It discusses the composition of paints including pigments, binders, solvents and additives. It also describes the types of equipment used like premixers, sand mills and ball mills. Furthermore, it explains the production flow sheet and manufacturing processes for different resins like acrylic, melamine formaldehyde and alkyd resins. Quality control tests performed on the finished products are also outlined.
Forensic engineers use various analytical tools to determine why products fail. Some of the key tools discussed include optical microscopy for initial sample observation up to 500,000x magnification, SEM for high resolution surface images, EDS for elemental analysis, and metallographic cross-sections to view sample edges. Other tools provide more specialized analysis like surface topography with AFM, chemical composition with FTIR and GC-MS, and crystalline structure with XRD. Understanding the capabilities of these tools helps attorneys maximize an expert's analysis in product failure cases.
The document discusses the complex requirements for formulating inkjet inks. It notes that inks must have properties suitable for the specific printing device, such as surface tension and viscosity ranges. The end use of the printing system also affects ink properties. When formulating new inks, all components' effects must be considered from storage to application. Functional inks like conductive inks present additional conflicting requirements - particles must be stabilized during storage but form connections for conductivity during use. Proper ink preparation and long-term stability are essential.
Pigments are solid colored particles that are insoluble in their applied medium and are used for their coloring properties. They can be classified as organic or inorganic based on their chemical structure, and include pigments like titanium dioxide, iron oxides, cadmium pigments, and organic azo and phthalo pigments. Pigments are used to color paints, inks, plastics, and other materials by selectively absorbing or scattering light. Common applications include coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food, and other materials.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a non-destructive testing method that uses an electron beam to produce high magnification and high-resolution images of a sample's surface. SEM has advantages over optical microscopes such as greater magnification up to 100,000x and depth of field 300x greater. SEM provides 3D imaging and little sample preparation is required. Applications include failure analysis, quality control, and examining integrated circuits, metals, ceramics, polymers, and biological samples.
This document provides an overview of microscopic anatomy and various microscopy techniques. It discusses that [1] cells are the basic building blocks of living organisms and come in varied shapes and sizes, [2] microscopy involves using probes like light or electron beams that interact with tissue components to produce images, and [3] important considerations in microscopic analysis include the probe size and its ability to interact with and observe the object being investigated. It then describes various microscopy methods like light, fluorescence, polarization, and electron microscopy as well as tissue preparation techniques and important microscopy terms.
Pigments are solid colored particles that are insoluble in the medium they are incorporated into and are used for their coloring properties. They can be classified as organic or inorganic based on their chemical structure and include substances like titanium dioxide, carbon black, iron oxides, cadmium pigments, and organic azo and phthalo pigments. Pigments are used to color paints, inks, plastics, fabrics, cosmetics, and other materials by selectively absorbing or scattering light. Key properties like hiding power, tinting strength, and light fastness are considered when selecting pigments for different applications.
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The document discusses the development of non-toxic pigment mixtures to enhance the anticorrosion efficiency of coatings. It aims to replace toxic chromates and lead pigments. The document introduces various types of anticorrosive pigments and their mechanisms of corrosion protection. It also discusses the synthesis of zinc ferrite nanoparticles via a precipitation method and their use in an anticorrosive paint formulation. Testing of the paint samples found that the zinc ferrite-based paint provided excellent resistance to water and salt water. The nanopigments allow for enhanced properties and better anticorrosion performance compared to conventional pigments.
This document discusses the functions of dispersing additives in ink. It begins by explaining what pigments are and how their properties like particle size affect application characteristics. It then discusses the objective of pigment dispersion, which is to separate pigment agglomerates formed during drying. Dispersing additives improve dispersion by reducing inter-particle attraction and creating a more stable dispersion. The document covers different types of dispersing additives like polymers, surfactants, and their mechanisms of stabilization like steric and electrostatic stabilization. It provides details on how dispersing additives adsorb and anchor to pigment surfaces. In summary, the key points are that dispersing additives improve properties like gloss and color strength by creating a
Comparative Analysis of Inkjet Printer Inks Extracted from Printed Documents ...IOSR Journals
Primary coloured inks i.e. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black used in inkjet printers were extracted from the printed document and analyzed in order to identify the possible functional groups using Infrared (IR) spectroscopic technique. Experiments were conducted on the all four primary inks and the results are presented. The technique can provide valuable information if an admitted sample is provided for comparison with the suspect printed document.
Similar to paint-examination.pptx-lab as well as theory (20)
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
1. THE USE OF MICROSCOPY,
SPECTROSCOPY AND
CHROMATOGARAPHY
TECHNIQUES FOR PAINT
EXAMINATION
Sanjeev S Koni
Assistant Professor
Centurion University of
Technology and
Management.
2. INTRODUCTION
The analysis of paint samples is often required in the
Forensic Science Laboratories.
These samples come from variety of sources such as motor
vehicles in Hit-Run cases and door and windows in
breaking and entry cases.
The analytical problems facing the forensic scientist is
the comparison of paint samples located during the course
of an examination, with samples obtained from the possible
sources to establish the common source of origin.
3. COMPONENTS OF PAINT
Paint is commonly known as pigmented coating.
The main components of Paint are:
1. Pigment
2. Binder
3.Solvent
4. Additives.
4. ROLE OF COMPONENTS
Pigment:
A finely ground, inorganic or organic,
insoluble, and dispersed particle. Besides color, a pigment
may provide many of the essential properties of paint such
as opacity, hardness, durability, and corrosion resistance.
5. ROLE OF COMPONENTS
The pigments can be classified as natural or synthetic type.
Natural pigments include clays, calcium carbonate, mica,
silica and talcs while synthetic pigments include
engineered molecules such as precipitated calcium
carbonate and synthetic pyrogenic silica.
Hiding pigments such as Titanium dioxide, Phthalo blue
and Red iron oxide protects substrate from effects of UV
radiation and make paint opaque.
6. ROLE OF COMPONENTS
Binders:
A nonvolatile portion of the liquid vehicle of a
coating, which serves to bind or cement the pigment
particles together .
It includes synthetic or natural resins such as cement
alkyds, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate ethylene
(VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine, resins or oils.
7. ROLE OF COMPONENTS
Solvent:
The main function of solvent is to adjust the curing
property of the viscosity of the paint.
It controls flow and application properties, and affects the
stability of the paint while in liquid state.
Its main function is as the carrier for non volatile
components.
Petroleum distillate, Esters , Glycol ethers are used as
solvents.
8. ROLE OF COMPONENTS
Additives[Modifier]:
Any substance that added in small quantities
to improve the properties of paint are called additives.
Additives may include substances such as driers, corrosion
inhibitors, catalysts, ultraviolet absorbers, and plasticizers.
9. AUTOMOBILE PAINTS
Coating :
A generic term for paint, lacquer, enamel, or other
liquid or liquefiable material that is converted to a solid,
protective, or decorative film or a combination of these
types of films after application.
Automobile finishing has at least four coatings:
1. Electro coat primer 2. Primer Surfacer
3. Base coat 4. Clear coat.
11. ELECTROCOAT PRIMER
They are epoxy-based resins electroplated on to surface to
prevent corrosion
They are uniform in color. They are first layer. They are
usually black or grey in color.
12. PRIMER SURFACER
Originally intended for corrosion control before base coat.
It smoothes out e or hides imperfections or seams.
Color pigments are used to prime for color.
Ex. Gray used for pastels
Red oxide used under dark colors
13. BASE COAT
Base coat is the pigment that provides appearance of the
finish.
Integrity depends on its ability to resist weather, UV
radiation, and acid rain
Acrylic based polymer comprises binder.
Heavy metals like lead and chrome no longer used. In
favor now is organic based pigments.
14. CLEAR COAT
They are unpigmented coat used to improve gloss,
durability, and appearance.
Most of them are acrylic based
Polyurethane clear coats are becoming more popular.
It offers great resistance and gives good appearance.
15. PHYSICALAND CHEMICAL
FEATURES OF PAINT
Paint films are characterized by number of physical and
chemical features.
The physical characteristics may include color, layer
sequence, thickness, surface and layer features,
contaminants and weathering.
Chemical components may include pigments, polymers
and additives.
These features can be evaluated by various chemicals and
instrumental methods.
16. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND
LAYER ANALYSIS
The layers in a paint film are identified by viewing the
sample edges at magnifications ranging between 5× and
100×.
Definitive paint layer identification usually requires sample
preparation techniques such as manual or microtome
sectioning, edge mounting and polishing, or both.
A combination of techniques may be required to fully
characterize the layer structure.
The extent of sample manipulation and preparation will
depend on the amount of paint available and its
characteristics.
17. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND
LAYER ANALYSIS
Paint layer structure can be observed by using a scalpel blade to
make an oblique cut through a sample. The larger surface area
created by this angled cut may enhance layer visualization and
assist in the detection of layer in homogeneities.
The preparation of thin-sections and the separation of paint layers
can be accomplished with a scalpel blade. Preliminary solvent tests
can be conducted on the manually prepared sections and layer
fractions.
Subtle differences in color, pigment appearance, surface details,
inclusions, metallic and pearlescent flake size and distribution, and
layer defects may require microscopical comparisons of the edge,
oblique cut, and surface views of known and questioned paint
samples. These comparisons must be carried out with both samples
20. TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED.
For the examination of paint, the following instrumental
techniques are applied.
1. Microscopy.
2. Spectroscopy.
3. Chromatography.
21. MICROSCOPY
Following microscopic techniques are used to analyze the paint
samples.
1. Polarized Light Microscopy[PLM]
2. Scanning Electron Microscopy[SEM]
3. Transmission Electron Microscopy[TEM]
4. Optical Light Microscopy.
22. POLARIZED LIGHT
MICROSCOPY [PLM]
Polarized Light Microscopy is appropriate for the examination of
Layer structure as well as for the comparison or identification of
particles present in a paint film including pigments, extenders,
additives, and contaminants.
Extenders and other components of a paint film are generally of
sufficient size to be identified by their morphology and optical
properties using this technique.
Particles to be examined are generally 1-20 μm – smaller than one
thousandth of a millimeter. Each type of pigment reacts differently to
these polarized light rays so that every single particle can be identified.
26. SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-
EDS) can be used to characterize the morphology and elemental
composition of paint samples.
The SEM raster an electron beam over a selected area of a sample,
producing emission of signals including X-rays, back scattered
electrons, and secondary electrons. Emitted X-rays produce
information regarding the presence of specific elements, and the
electron signals produce compositional and topographical visualization
of a sample.
The depth from which X-rays are produced (the analytical volume) is
dependent upon beam energy, composition and density of the sample,
and energy of the X-rays.
27. SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
After a hit and run accident, often
small car paint flakes can be found at
the crime scene. Car paint consists out
of different layers of paint.
Comparisons are made between flakes
from a suspect vehicle and the
specimen in order to find a match.
The picture shows a paint flake
revealing various paint layers.
29. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
With an electron microscope, featuring electromagnetic
lenses and special detectors, it is possible to examine very
small particles.
In a Transmission Electron Microscope, electrons are
speeded up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely
short.
Beams of these fast-moving electrons are focused on an
extremely thin paint sample which absorbs or scatter them,
there by forming an image of particles in the sample.
30. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY
A TEM can achieve the magnification factor of approximately
one million making possibly to view an object as small as atom.
This sample is approximately 12 microns. This reveals that the
paint chiefly consists of evenly dispersed extremely fine white
pigment particles in binding medium.
31. OPTICAL LIGHT MICROSCOPY
To study the uppermost layer of a painting, researchers use
an optical microscope.
There are various kinds of microscope available, ranging
from small models giving 3x to 10x magnification to large
instruments with magnification factors of up to 50x.
The microscope lenses enable the condition and certain
physical aspects of the painting to be assessed, revealing
details of the brushwork, the kinds of pigments used, the
texture of the paint layer, restorations and damage.
33. SPECTROSCOPY
Following microscopic techniques are used to analyze the
paint samples.
1. Vibrational Spectroscopy [IR Spectroscopy]
2. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
3. Microspectrophotometry
4. Raman Spectroscopy
34. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) may be used to obtain
information about binders, pigments, and additives used in
various types of coating materials. Because the paint
fragments to be analyzed are often quite small, a beam
condensing or focusing device is normally required, and a
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer is
recommended.
Both transmittance and reflectance techniques may be
used for the analysis of coatings, but in most cases,
transmittance methods are preferred because all the
sampling wavelengths are subjected to the same path
lengths and most of the reference data of coatings, binders,
pigments, and additives consist of transmittance spectra.
35. VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY
In addition, transmittance data are not significantly affected by
collection parameters such as type of refractive element used,
angle of incidence chosen for analysis, or the degree to which the
sample makes contact with the refractive element. These factors
affect spectra obtained using internal reflectance methods.
If a multiple-layer coating system is to be subjected to an
infrared examination, optimal results can be obtained if each
layer is isolated and analyzed separately.
Methods that use solvents to assist in the sample preparation
should be used with caution because they might alter the sample
or result in the production of residual solvent spectral
absorptions.
38. X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
XRF is an elemental analysis technique based upon the
emission of characteristic X-rays following excitation of the
sample by an X-ray source.
XRF analysis is less spatially discriminating than SEM-
EDS because of its larger analytical beam size and the
greater penetration depth of X-rays compared to electrons.
However, the limits of detection for most elements are
generally better than for SEM-EDS, and the higher energy
X-ray lines produced by higher energy excitation typical of
XRF can be useful during qualitative analysis.
39. X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Because of the significant penetration depth of the primary
X-rays, XRF analysis will generally yield elemental data
from several, if not all, layers of a typical multilayer paint
fragment simultaneously.
Because variations in layer thickness may cause variations
in the X-ray ratios of elements present, this technique can
be used only comparatively or qualitatively.
42. MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Microspectrophotometry may be required to provide
objective color data for paint comparison because of the
typically small size of samples.
The technique can be applied to the outer surfaces of paint
films by diffuse reflectance (DR) measurements with
visible spectrum illumination.
Diffuse reflectance measurements of paint surfaces are
affected profoundly by surface conditions such as
weathering, abrasion, contamination, and texture.
43. MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY
This fact can provide useful discriminating information
when an examiner is faced with distinguishing different
surfaces that were originally painted with the same paint
formulation.
Careful reference sampling is essential to the success of
color comparisons of such surfaces.
Diffuse reflectance techniques can also be used on the
edges of thin paint layers much as it is on outer paint
surfaces.
44. MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Before analysis, questioned and known samples can be
mounted side by side on edge and polished to a smooth
surface using a polish of 3-micron grit size or less.
The requirement for consistent surface finish
characteristics for all samples is achieved easily if the
known and questioned samples are mounted and prepared
in a single mount.
When required for the discrimination of similarly colored
paint layers, the surface finish of a polished sample must
approach the size of the smallest pigment particles present.
46. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
Raman spectroscopy is not yet used for routine paint
examination, but it has many potential benefits, particularly the
speed in which it can be applied and the fact that it is a non-
invasive method that can be used to screen paints of all types.
This focuses on discriminating single layer white architectural
paint.
The white paint samples varied in manufacturer and finish
(gloss, matt, satin), but were all nominally “pure white”.
The samples were prepared according to the manufacturers’
instructions, painted onto fresh aluminum surfaces (1 cm2).
47. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
The Raman Spectrograph of White paint samples .
Three Raman Paint
Spectrograph.
48. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
The major advantage of Raman approach is the high
reproducibility in spectra which allows even a small
difference in relative intensity [rather than simple absence
or presence of features ] to be used in discriminating
different samples.
Raman spectroscopy is rapid technique that gives
information regarding both binder and inorganic
constituents.
50. CHROMATOGRAPHY
The most common chromatographic techniques employed
for analysis of paints is Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography.
Automobile paints are analyzed by this techniques.
Automotive finishes are highly complex polymer systems
made of multiple layers of copolymers, each formulated to
perform a specific function.
51. CHROMATOGRAPHY
The inclusion of inorganic compounds such as oxides of
metals and aluminum particles for opacity and visual effect
make the finished product difficult to analyze using
standard laboratory instruments.
They may, however, be analyzed by gas chromatography
mass spectrometry with the addition of a pyrolyzer at the
GC-inlet.
Pyrolysis reduces the polymeric content of the paint to
volatiles compatible with gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry, leaving the inorganic constituents behind.
52. CHROMATOGRAPHY
The paints used for automobiles usually include familiar
polymer monomers such as methyl methacrylate, styrene,
butyl acrylate and butyl methacrylate.
The presence or absence of specific monomers helps
distinguish one paint from others, as does the relative
amounts of the monomers common to two paints. It also
helps in determining approximate age of paints.
53. CHROMATOGRAPHY
Total Ion Chromatogram
resulting from the pyrolysis of a
paint sample at 750 °C for 15
seconds.
Mass spectrum of peak number
7 from the pyrogram shown in
Figure 1, identified as
hydroxypropyl methacrylate.