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PAGE 1 Name:______________________________ HOW DO POPULATIONS GROW? Student Guide Thomas Austin was an Englishman who migrated to southern Australia to farm the land. His property, Barwon Park was located near Winchelsea, Victoria. In October of 1859, homesick for his homeland and the hunting he used to enjoy, Thomas enlisted his nephew, William Austin who still resided in England, to send two dozen wild English rabbits, which Thomas then released onto his land. Thomas dismissed the act as benign, not realizing the drastic consequences of his actions. Due to the well-known prolific nature of rabbits, and the suitability of the Australian climate, within 6 years, this population of 24 rabbits had increased to 22 million. By the 1930’s, Australia’s rabbit populations were estimated to exceed 750 million! How did the populations grow so large, so quickly? And what might the consequences be on the local ecosystem? Procedure 1. Select a partner to work with and obtain 10 pennies. The pennies represent 10 individual rabbits in a population. Place the pennies in a container and shake them up. Pour them out onto a table. Each penny that lands with a tail showing represents a rabbit that gets to produce an offspring that is added to the original population of 10. [So chances are that approximately five individuals got to reproduce and your new population contains about 15 individuals (i.e., about 15 pennies)]. Now remove 10% of your population representing individuals that have died. Round down if the number is not an integer. 2. Repeat this procedure several times until the rabbit population exceeds 100 individuals. After each episode of births and deaths (i.e., after each “generation”), record the population size (i.e., the total number of pennies) in the chart below. Also record the Idealized population size (given that exactly half of your individuals reproduced each generation with NO ONE dying—go ahead and report the idealized numbers in decimals, but only keep two decimals. I’ve gotten it started for you.) Flip/Generation Number Experimental Population Size Idealized Population Size (no death) 0 10 10 1 15 2 22.5 3 33.75 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3. Using the graph on the next page, plot population size (on the y axis) versus flip/generation number (on the x axis). Use the data on your graph to determine the slope during each time interval (REMEMBER: slope is the change in y over the change in x, or rise over run; i.e., slope = (y/(x). Record the slopes below. Interval Slope Between generations 0 and 1 Between generations 1 and 2 Between generations 2 and 3 Between generations 3 and 4 Between generations 4 and 5 Between generations 5 and 6 Between generations 6 and 7 Between generations 7 and 8 .
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Name:______________________________
HOW DO POPULATIONS GROW?
Student Guide
Thomas Austin was an Englishman who migrated to southern
Australia to farm the land. His property, Barwon Park was
located near Winchelsea, Victoria. In October of 1859,
homesick for his homeland and the hunting he used to enjoy,
Thomas enlisted his nephew, William Austin who still resided
in England, to send two dozen wild English rabbits, which
Thomas then released onto his land. Thomas dismissed the act
as benign, not realizing the drastic consequences of his actions.
Due to the well-known prolific nature of rabbits, and the
suitability of the Australian climate, within 6 years, this
population of 24 rabbits had increased to 22 million. By the
1930’s, Australia’s rabbit populations were estimated to exceed
750 million! How did the populations grow so large, so
quickly? And what might the consequences be on the local
ecosystem?
Procedure
1. Select a partner to work with and obtain 10 pennies. The
pennies represent 10 individual rabbits in a population. Place
the pennies in a container and shake them up. Pour them out
onto a table. Each penny that lands with a tail showing
represents a rabbit that gets to produce an offspring that is
added to the original population of 10. [So chances are that
approximately five individuals got to reproduce and your new
population contains about 15 individuals (i.e., about 15
pennies)]. Now remove 10% of your population representing](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/page1namehowdopopulat-221114040042-922d5e81/85/PAGE-1Name______________________________HOW-DO-POPULAT-docx-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
14 (2013).pptx
Population ecology studies how organism numbers change over time and space and the factors influencing these changes. Key concepts include:
- Populations are groups of the same species in a defined area, with measures including population density and dispersion patterns.
- Populations can grow exponentially if birth and death rates remain constant, but density dependence causes logistic/sigmoidal growth towards an equilibrium carrying capacity K.
- Life histories vary along an r-K continuum, with r-selected populations having high reproduction and mortality and K-selected having lower reproduction but higher survival and competition.
- Capture-recapture methods can estimate unknown population sizes using marked and recaptured individuals.
Stochastic Birth-Death Processes in Wolf Species
- The document analyzes Swedish wolf population data from 1980 to 2001 using stochastic birth-death processes and logistic growth models.
- It finds that after an initial period of low population growth due to inbreeding, the population grew exponentially from 1991 to 2000 after a Russian wolf was introduced, increasing genetic diversity.
- A logistic growth model is presented that accounts for a minimum viable population size and carrying capacity to better model the wolf population dynamics over time.
Duckweed LabAn Experimental Study of Population Growth Introd.docx
Duckweed Lab:
An Experimental Study of Population Growth
Introduction (3/2 or 3/3)
How populations change over time, using genetics, allows us to understand how microevolution works. To understand the ecology of a population, we need to know how they grow or decline. There are two components that need to be considered in studying population growth. First is the data collection. Gathering data on an existing population and documenting the number of births and deaths can give us a picture of what is actually going on in the population. We can see if the population is growing or shrinking. The second component is using the data to model and predict how the population will grow or shrink in the future. Thus, understanding population growth has important implications in terms of conservation and management.
How a population grows or declines can easily be determined by counting the number of births and deaths in a given time. This can be determined by using the following equation:
∆𝑁
∆𝑡 = 𝐵 − 𝐷
Where DN/Dt is the change in population size (N) over a given time (t). B is the number of births and D is the number of deaths, which is easy enough. However, this information is limited. It can only tell us what is going on now (what we are actually observing and what has occurred in the past), but it will not allow us to predict what will happen in the future. To be able to do this, we need to determine the birth and death rates per capita (or per individual). The per capita birth and death rates are symbolized by b and d, respectively. These rates are multiplied by the population number (N) because birth and death relies on how many individuals are in a population. Thus, the equation above can be modified to the following equation:
∆𝑁
∆𝑡 =𝑏𝑁−𝑑𝑁
Now, the above formula can be simplified if we assume r to equal b – d as the per capita growth rate. Additionally, it would be helpful if we can determine the growth rate in very short time frames. This is because populations fluctuate regularly such that the growth rate in the first year may not the same as the growth rate in the second year. Thus, we can further modify the above equation to the following:
𝑑𝑁
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑟𝑁
Let’s assume, in a population, that the same amount of individuals are born (b) and die (d). This means that r = 0. If r = 0, then 0 * N is 0. This means that the population is not growing, and whatever N was will stay the same. If we assume that there are more individuals dying than are being born, this means that r < 0 (some negative number). This means that the population will decline. For example, if the birth rate is 0.5 and the death rate is 1, this will result in r being -0.5. This means that in a population of 100, dN/dt = -0.5 * 100 = -50, which leads to the population decreasing in size by 50 individuals (100 – 50 = 50). In contrast, if the birth rate is greater than
BIOL251 Spring 2020 Updated 12/03/20 Alejandrino 1
Duckweed Lab:
An Experimental Study of Population
Project #4 Urban Population Dynamics This project will acquaint y.pdf
Project #4: Urban Population Dynamics This project will acquaint you with population
modeling and how linear algebra tools may be used to study it. Background Kolman, pages
305-307. Population modeling is useful from many different perspectives: planners at the city,
state, and national level who look at human populations and need forecasts of populations in
order to do planning for future needs. These future needs include housing, schools, care for the
elderly, jobs, and utilities such as electricity,water and transportation. businesses do population
planning so as to predict how the portions of the population that use their product will be
changing. Ecologists use population models to study ecological systems, especially those where
endangered species are involved so as to try to find measures that will restore the population.
medical researchers treat microorganisms and viruses as populations and seek to understand the
dynamics of their populations; especially why some thrive in certain environments but don\'t in
others. In human situations, it is normal to take intervals of 10 years as the census is taken every
10 years. Thus the age groups would be 0-9,10-19,11-20 etc , so 8 or 9 age categories would
probably be appropriate. The survival fractions would then show the fraction of \"newborns\" (0-
9) who survive to age 10, the fraction of 10 to 19 year olds who survive to 20 etc. This type of
data is compiled, for example, by actuaries working for insurance companies for life and medical
insurance purposes. The basic equations we begin with are (1) x(k+1) = Ax(k) k=0,1,2,. . . and
x(0) given with solution found iteratively to be (2) x(k) = Akx(0) (see Kolman for details of the
structure of A, which is 7 x 7 in this case). Your Project Suppose we are studying the
population dynamics of Los Angeles for the purpose of making a planning proposal to the city
which will form the basis for predicting school, transportation, housing, water, and electrical
needs for the years from 2000 on. As above, we take the unit of time to be 10 years, and take 7
age groups: 0-9,10-19,...,50-59,60+. Suppose further that the population distribution as of 1990
(the last census) is (3.1, 2.8, 2.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.8, 2.9) (x105 ) and that the Leslie matrix,A, for this
model appears as Part One: Interpret carefully each of the nonzero terms in the matrix. In
addition, indicate what factors you think might change those numbers (they might be social,
economical, political or environmental). Part Two: Predict: what the population distribution
will look like in 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2030 what the total population will be in each of those
years by what fraction the total population changed each year Additionally, what does your
software tell you the largest, positive eigenvalue of A is? Part Three: Decide if you believe the
population is going to zero, becoming stable, or is unstable in the long run. Be sure and describe
in your write up how you arrived at your conclusion. If.
Linear Algebra Project Urban Population Dynamics This project is.pdf
Linear Algebra Project : Urban Population Dynamics
This project is about population modeling and how linear algebra tools may be used to study it.
Background
Population modeling is useful from dierent perpectives :
1. planners at the city, state, and national level who look at human populations and need
forecasts of
populations in order to do planning for future needs. These future needs include housing,
schools, care
for elderly, jobs, and utilities such as electricity, water and transportation.
2. businesses do population planning so as to predict how the portions of the population that use
their
product will be changing.
3. ecologists use population models to study ecological systems, especially those where
endangered species
are involved so as to try to nd measures that will restore the population.
4. medical researchers treat microorganisms and viruses as populations and seek to understand
the dy-
namics of their populations ; especially why some thrive in certain environments but don\'t in
others.
In human situations, it is normal to take the intervals of 10 years as the census is taken every 10
years.
Thus the age groups would be 0-9, 10-19, 20-29 etc, so 8 or 9 age categories would probably be
appropriate.
The survival fractions would then show the fraction of \"newborns\" (0-9) who survive to age
10, the fraction
of 10 to 19 years old who survive to 20 etc. This type of data is compiled, for example, by
actuaries working
for insurance companies for life and medical insurance purposes.
The basic equations we begin with are
x(k + 1) = Ax(k) k = 0; 1; 2; ::: and x(0) given (0.1)
with solution found iteratively to be
x(k) = Akx(0) (0.2)
Your project
Suppose we are studying the population dynamics of Los Angeles for the purpose of making
planning proposal.
As above, we take the unit of time to be 10 years, and take 7 age groups : 0-9, 10-19,..., 50-59,
60+. Suppose
further that the population distribution as of 1990 is
(3:1; 2:8; 2:0; 2:5; 2:0; 1:8; 2:9)(105)
1
and that the Leslie matrix, A, for this model appears as
A :=
2
666666664
:2 1:2 1:1 :9 :1 0 0
:7 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 :82 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 :97 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 :97 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 :90 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 :87 0
3
777777775
Part One :
Interpret carefully each of the nonzero terms in the matrix. In addition, indicate what factors you
think
might change those numbers (they might be social, economical, political or environmental).
Part Two :
Predict :
what the population distribution will look like in 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030 ?
what the total population will be in each of these years ?
by what fraction the total population changed each year ?
Additionally, what does your software tell you the largest positive eigenvalue of A is ?
Part Three :
Decide if you believe the population is going to zero, becoming stable, or is unstable in the long
run. Be
sure and describe in your write up how you arrived at your conclusion. If you have decided it is
unstable,
simulate it long enough that the column matrices for.
Exploring australian economy and diversity
The document discusses analyzing population, job vacancy, and unemployment rate data for various Australian states over time. Key findings include:
- The populations of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland have been gradually increasing over time. Queensland has the lowest population.
- Job vacancies in Victoria have fluctuated over time, with a maximum around 72000 and minimum around 32000. A linear regression model fits the recent data better than all the data.
- The maximum unemployment rate in Victoria was 12.55% in 1993. Unemployment and job vacancies are inversely related.
- A motion chart shows unemployment rates, job vacancy rates, and populations changing over time for each state. Tasmania generally has
The last major idea in population dynamics is the idea of a minimum .pdf
The last major idea in population dynamics is the idea of a minimum threshold for a species in a
habitat. For some species, survival is not possible if the population size gets too small because of
natural interdependence. (Keep in mind that this is over and above the minimum threshold of two
animals required for sexual reproduction.) A differential equation that models that situation is
dN/ dt = rN (1 N/ T )( 1 N/ K) where 0 < T < K. Based on your experiences so far, choose
appropriate values of r, T, and K and plot a slope field. (a) Convince yourself that your slope
field indeed models a population of animals that is subject to a minimum threshold in order to
survive. (b) Describe the stability of each equilibrium you see. (c) Investigate the affect of
harvesting on this population. Explain how harvesting affects the equilibria and include slope
fields to support your answer. (d) Draw a bifurcation diagram and point out the bifurcation point.
What does that mean in terms of harvesting?
Solution
Exponential development is the rate of growth of population in the presence of unlimited
resources. Exponential development is also know as Density independent growth.
dN/dt = rN
dN is the adjustment or change in population measure
\"r\" is rate of increment of population (births-passings)
Logistic growth is the rate of development of populace when resources are constrained. The
growth is named as density dependent growth.
We represent the logistic growth by Sigmoidal or S-formed growth bend or curve.
dN/dt = rN [1-N/K]; where K is the carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is basically the maximum size of the population supported by the environment.
The development in populace stops at K.
The natural or environmental components modify and make the K to change.
a) Natural growth equation more genereally represented as
P(t) = P0 * ert
where P is the populace at given time t and r is the rate of development of populace
Logistic Growth dependably will exist in between carrying capacity, K and it will indicate S
formed development curve while exponential development or growth seems to move higher.
This development pattern is found in populaces that have entry to constrained resources. The
loest populace develops exponentially at first. Be that as it may, when the constrained resources
begin demonstrating their effects the development or growth slows down and achieves a the
carrying capacity or limiting value.
b) Logistic growth demonstrates discrete and continuous development models.
The discrete model demonstrates that populace development is reliant on most extreme rate of
development, carrying capacity, and rate of per-capita increment of the populace. Logistic
growth is ceaseless when the individual imitates at the rate that decreases as a linear function of
size of populace.
Equation for persistent model is dN/dt = r*N (1-N/K)
In populaces that are lower than K will increment in size while that are higher than K will
diminish in size. K will stay stea.
Populations LabLAB #3, PART I ESTIMATING POPULATION SIZEO.docx
Populations Lab
LAB #3, PART I: ESTIMATING POPULATION SIZE
OBJECTIVE: To estimate population sizes and dynamics, you will be able to:
1. Compare and contrast methods of estimating population size (CLO #1)
2. Explain and use simple mathematical models of population dynamics (CLO #2)
3. Synthesize your research with the primary literature in ecology (CLO #3)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Estimating the size of populations of organisms is a central problem in field ecology. It is one of the most basic pieces of information we can collect and is an important start for other ecological studies and conservation and management efforts. There are several ways to evaluate organism count (pop. size) or density (count/area), which are two means of characterizing populations
Sometimes, it is sufficient to evaluate organism relative abundance (relative representation of a species in a particular location). In that case, an ecologist can use indices. Indices are anything that can be correlated to the number of organisms in a given habitat (e. g., feces pellets, browsed branches, tracks, plant cover, etc.).
When population size is necessary, population estimates can be developed with a number of sampling and mathematical methods. Since it is rarely feasible to count an entire population, ecologists count a portion of the population and then estimate the total population size using mathematical functions. This can be done a number of ways, but in this exercise we will use two of the most common: density methods and mark-recapture methods.
Density method: In this method, ecologists will count the number of individuals in a prescribed area and then scale this measurement up to estimate the whole population size. Transect methods, in which an ecologist traverses a transect and counts individuals at specific locations along the line, are commonly used for plants and occasionally for animals.
Density methods require a few key assumptions:
1. The population is confined to a specific area
2. Individuals are readily detectable
3. Count areas are extensive relative to area occupied by population
Using these assumptions, ecologists use various models to calculate population size. In this lab, you will use a simple Seber (1973) model:
where N = the population estimate, N0 = the average number of organisms found in a plot. And p = the ratio of the individual plot area to total area (e.g. 25 cm2/820 cm2). Once you have calculated No, use the equation above to calculate N.
Confidence intervals provide a measure of the precision of our estimate (population size, N, in this case). A 95% confidence interval is a range of values that is thought to contain the true population size 95% of the time…that is, if you repeat your sampling and confidence interval calculation 100 times, the confidence intervals will capture the true value 95 of those times. To calculate the 95% confidence interval we can simply calculate the upper and lower confidence limits for N0 and then .
Recommended
14 (2013).pptx
Population ecology studies how organism numbers change over time and space and the factors influencing these changes. Key concepts include:
- Populations are groups of the same species in a defined area, with measures including population density and dispersion patterns.
- Populations can grow exponentially if birth and death rates remain constant, but density dependence causes logistic/sigmoidal growth towards an equilibrium carrying capacity K.
- Life histories vary along an r-K continuum, with r-selected populations having high reproduction and mortality and K-selected having lower reproduction but higher survival and competition.
- Capture-recapture methods can estimate unknown population sizes using marked and recaptured individuals.
Stochastic Birth-Death Processes in Wolf Species
- The document analyzes Swedish wolf population data from 1980 to 2001 using stochastic birth-death processes and logistic growth models.
- It finds that after an initial period of low population growth due to inbreeding, the population grew exponentially from 1991 to 2000 after a Russian wolf was introduced, increasing genetic diversity.
- A logistic growth model is presented that accounts for a minimum viable population size and carrying capacity to better model the wolf population dynamics over time.
Duckweed LabAn Experimental Study of Population Growth Introd.docx
Duckweed Lab:
An Experimental Study of Population Growth
Introduction (3/2 or 3/3)
How populations change over time, using genetics, allows us to understand how microevolution works. To understand the ecology of a population, we need to know how they grow or decline. There are two components that need to be considered in studying population growth. First is the data collection. Gathering data on an existing population and documenting the number of births and deaths can give us a picture of what is actually going on in the population. We can see if the population is growing or shrinking. The second component is using the data to model and predict how the population will grow or shrink in the future. Thus, understanding population growth has important implications in terms of conservation and management.
How a population grows or declines can easily be determined by counting the number of births and deaths in a given time. This can be determined by using the following equation:
∆𝑁
∆𝑡 = 𝐵 − 𝐷
Where DN/Dt is the change in population size (N) over a given time (t). B is the number of births and D is the number of deaths, which is easy enough. However, this information is limited. It can only tell us what is going on now (what we are actually observing and what has occurred in the past), but it will not allow us to predict what will happen in the future. To be able to do this, we need to determine the birth and death rates per capita (or per individual). The per capita birth and death rates are symbolized by b and d, respectively. These rates are multiplied by the population number (N) because birth and death relies on how many individuals are in a population. Thus, the equation above can be modified to the following equation:
∆𝑁
∆𝑡 =𝑏𝑁−𝑑𝑁
Now, the above formula can be simplified if we assume r to equal b – d as the per capita growth rate. Additionally, it would be helpful if we can determine the growth rate in very short time frames. This is because populations fluctuate regularly such that the growth rate in the first year may not the same as the growth rate in the second year. Thus, we can further modify the above equation to the following:
𝑑𝑁
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑟𝑁
Let’s assume, in a population, that the same amount of individuals are born (b) and die (d). This means that r = 0. If r = 0, then 0 * N is 0. This means that the population is not growing, and whatever N was will stay the same. If we assume that there are more individuals dying than are being born, this means that r < 0 (some negative number). This means that the population will decline. For example, if the birth rate is 0.5 and the death rate is 1, this will result in r being -0.5. This means that in a population of 100, dN/dt = -0.5 * 100 = -50, which leads to the population decreasing in size by 50 individuals (100 – 50 = 50). In contrast, if the birth rate is greater than
BIOL251 Spring 2020 Updated 12/03/20 Alejandrino 1
Duckweed Lab:
An Experimental Study of Population
Project #4 Urban Population Dynamics This project will acquaint y.pdf
Project #4: Urban Population Dynamics This project will acquaint you with population
modeling and how linear algebra tools may be used to study it. Background Kolman, pages
305-307. Population modeling is useful from many different perspectives: planners at the city,
state, and national level who look at human populations and need forecasts of populations in
order to do planning for future needs. These future needs include housing, schools, care for the
elderly, jobs, and utilities such as electricity,water and transportation. businesses do population
planning so as to predict how the portions of the population that use their product will be
changing. Ecologists use population models to study ecological systems, especially those where
endangered species are involved so as to try to find measures that will restore the population.
medical researchers treat microorganisms and viruses as populations and seek to understand the
dynamics of their populations; especially why some thrive in certain environments but don\'t in
others. In human situations, it is normal to take intervals of 10 years as the census is taken every
10 years. Thus the age groups would be 0-9,10-19,11-20 etc , so 8 or 9 age categories would
probably be appropriate. The survival fractions would then show the fraction of \"newborns\" (0-
9) who survive to age 10, the fraction of 10 to 19 year olds who survive to 20 etc. This type of
data is compiled, for example, by actuaries working for insurance companies for life and medical
insurance purposes. The basic equations we begin with are (1) x(k+1) = Ax(k) k=0,1,2,. . . and
x(0) given with solution found iteratively to be (2) x(k) = Akx(0) (see Kolman for details of the
structure of A, which is 7 x 7 in this case). Your Project Suppose we are studying the
population dynamics of Los Angeles for the purpose of making a planning proposal to the city
which will form the basis for predicting school, transportation, housing, water, and electrical
needs for the years from 2000 on. As above, we take the unit of time to be 10 years, and take 7
age groups: 0-9,10-19,...,50-59,60+. Suppose further that the population distribution as of 1990
(the last census) is (3.1, 2.8, 2.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.8, 2.9) (x105 ) and that the Leslie matrix,A, for this
model appears as Part One: Interpret carefully each of the nonzero terms in the matrix. In
addition, indicate what factors you think might change those numbers (they might be social,
economical, political or environmental). Part Two: Predict: what the population distribution
will look like in 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2030 what the total population will be in each of those
years by what fraction the total population changed each year Additionally, what does your
software tell you the largest, positive eigenvalue of A is? Part Three: Decide if you believe the
population is going to zero, becoming stable, or is unstable in the long run. Be sure and describe
in your write up how you arrived at your conclusion. If.
Linear Algebra Project Urban Population Dynamics This project is.pdf
Linear Algebra Project : Urban Population Dynamics
This project is about population modeling and how linear algebra tools may be used to study it.
Background
Population modeling is useful from dierent perpectives :
1. planners at the city, state, and national level who look at human populations and need
forecasts of
populations in order to do planning for future needs. These future needs include housing,
schools, care
for elderly, jobs, and utilities such as electricity, water and transportation.
2. businesses do population planning so as to predict how the portions of the population that use
their
product will be changing.
3. ecologists use population models to study ecological systems, especially those where
endangered species
are involved so as to try to nd measures that will restore the population.
4. medical researchers treat microorganisms and viruses as populations and seek to understand
the dy-
namics of their populations ; especially why some thrive in certain environments but don\'t in
others.
In human situations, it is normal to take the intervals of 10 years as the census is taken every 10
years.
Thus the age groups would be 0-9, 10-19, 20-29 etc, so 8 or 9 age categories would probably be
appropriate.
The survival fractions would then show the fraction of \"newborns\" (0-9) who survive to age
10, the fraction
of 10 to 19 years old who survive to 20 etc. This type of data is compiled, for example, by
actuaries working
for insurance companies for life and medical insurance purposes.
The basic equations we begin with are
x(k + 1) = Ax(k) k = 0; 1; 2; ::: and x(0) given (0.1)
with solution found iteratively to be
x(k) = Akx(0) (0.2)
Your project
Suppose we are studying the population dynamics of Los Angeles for the purpose of making
planning proposal.
As above, we take the unit of time to be 10 years, and take 7 age groups : 0-9, 10-19,..., 50-59,
60+. Suppose
further that the population distribution as of 1990 is
(3:1; 2:8; 2:0; 2:5; 2:0; 1:8; 2:9)(105)
1
and that the Leslie matrix, A, for this model appears as
A :=
2
666666664
:2 1:2 1:1 :9 :1 0 0
:7 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 :82 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 :97 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 :97 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 :90 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 :87 0
3
777777775
Part One :
Interpret carefully each of the nonzero terms in the matrix. In addition, indicate what factors you
think
might change those numbers (they might be social, economical, political or environmental).
Part Two :
Predict :
what the population distribution will look like in 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030 ?
what the total population will be in each of these years ?
by what fraction the total population changed each year ?
Additionally, what does your software tell you the largest positive eigenvalue of A is ?
Part Three :
Decide if you believe the population is going to zero, becoming stable, or is unstable in the long
run. Be
sure and describe in your write up how you arrived at your conclusion. If you have decided it is
unstable,
simulate it long enough that the column matrices for.
Exploring australian economy and diversity
The document discusses analyzing population, job vacancy, and unemployment rate data for various Australian states over time. Key findings include:
- The populations of Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland have been gradually increasing over time. Queensland has the lowest population.
- Job vacancies in Victoria have fluctuated over time, with a maximum around 72000 and minimum around 32000. A linear regression model fits the recent data better than all the data.
- The maximum unemployment rate in Victoria was 12.55% in 1993. Unemployment and job vacancies are inversely related.
- A motion chart shows unemployment rates, job vacancy rates, and populations changing over time for each state. Tasmania generally has
The last major idea in population dynamics is the idea of a minimum .pdf
The last major idea in population dynamics is the idea of a minimum threshold for a species in a
habitat. For some species, survival is not possible if the population size gets too small because of
natural interdependence. (Keep in mind that this is over and above the minimum threshold of two
animals required for sexual reproduction.) A differential equation that models that situation is
dN/ dt = rN (1 N/ T )( 1 N/ K) where 0 < T < K. Based on your experiences so far, choose
appropriate values of r, T, and K and plot a slope field. (a) Convince yourself that your slope
field indeed models a population of animals that is subject to a minimum threshold in order to
survive. (b) Describe the stability of each equilibrium you see. (c) Investigate the affect of
harvesting on this population. Explain how harvesting affects the equilibria and include slope
fields to support your answer. (d) Draw a bifurcation diagram and point out the bifurcation point.
What does that mean in terms of harvesting?
Solution
Exponential development is the rate of growth of population in the presence of unlimited
resources. Exponential development is also know as Density independent growth.
dN/dt = rN
dN is the adjustment or change in population measure
\"r\" is rate of increment of population (births-passings)
Logistic growth is the rate of development of populace when resources are constrained. The
growth is named as density dependent growth.
We represent the logistic growth by Sigmoidal or S-formed growth bend or curve.
dN/dt = rN [1-N/K]; where K is the carrying capacity
Carrying capacity is basically the maximum size of the population supported by the environment.
The development in populace stops at K.
The natural or environmental components modify and make the K to change.
a) Natural growth equation more genereally represented as
P(t) = P0 * ert
where P is the populace at given time t and r is the rate of development of populace
Logistic Growth dependably will exist in between carrying capacity, K and it will indicate S
formed development curve while exponential development or growth seems to move higher.
This development pattern is found in populaces that have entry to constrained resources. The
loest populace develops exponentially at first. Be that as it may, when the constrained resources
begin demonstrating their effects the development or growth slows down and achieves a the
carrying capacity or limiting value.
b) Logistic growth demonstrates discrete and continuous development models.
The discrete model demonstrates that populace development is reliant on most extreme rate of
development, carrying capacity, and rate of per-capita increment of the populace. Logistic
growth is ceaseless when the individual imitates at the rate that decreases as a linear function of
size of populace.
Equation for persistent model is dN/dt = r*N (1-N/K)
In populaces that are lower than K will increment in size while that are higher than K will
diminish in size. K will stay stea.
Populations LabLAB #3, PART I ESTIMATING POPULATION SIZEO.docx
Populations Lab
LAB #3, PART I: ESTIMATING POPULATION SIZE
OBJECTIVE: To estimate population sizes and dynamics, you will be able to:
1. Compare and contrast methods of estimating population size (CLO #1)
2. Explain and use simple mathematical models of population dynamics (CLO #2)
3. Synthesize your research with the primary literature in ecology (CLO #3)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
Estimating the size of populations of organisms is a central problem in field ecology. It is one of the most basic pieces of information we can collect and is an important start for other ecological studies and conservation and management efforts. There are several ways to evaluate organism count (pop. size) or density (count/area), which are two means of characterizing populations
Sometimes, it is sufficient to evaluate organism relative abundance (relative representation of a species in a particular location). In that case, an ecologist can use indices. Indices are anything that can be correlated to the number of organisms in a given habitat (e. g., feces pellets, browsed branches, tracks, plant cover, etc.).
When population size is necessary, population estimates can be developed with a number of sampling and mathematical methods. Since it is rarely feasible to count an entire population, ecologists count a portion of the population and then estimate the total population size using mathematical functions. This can be done a number of ways, but in this exercise we will use two of the most common: density methods and mark-recapture methods.
Density method: In this method, ecologists will count the number of individuals in a prescribed area and then scale this measurement up to estimate the whole population size. Transect methods, in which an ecologist traverses a transect and counts individuals at specific locations along the line, are commonly used for plants and occasionally for animals.
Density methods require a few key assumptions:
1. The population is confined to a specific area
2. Individuals are readily detectable
3. Count areas are extensive relative to area occupied by population
Using these assumptions, ecologists use various models to calculate population size. In this lab, you will use a simple Seber (1973) model:
where N = the population estimate, N0 = the average number of organisms found in a plot. And p = the ratio of the individual plot area to total area (e.g. 25 cm2/820 cm2). Once you have calculated No, use the equation above to calculate N.
Confidence intervals provide a measure of the precision of our estimate (population size, N, in this case). A 95% confidence interval is a range of values that is thought to contain the true population size 95% of the time…that is, if you repeat your sampling and confidence interval calculation 100 times, the confidence intervals will capture the true value 95 of those times. To calculate the 95% confidence interval we can simply calculate the upper and lower confidence limits for N0 and then .
ESS Topic 8.1 - Human population dynamics guide
A study guide correlating with the IB Environmental Systems and Societies course topic 8.1 Human population dynamics.
p. 1Lab 6 Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg TheoremOBJEC.docx
p. 1Lab 6: Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
OBJECTIVES
After completing this exercise, you should be able to:
1)
Explain Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium in terms of allelic and genotypic frequencies and relate these to the expression (p+ q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
2)
Describe the conditions necessary to maintain Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium.
3)
Use a computer simulation to demonstrate conditions for evolution.
4)
Test hypotheses concerning the effects of evolutionary change (migration, genetic drift via bottleneck effect, and natural selection) using a computer model.
Simulation of Evolutionary Change Using an Online Population Simulator
Under the conditions specified by the Hardy‑Weinberg model (random mating, large population, no mutation, no migration, and no selection), the genetic frequencies should not change, and evolution should not occur. In this exercise, the class will modify these conditions and determine the effect on genetic frequencies in subsequent generations.
Work in teams of two or three students to simulate three scenarios:
1. Genetic drift- simulated by applying a bottleneck event where a population experiences a drastic reduction in size due only to chance (no selection)
2. Gene flow- simulated by allowing migration to occur between populations
3. Natural selection- simulated by providing certain genotypes with different levels of fitness.
You will be using a computerized population simulator, a general introduction is shown below. The URL for the simulator is http://www.radford.edu/~rsheehy/Gen_flash/popgen/
Experiment A. Simulation of Genetic Drift
Introduction
Genetic drift is the change in allelic frequencies in small populations as a result of chance alone. In a small population, combinations of gametes may not be random, owing to sampling error. (If you toss a coin 500 times, you expect about a 50:50 ratio of heads to tails; but if you toss the coin only 10 times, the ratio may deviate greatly in a small sample owing to chance alone.) Genetic fixation, the loss of all but one possible allele at a gene locus in a population, is a common result of genetic drift in small natural populations. Genetic drift is a significant evolutionary force in situations known as the bottleneck effect (investigated here)and the founder effect.
A bottleneck occurs when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size as a result of chance events (not differential selection), such as a volcanic eruption, hurricane, or sometimes human influence. (Bad luck, not bad genes!) In Figure 6.1, the marbles pass through a bottleneck, which results in an unpredictable combination of marbles that pass to the other side. These marbles would constitute the beginning of the next generation, but the allelic frequencies might be entirely different than the original population! In the computerized simulation, both the size and duration (number of generations) of a bottleneck can be altered. Each variable can influencing how t.
ECOL203403 Assignment 1 Age Structure of a Population Using Life.docx
ECOL203/403 Assignment 1: Age Structure of a Population Using Life Tables Introduction to Life Tables
Before you begin this exercise (or read any further) you should:
1. Read Chapter 13 of Attiwill and Wilson (2006), particularly the section on life tables on page 220 – 223.
2. Make sure you have the life_table.xls file from the Assignment 1 folder)
3. Do the Molar Index and Skull aging Tutorial (Assignment 1 folder)
4. Download the Box of Skulls (Assignment 1 folder)
5. It is also advisable to read through this exercise completely before starting on the spreadsheet in excel.
Background to the Data
The Black-striped wallaby, Macropus dorsalis
The black-striped wallaby is a medium-sized macropod (females 7kg; males 16kg) that occurs from northern Queensland to northern NSW. The species is listed as ‘Endangered’ in NSW, but can become overabundant in some parts of Queensland – so wildlife ecologists need to manage their numbers in some regions so that they do not cause over-grazing of livestock pastures, while in other place, the population needs to be stimulated to increase in numbers to prevent them from becoming locally extinct. The wallabies shelter in dense scrub thickets (e.g. Brigalow) by day and graze adjacent pasture or natural grasslands by night. Debra White did her UNE Master of Natural Resource Science on black- striped wallabies at the Brigalow Research Station near Theodore in central Queensland (White 2004). She found that there was a high density of wallabies sheltering in the patches of brigalow by day, and that at night, these animals moved onto pasture, which they grazed heavily. White (2004) also looked at age structure of wallabies at the site by aging skulls she collected, and using these in a life table analysis. We will do a similar exercise in this assignment using skulls collected at the same site used by White (2004), and we will compare our results from the results from Debra White’s much larger dataset.
Molar Progression in Macropods
Molar progression occurs only in the marsupial genera Macropus, Petrogale and Peradorcas (Jackson 2003). These marsupials are among only a relatively few mammals worldwide whose teeth erupt at the posterior end of the jaw, and migrate forward along the jaw during life (the others are the elephants). As the teeth wear down and become less useful for grazing, they have moved sufficiently anterior in the jaw that they can fall out, 'pushed' from behind by newly erupted teeth. In this way, macropods can maintain good functioning teeth with high cusps for grazing on tough fibrous grasses throughout life. This 'molar progression' is a handy way to age kangaroo and wallaby skulls, and was used to generate the dataset you will use in this assignment to examine the life history parameters of a ‘population’ of black- striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis) from the Brigalow Research Station in southern Queensland.
Aging of Macropods Using Molar Index (MI)
Molar Index (MI) is calculated by measurin.
Population dynamics
1) Survivorship curves classify populations into three types based on mortality rates - Type I has low mortality until old age, Type II has steady mortality throughout life, Type III has high early mortality but low later mortality.
2) Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. The per capita rate of increase (r) indicates if a population is growing (r > 0) or declining (r < 0).
3) Logistic population growth limits exponential growth by incorporating a carrying capacity (K), producing a sigmoid growth curve as population size approaches K.
Leslie Matrices
This document discusses Leslie matrices and their use in modeling population growth. It provides background on Leslie matrices, including their properties, how they are used to project population sizes over time, and how eigenvalues can determine if a population will grow or decline. The document also gives an example of using a Leslie matrix to model a dog population based on given survival and fertility rates.
Presentation
This document discusses the use of transformations in regression analysis. It explains that transformations are used to satisfy assumptions like homogeneity of variance and to linearize relationships between variables. It then discusses Tukey's ladder of transformations, which provides a systematic way of transforming variables using different powers. Various examples are provided to illustrate how choosing the best transformation parameter λ can make relationships more linear. Transformations are also used to reduce skew in data distributions.
Data Visualization for Beginners
This is the presentation I've used to introduce journalists with data visualization and storytelling with Infogram.
popgrowth.ppt
<iframe src="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/Ib0zmo2PgFr3cp?hostedIn=slideshare&page=upload" width="476" height="400" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
popgrowth.ppt
1. Population growth can be exponential or logistic, depending on whether growth rates are constant or vary with population density.
2. Exponential growth results in continuously increasing population sizes, while logistic growth results in populations leveling off as density increases due to resource limitations.
3. Models of population growth make assumptions about constant environments and growth rates that may not reflect reality, as fluctuations or time lags can introduce complex, unpredictable dynamics even in simple systems.
8.1 Exploring Exponential Functions
Three mice will be in the barn in 2 years according to the following:
If the number of mice quadruples every 4 months, starting with 2 mice, there will be 8 mice after 4 months. After 2 years (8 periods of 4 months), the number of mice will triple each period for a total of 3 * 8 = 24 mice. However, since there are only 2 mice to start, there will be 3 mice after 2 years.
Lab 7 introduction
This document provides an overview of key concepts in population dynamics that will be covered in an ecology lab, including life tables, survivorship curves, age distribution, and rates of population change. It defines important terms like net reproductive rate, generation time, and per capita rate of increase. The lab will involve analyzing population age structure and rates of change using real-world data on populations like white oak trees and Rio Grande cottonwoods.
Populations
The document discusses several topics related to population biology and human population growth, including:
1) Factors that influence population growth such as birth rates, death rates, and environmental limits. Populations exhibit either rapid exponential growth or slow steady growth depending on these factors.
2) Techniques scientists use to estimate population sizes such as sampling and mark-recapture when it is difficult to count all individuals.
3) Human population growth has increased rapidly over the past 150 years from 1 billion to over 7 billion currently due to declining death rates from improvements in health, education, and sanitation.
Life Of Galileo Conflict Essay. Online assignment writing service.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to request that a writer complete an assignment. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions if needed, and the service guarantees original, high-quality work or a refund.
1. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35,000, t.docx
1. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35,000, two junior accountants $80,000 each, and the firm's owner $350,000. What is the mean salary paid at this firm? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
$
How many of the employees earn less than the mean?
employees
What is the median salary?
$
2. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35000, two junior accountants $90000 each, and the firm's owner $256000.
What is the mean salary paid at this firm?
How many of the employees earn less than the mean?
What is the median salary?
If this firm gives no raises to the clerks and junior accountants, but the owner now has a salary of $435000.
How does this change affect the mean?
The mean increases by $ .
How does it affect the median?
The median increases by $ .
3. A study of diet and weight gain deliberately overfed 16 volunteers for eight weeks. The mean increase in fat was x = 2.63 kilograms and the standard deviation was s = 1.21 kilograms. What are x and s in pounds? (A kilogram is 2.2 pounds.)
x
=
s
=
4.Every few years, the National Assessment of Educational Progress asks a national sample of eighth-graders to perform the same math tasks. The goal is to get an honest picture of progress in math. Suppose these are the last few national mean scores, on a scale of 0 to 500.
Year
1990
1992
1996
2000
2003
2005
2008
Score
265
266
270
271
278
279
281
(a) Make a time plot of the mean scores, by hand. This is just a scatterplot of score against year. There is a slow linear increasing trend. (Do this on your own.)
(b) Find the regression line of mean score on time step-by-step. First calculate the mean and standard deviation of each variable and their correlation (use a calculator with these functions). Then find the equation of the least-squares line from these. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)
= + x
Draw the line on your scatterplot. What percent of the year-to-year variation in scores is explained by the linear trend? (Round your answer to one decimal place.)
%
(c) Now use software or the regression function on your calculator to verify your regression line. (Do this on your own.
5. A student wonders if tall women tend to date taller men than do short women. She measures herself, her dormitory roommate, and the women in the adjoining rooms; then she measures the next man each woman dates. The data (heights in inches) are listed below.
Women (x)
65
63
63
64
69
64
Men (y)
72
67
69
69
69
68
(a) Make a scatterplot of these data. (Do this on paper. Your instructor may ask you to turn this in.) Based on the scatterplot, do you expect the correlation to be positive or negative? Near ± 1 or not?
The correlation should be positive. It should be near 1.The correlation should be negative. It should be near -1. The correlation should be positive. It should not be near 1.The correlation should be negative. It should not be near -1.
(b) Find the correlation r between the heigh ...
Linear Paper final
This document summarizes a student project analyzing the population growth of haddock fish using Leslie matrices. It examines how a haddock population would grow over time without environmental impacts. It then models how pollution from 1950-1990 would reduce birth and survival rates, showing a large decrease in population. Finally, it considers how introducing finer fishing nets in the 1940s that caught more young fish impacted the population, finding the population continued to grow rapidly even with higher harvesting rates.
Statistical Shenanigans: From Sweet Peas to Nobel Prizes, how much that we ta...
Plenary Talk by Danny Dorling held at the Royal Statistical Society Annual Conference, Brighton 17th September 2010
1 The annual growth rate r for population A is 005 The.pdf
1. Bennett compr un terreno por $20,000 en 2011 cuando escuch que se iba a construir una
nueva carretera a travs de la propiedad y que el terreno pronto valdra $200,000. El proyecto de la
carretera se abandon en 2017 y el valor del terreno cay a $15,000. Bennett puede reclamar una
prdida en 2017 de:
a.$165,000
b.$180,000
c.$0
$5,000
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta
2.
Para el ao en curso, Susan tuvo un ingreso salarial de $20,000. Adems, inform las siguientes
transacciones de capital durante el ao:
No haba otros artculos incluidos en su ingreso bruto. Cul es la cantidad de su ingreso bruto
ajustado para el ao en curso?
$23,000
b.$19,000
c.$25,000
$24,000
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta.
3.
Martha tiene una prdida neta de capital de $20,000 y otros ingresos tributables ordinarios de
$45,000 para el ao fiscal en curso. Cul es el monto de la renta imponible de Martha despus de
deducir la prdida de capital permitida?
a.$45,000
b.$42,000
c.$38,000
$25,000
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta.
4.
En el ao en curso, Henry, propietario nico, vendi en $65 000 una mquina que se usaba en su
negocio. La mquina se haba comprado hace algunos aos por $50 000 y, cuando se vendi, tena
una depreciacin acumulada de $20 000 y una base ajustada de $30 000. Para el ao en curso,
cmo debe tratarse esta ganancia?
a.Ingreso ordinario de $35,000
b. Ganancia de la Seccin 1231 de $15,000 e ingresos ordinarios de $20,000
c. Ganancia de la Seccin 1231 de $20,000 e ingresos ordinarios de $15,000
d. Ganancia de $35,000 segn la Seccin 1231
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta
5.
Perry adquiri tierras sin cultivar como inversin hace 16 aos. El terreno cost $50.000. En el ao en
curso, el terreno se vende por un precio de venta total de $120 000, que consta de $10 000 en
efectivo y una nota del comprador por $110 000. Suponga que Perry usa el mtodo de cuotas para
reconocer la ganancia y recibe solo el pago inicial de $10,000 en el ao de la venta. Cunta
ganancia debe reconocer Perry en el ao en curso?
a.$4,166
b.$7,000
c.$9,000
m.$5,833
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta.
6.
Cul de los siguientes es cierto de un intercambio del mismo tipo:
a. Los bienes que se permuten no pueden ser residencias personales.
b.No debe haber intercambio de efectivo para calificar.
c Un nuevo perodo de tenencia para el tratamiento de ganancias de capital comienza el da en
que se completa el intercambio.
d.Los muebles de oficina se pueden cambiar por computadoras.
7.
Cul de las siguientes afirmaciones es verdadera?
aLos contribuyentes de 55 aos de edad o mayores pueden optar por una sola vez, lo que les
permite vender sus residencias personales y excluir todas las ganancias realizadas.
b Un contribuyente que vende una residencia personal siempre puede excluir la ganancia
realizada de la base imponible.
cLa residencia personal de un contribuyente califica para un intercambio en especie.
d.Ninguna de estas opciones es verdadera.
e.Todas estas opciones son verdaderas.
Ganancia d.
PopulationEcology52.ppt
1. Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to their environment, including factors influencing population size, density, age structure, and distribution.
2. A population is defined as a group of the same species living in the same area. Population density and dispersion patterns are influenced by birth, death, immigration and emigration rates.
3. Population growth models include exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth is unlimited while logistic growth incorporates a carrying capacity, leading to an S-shaped growth curve.
GEOGRAPHY Population Ecology HSC MAHARASHTRA
1. Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to their environment, including factors influencing population size, density, age structure, and distribution.
2. A population is defined as a group of the same species living in the same area. Population density and dispersion patterns are influenced by birth, death, immigration and emigration rates.
3. Population growth models include exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth is unlimited while logistic growth incorporates a carrying capacity, leading to an S-shaped growth curve.
Intro to statistics formatted
Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. It involves exploring numerical facts like measurements and counts to make sense of patterns in the real world. Studying statistics helps people understand trends, avoid being misled, and make better decisions with information.
For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities th.docx
For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities that take place in a courtroom setting. Find a video on YouTube... Pay attention to the courtroom actors including the judge, jury, attorneys, and defendant. Complete a one page reflection of your experience. Provide details about the case/cases you heard and note if anything surprised you during your observation.
Use APA format for this assignment.
.
For this assignment, select a human service organization from .docx
For this assignment, select a human service organization from a public, nonprofit, or government sector that you are familiar with, or one that you find interesting. You will use this organization to complete all of the course assignments. You must be able to access information about the organization’s governance, financial sources and practices, mission, population served, and its political and social landscape. Review all the assignments now to verify the types of information you will need about the organization in order to complete them.
The following list provides examples of acceptable types of organizations. You can select an organization of the types included on this list or propose another type of organization to your instructor. The organization must provide human service program services. The selected organization will be included in all your assignments, so you will look at leadership and collaboration practices for that organization through several areas of focus.
Possible Organization Types
City, county, or state human services or mental health programs.
State hospitals (Western State Hospital, Milwaukee County Hospital, or another state or county hospital in your area).
School-based human services or case management programs.
Private mental health organizations.
Employee assistance programs.
For-profit hospital or health care organizations (Humana, Kaiser-Permanente, Aurora, etcetera).
Catholic community services.
Lutheran Social Services.
.
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Similar to PAGE 1Name______________________________HOW DO POPULAT.docx
ESS Topic 8.1 - Human population dynamics guide
A study guide correlating with the IB Environmental Systems and Societies course topic 8.1 Human population dynamics.
p. 1Lab 6 Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg TheoremOBJEC.docx
p. 1Lab 6: Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
OBJECTIVES
After completing this exercise, you should be able to:
1)
Explain Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium in terms of allelic and genotypic frequencies and relate these to the expression (p+ q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
2)
Describe the conditions necessary to maintain Hardy‑Weinberg equilibrium.
3)
Use a computer simulation to demonstrate conditions for evolution.
4)
Test hypotheses concerning the effects of evolutionary change (migration, genetic drift via bottleneck effect, and natural selection) using a computer model.
Simulation of Evolutionary Change Using an Online Population Simulator
Under the conditions specified by the Hardy‑Weinberg model (random mating, large population, no mutation, no migration, and no selection), the genetic frequencies should not change, and evolution should not occur. In this exercise, the class will modify these conditions and determine the effect on genetic frequencies in subsequent generations.
Work in teams of two or three students to simulate three scenarios:
1. Genetic drift- simulated by applying a bottleneck event where a population experiences a drastic reduction in size due only to chance (no selection)
2. Gene flow- simulated by allowing migration to occur between populations
3. Natural selection- simulated by providing certain genotypes with different levels of fitness.
You will be using a computerized population simulator, a general introduction is shown below. The URL for the simulator is http://www.radford.edu/~rsheehy/Gen_flash/popgen/
Experiment A. Simulation of Genetic Drift
Introduction
Genetic drift is the change in allelic frequencies in small populations as a result of chance alone. In a small population, combinations of gametes may not be random, owing to sampling error. (If you toss a coin 500 times, you expect about a 50:50 ratio of heads to tails; but if you toss the coin only 10 times, the ratio may deviate greatly in a small sample owing to chance alone.) Genetic fixation, the loss of all but one possible allele at a gene locus in a population, is a common result of genetic drift in small natural populations. Genetic drift is a significant evolutionary force in situations known as the bottleneck effect (investigated here)and the founder effect.
A bottleneck occurs when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size as a result of chance events (not differential selection), such as a volcanic eruption, hurricane, or sometimes human influence. (Bad luck, not bad genes!) In Figure 6.1, the marbles pass through a bottleneck, which results in an unpredictable combination of marbles that pass to the other side. These marbles would constitute the beginning of the next generation, but the allelic frequencies might be entirely different than the original population! In the computerized simulation, both the size and duration (number of generations) of a bottleneck can be altered. Each variable can influencing how t.
ECOL203403 Assignment 1 Age Structure of a Population Using Life.docx
ECOL203/403 Assignment 1: Age Structure of a Population Using Life Tables Introduction to Life Tables
Before you begin this exercise (or read any further) you should:
1. Read Chapter 13 of Attiwill and Wilson (2006), particularly the section on life tables on page 220 – 223.
2. Make sure you have the life_table.xls file from the Assignment 1 folder)
3. Do the Molar Index and Skull aging Tutorial (Assignment 1 folder)
4. Download the Box of Skulls (Assignment 1 folder)
5. It is also advisable to read through this exercise completely before starting on the spreadsheet in excel.
Background to the Data
The Black-striped wallaby, Macropus dorsalis
The black-striped wallaby is a medium-sized macropod (females 7kg; males 16kg) that occurs from northern Queensland to northern NSW. The species is listed as ‘Endangered’ in NSW, but can become overabundant in some parts of Queensland – so wildlife ecologists need to manage their numbers in some regions so that they do not cause over-grazing of livestock pastures, while in other place, the population needs to be stimulated to increase in numbers to prevent them from becoming locally extinct. The wallabies shelter in dense scrub thickets (e.g. Brigalow) by day and graze adjacent pasture or natural grasslands by night. Debra White did her UNE Master of Natural Resource Science on black- striped wallabies at the Brigalow Research Station near Theodore in central Queensland (White 2004). She found that there was a high density of wallabies sheltering in the patches of brigalow by day, and that at night, these animals moved onto pasture, which they grazed heavily. White (2004) also looked at age structure of wallabies at the site by aging skulls she collected, and using these in a life table analysis. We will do a similar exercise in this assignment using skulls collected at the same site used by White (2004), and we will compare our results from the results from Debra White’s much larger dataset.
Molar Progression in Macropods
Molar progression occurs only in the marsupial genera Macropus, Petrogale and Peradorcas (Jackson 2003). These marsupials are among only a relatively few mammals worldwide whose teeth erupt at the posterior end of the jaw, and migrate forward along the jaw during life (the others are the elephants). As the teeth wear down and become less useful for grazing, they have moved sufficiently anterior in the jaw that they can fall out, 'pushed' from behind by newly erupted teeth. In this way, macropods can maintain good functioning teeth with high cusps for grazing on tough fibrous grasses throughout life. This 'molar progression' is a handy way to age kangaroo and wallaby skulls, and was used to generate the dataset you will use in this assignment to examine the life history parameters of a ‘population’ of black- striped wallabies (Macropus dorsalis) from the Brigalow Research Station in southern Queensland.
Aging of Macropods Using Molar Index (MI)
Molar Index (MI) is calculated by measurin.
Population dynamics
1) Survivorship curves classify populations into three types based on mortality rates - Type I has low mortality until old age, Type II has steady mortality throughout life, Type III has high early mortality but low later mortality.
2) Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. The per capita rate of increase (r) indicates if a population is growing (r > 0) or declining (r < 0).
3) Logistic population growth limits exponential growth by incorporating a carrying capacity (K), producing a sigmoid growth curve as population size approaches K.
Leslie Matrices
This document discusses Leslie matrices and their use in modeling population growth. It provides background on Leslie matrices, including their properties, how they are used to project population sizes over time, and how eigenvalues can determine if a population will grow or decline. The document also gives an example of using a Leslie matrix to model a dog population based on given survival and fertility rates.
Presentation
This document discusses the use of transformations in regression analysis. It explains that transformations are used to satisfy assumptions like homogeneity of variance and to linearize relationships between variables. It then discusses Tukey's ladder of transformations, which provides a systematic way of transforming variables using different powers. Various examples are provided to illustrate how choosing the best transformation parameter λ can make relationships more linear. Transformations are also used to reduce skew in data distributions.
Data Visualization for Beginners
This is the presentation I've used to introduce journalists with data visualization and storytelling with Infogram.
popgrowth.ppt
<iframe src="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/key/Ib0zmo2PgFr3cp?hostedIn=slideshare&page=upload" width="476" height="400" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe>
popgrowth.ppt
1. Population growth can be exponential or logistic, depending on whether growth rates are constant or vary with population density.
2. Exponential growth results in continuously increasing population sizes, while logistic growth results in populations leveling off as density increases due to resource limitations.
3. Models of population growth make assumptions about constant environments and growth rates that may not reflect reality, as fluctuations or time lags can introduce complex, unpredictable dynamics even in simple systems.
8.1 Exploring Exponential Functions
Three mice will be in the barn in 2 years according to the following:
If the number of mice quadruples every 4 months, starting with 2 mice, there will be 8 mice after 4 months. After 2 years (8 periods of 4 months), the number of mice will triple each period for a total of 3 * 8 = 24 mice. However, since there are only 2 mice to start, there will be 3 mice after 2 years.
Lab 7 introduction
This document provides an overview of key concepts in population dynamics that will be covered in an ecology lab, including life tables, survivorship curves, age distribution, and rates of population change. It defines important terms like net reproductive rate, generation time, and per capita rate of increase. The lab will involve analyzing population age structure and rates of change using real-world data on populations like white oak trees and Rio Grande cottonwoods.
Populations
The document discusses several topics related to population biology and human population growth, including:
1) Factors that influence population growth such as birth rates, death rates, and environmental limits. Populations exhibit either rapid exponential growth or slow steady growth depending on these factors.
2) Techniques scientists use to estimate population sizes such as sampling and mark-recapture when it is difficult to count all individuals.
3) Human population growth has increased rapidly over the past 150 years from 1 billion to over 7 billion currently due to declining death rates from improvements in health, education, and sanitation.
Life Of Galileo Conflict Essay. Online assignment writing service.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to request that a writer complete an assignment. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions if needed, and the service guarantees original, high-quality work or a refund.
1. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35,000, t.docx
1. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35,000, two junior accountants $80,000 each, and the firm's owner $350,000. What is the mean salary paid at this firm? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
$
How many of the employees earn less than the mean?
employees
What is the median salary?
$
2. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35000, two junior accountants $90000 each, and the firm's owner $256000.
What is the mean salary paid at this firm?
How many of the employees earn less than the mean?
What is the median salary?
If this firm gives no raises to the clerks and junior accountants, but the owner now has a salary of $435000.
How does this change affect the mean?
The mean increases by $ .
How does it affect the median?
The median increases by $ .
3. A study of diet and weight gain deliberately overfed 16 volunteers for eight weeks. The mean increase in fat was x = 2.63 kilograms and the standard deviation was s = 1.21 kilograms. What are x and s in pounds? (A kilogram is 2.2 pounds.)
x
=
s
=
4.Every few years, the National Assessment of Educational Progress asks a national sample of eighth-graders to perform the same math tasks. The goal is to get an honest picture of progress in math. Suppose these are the last few national mean scores, on a scale of 0 to 500.
Year
1990
1992
1996
2000
2003
2005
2008
Score
265
266
270
271
278
279
281
(a) Make a time plot of the mean scores, by hand. This is just a scatterplot of score against year. There is a slow linear increasing trend. (Do this on your own.)
(b) Find the regression line of mean score on time step-by-step. First calculate the mean and standard deviation of each variable and their correlation (use a calculator with these functions). Then find the equation of the least-squares line from these. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)
= + x
Draw the line on your scatterplot. What percent of the year-to-year variation in scores is explained by the linear trend? (Round your answer to one decimal place.)
%
(c) Now use software or the regression function on your calculator to verify your regression line. (Do this on your own.
5. A student wonders if tall women tend to date taller men than do short women. She measures herself, her dormitory roommate, and the women in the adjoining rooms; then she measures the next man each woman dates. The data (heights in inches) are listed below.
Women (x)
65
63
63
64
69
64
Men (y)
72
67
69
69
69
68
(a) Make a scatterplot of these data. (Do this on paper. Your instructor may ask you to turn this in.) Based on the scatterplot, do you expect the correlation to be positive or negative? Near ± 1 or not?
The correlation should be positive. It should be near 1.The correlation should be negative. It should be near -1. The correlation should be positive. It should not be near 1.The correlation should be negative. It should not be near -1.
(b) Find the correlation r between the heigh ...
Linear Paper final
This document summarizes a student project analyzing the population growth of haddock fish using Leslie matrices. It examines how a haddock population would grow over time without environmental impacts. It then models how pollution from 1950-1990 would reduce birth and survival rates, showing a large decrease in population. Finally, it considers how introducing finer fishing nets in the 1940s that caught more young fish impacted the population, finding the population continued to grow rapidly even with higher harvesting rates.
Statistical Shenanigans: From Sweet Peas to Nobel Prizes, how much that we ta...
Plenary Talk by Danny Dorling held at the Royal Statistical Society Annual Conference, Brighton 17th September 2010
1 The annual growth rate r for population A is 005 The.pdf
1. Bennett compr un terreno por $20,000 en 2011 cuando escuch que se iba a construir una
nueva carretera a travs de la propiedad y que el terreno pronto valdra $200,000. El proyecto de la
carretera se abandon en 2017 y el valor del terreno cay a $15,000. Bennett puede reclamar una
prdida en 2017 de:
a.$165,000
b.$180,000
c.$0
$5,000
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta
2.
Para el ao en curso, Susan tuvo un ingreso salarial de $20,000. Adems, inform las siguientes
transacciones de capital durante el ao:
No haba otros artculos incluidos en su ingreso bruto. Cul es la cantidad de su ingreso bruto
ajustado para el ao en curso?
$23,000
b.$19,000
c.$25,000
$24,000
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta.
3.
Martha tiene una prdida neta de capital de $20,000 y otros ingresos tributables ordinarios de
$45,000 para el ao fiscal en curso. Cul es el monto de la renta imponible de Martha despus de
deducir la prdida de capital permitida?
a.$45,000
b.$42,000
c.$38,000
$25,000
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta.
4.
En el ao en curso, Henry, propietario nico, vendi en $65 000 una mquina que se usaba en su
negocio. La mquina se haba comprado hace algunos aos por $50 000 y, cuando se vendi, tena
una depreciacin acumulada de $20 000 y una base ajustada de $30 000. Para el ao en curso,
cmo debe tratarse esta ganancia?
a.Ingreso ordinario de $35,000
b. Ganancia de la Seccin 1231 de $15,000 e ingresos ordinarios de $20,000
c. Ganancia de la Seccin 1231 de $20,000 e ingresos ordinarios de $15,000
d. Ganancia de $35,000 segn la Seccin 1231
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta
5.
Perry adquiri tierras sin cultivar como inversin hace 16 aos. El terreno cost $50.000. En el ao en
curso, el terreno se vende por un precio de venta total de $120 000, que consta de $10 000 en
efectivo y una nota del comprador por $110 000. Suponga que Perry usa el mtodo de cuotas para
reconocer la ganancia y recibe solo el pago inicial de $10,000 en el ao de la venta. Cunta
ganancia debe reconocer Perry en el ao en curso?
a.$4,166
b.$7,000
c.$9,000
m.$5,833
e.Ninguna de estas opciones es correcta.
6.
Cul de los siguientes es cierto de un intercambio del mismo tipo:
a. Los bienes que se permuten no pueden ser residencias personales.
b.No debe haber intercambio de efectivo para calificar.
c Un nuevo perodo de tenencia para el tratamiento de ganancias de capital comienza el da en
que se completa el intercambio.
d.Los muebles de oficina se pueden cambiar por computadoras.
7.
Cul de las siguientes afirmaciones es verdadera?
aLos contribuyentes de 55 aos de edad o mayores pueden optar por una sola vez, lo que les
permite vender sus residencias personales y excluir todas las ganancias realizadas.
b Un contribuyente que vende una residencia personal siempre puede excluir la ganancia
realizada de la base imponible.
cLa residencia personal de un contribuyente califica para un intercambio en especie.
d.Ninguna de estas opciones es verdadera.
e.Todas estas opciones son verdaderas.
Ganancia d.
PopulationEcology52.ppt
1. Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to their environment, including factors influencing population size, density, age structure, and distribution.
2. A population is defined as a group of the same species living in the same area. Population density and dispersion patterns are influenced by birth, death, immigration and emigration rates.
3. Population growth models include exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth is unlimited while logistic growth incorporates a carrying capacity, leading to an S-shaped growth curve.
GEOGRAPHY Population Ecology HSC MAHARASHTRA
1. Population ecology is the study of populations in relation to their environment, including factors influencing population size, density, age structure, and distribution.
2. A population is defined as a group of the same species living in the same area. Population density and dispersion patterns are influenced by birth, death, immigration and emigration rates.
3. Population growth models include exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth is unlimited while logistic growth incorporates a carrying capacity, leading to an S-shaped growth curve.
Intro to statistics formatted
Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data. It involves exploring numerical facts like measurements and counts to make sense of patterns in the real world. Studying statistics helps people understand trends, avoid being misled, and make better decisions with information.
Similar to PAGE 1Name______________________________HOW DO POPULAT.docx (20)
p. 1Lab 6 Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg TheoremOBJEC.docx
p. 1Lab 6 Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg TheoremOBJEC.docx
ECOL203403 Assignment 1 Age Structure of a Population Using Life.docx
ECOL203403 Assignment 1 Age Structure of a Population Using Life.docx
Life Of Galileo Conflict Essay. Online assignment writing service.
Life Of Galileo Conflict Essay. Online assignment writing service.
1. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35,000, t.docx
1. A small accounting firm pays each of its five clerks $35,000, t.docx
Statistical Shenanigans: From Sweet Peas to Nobel Prizes, how much that we ta...
Statistical Shenanigans: From Sweet Peas to Nobel Prizes, how much that we ta...
1 The annual growth rate r for population A is 005 The.pdf
1 The annual growth rate r for population A is 005 The.pdf
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For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities th.docx
For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities that take place in a courtroom setting. Find a video on YouTube... Pay attention to the courtroom actors including the judge, jury, attorneys, and defendant. Complete a one page reflection of your experience. Provide details about the case/cases you heard and note if anything surprised you during your observation.
Use APA format for this assignment.
.
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For this assignment, select a human service organization from a public, nonprofit, or government sector that you are familiar with, or one that you find interesting. You will use this organization to complete all of the course assignments. You must be able to access information about the organization’s governance, financial sources and practices, mission, population served, and its political and social landscape. Review all the assignments now to verify the types of information you will need about the organization in order to complete them.
The following list provides examples of acceptable types of organizations. You can select an organization of the types included on this list or propose another type of organization to your instructor. The organization must provide human service program services. The selected organization will be included in all your assignments, so you will look at leadership and collaboration practices for that organization through several areas of focus.
Possible Organization Types
City, county, or state human services or mental health programs.
State hospitals (Western State Hospital, Milwaukee County Hospital, or another state or county hospital in your area).
School-based human services or case management programs.
Private mental health organizations.
Employee assistance programs.
For-profit hospital or health care organizations (Humana, Kaiser-Permanente, Aurora, etcetera).
Catholic community services.
Lutheran Social Services.
.
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By Day 7
In a 2- to 4-page paper, explain how the literature informs you about Claudia and her family when assessing her situation.
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Describe the types of data you would collect from Claudia and her family in order to best serve them.
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For this assignment, download the A6 code pack. This zip fil.docx
For this assignment, download the
A6 code pack
. This zip file contains several files:
main.cpp
- the predetermined main.cpp. This file shows the usage and functionality that is expected of your program. You are not allowed to edit this file. You will not be submitting this file with your assignment.
CMakeLists.txt
- the preset CMake file to build with your functions files.
input/greeneggsandham.txt
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input/aliceChapter1.txt
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output/greeneggsandham.out
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greeneggsandham.txt
file
output/aliceChapter1.out
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aliceChapter1.txt
file
Your task is to provide the implementations for all of the referenced functions. You will need to create two files:
functions.h
and
functions.cpp
to make the program work as intended.
You will want to make your program as general as possible by not having any assumptions about the data hardcoded in. Two public input files have been supplied with the starter pack. We will run your program against a third private input file.
Function Requirements
The requirements of each function are given below. The input, output, and task of each function is described. The functions are:
promptUserForFilename()
openFile()
readWordsFromFile()
removePunctuation()
capitalizeWords()
filterUniqueWords()
alphabetizeWords()
countUniqueWords()
printWordsAndCounts()
countLetters()
printLetterCounts()
printMaxMinWord()
printMaxMinLetter()
promptUserForFilename()
Input
: None
Output
: A string
Task
: Prompt the user to enter a filename.
openFile()
Input
: (1) The input file stream (2) The string filename to open
Output
: True if the file successfully opened, False if the file could not be opened
Task
: Open the input file stream for the corresponding filename. Check that the file opened correctly. The string filename will remain unchanged.
readWordsFromFile()
Input
: The input file stream
Output
: A vector of strings
Task
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removePunctuation()
Input
: (1) A vector of strings (2) A string of all the punctuation characters to remove
Output
: None
Task
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capitalizeWords()
Input
: A vector of strings
Output
: None
Task
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filterUniqueWords()
Input
: A vector of strings
Output
: A vector of strings
Task
: The function will return only th.
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Plagiarism check
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For this assignment, create a 10- to 12-slide presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint that addresses the following points:
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How do you believe illegal migrants can be treated humanely and with dignity/inclusion?
How does an “open” vs a “closed” border impact the United States economy?
What are your recommendations for the next 12-24 months on specific steps that the new administration needs to take?
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For this assignment, address the following prompts:
Introductory paragraph to topic about unemployment.
Write an introductory paragraph with at least 150 words that clearly explains the topic, the importance of further research, and ethical implications.
My thesis statement:
Unemployment and lack of economic opportunity have social consequences creating anxiety and added stress because it allows for reduced economic growth and directly influences our society's mental, physical, and emotional well-being
(A thesis statement should be a concise, declarative statement. The thesis statement must appear at the end of the introductory paragraph.)
Annotated bibliography.
Develop an annotated bibliography to indicate the quality of the sources you have read.
Summarize in your own words how the source contributes to the solution of the global societal issue for each annotation.
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For this assignment, analyze the play by focusing on
one
of the following characters: Cassio, Desdemona, Othello, or Iago. Explore the motives, emotions and circumstances of the character you choose, and his or her relationships with all the other significant characters in the play. Try to give your reader a good sense of why things play out as they do. Each of these characters has significant interactions with all the others, and you will end up discussing them all no matter which one you choose to focus on. But try to explain what happens in
Othello
by following the trajectory of a single character throughout the entire play. As always, use short but effective quotations from the play to point out significant words and actions, but focus mainly on your explanations of what the words and deeds mean and why we should agree with your analysis.
To cite the text, place
A
ct,
S
cene, and
L
ine numbers in parentheses at the end of your quotation. Example: “Your quotation here” (1.3.5).
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For this assignment I would like you to answer these questions
1. Explain what a black hole is, describe its characteristics (size, mass), and give a detailed explanation on how they form. Make sure to explain what the Schwarzschild radius and event horizon are. Describe the two types of black holes.
2. Describe the observational evidence for black holes that are discussed in Chapter 15.
Bonues: Do a little research on the Internet (read a few articles) and summarize how astronomers were able to make this image of a black hole. This came out in April 2019.
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For the Final Report Its only 1, But it's pretty much putting all the weeks together to do one final report. It needs to be minimum 2 pages
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For the shortanswer questions,you will need to respo.docx
For the
short
answer questions,
y
ou will need to respond to 7
of the questions
provided (bellow). Each answer should be around
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Your answers should be expressed in academic English.
You will not be able to use direct quotations from the readings or lecture material.
Explain concepts in your own words; if you cannot clearly explain an idea/concept in your own words, you probably haven’t yet fully grasped its meaning.
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According to Benedict Andersen the nation is a cultural artefact and an imagined community. What did he mean by this and what are key means through which the nation is imagined?
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Gramsci understood hegemony as a form of rule in which subordinate groups consent to the exercise of power or domination. According to Gramsci how does hegemony operate in capitalist societies?
Weber saw rationalisation as an “iron cage” that increasingly dominated all social life. Discuss how rationalisation shapes higher education.
According to Marxists how do relationships of power operate in capitalist societies?
According to Foucault how does modern disciplinary power differ from traditional sovereign power? (e.g. as exercised by monarchs, kings and emperors)
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For the sake of argument (this essay in particular), lets prete.docx
For the sake of argument (this essay in particular), let's pretend that
Sophia (Links to an external site.)
has discovered a fundamental truth about our concept of the soul: that it is, as she defined it,
the mind's essence
.For this essay, I'd like you to first take a deep dive into
defining
and
elaborating
on what that might mean
(to Sophia, then, as a consequence, to humanity) Then, I'd like you to take into consideration the technologies that have had the greatest impact on how the soul-as-mind's-essence idea expresses itself in our era. Can we have a "virtual afterlife"? A "digital soul"? Can we beat death? If we create nonbiological entities into which we put our identities, and, thus, that entity "thinks" and "feels" like it is "you," well, to what degree can we say that it is "you" and that it is a contemporary version of how Sophia defines the soul? Furthermore, do you think that is what Sophia means--a digital simulacrum of the self? I am hoping you consider how our civilization's ideas are profoundly influenced by our technological world, and that these philosophical questions only exist in the first place because we have invented tools that inevitably create problems for and probe into the most sacred spaces of human identity.
This essay should be 4.5 pages minimum and, as usual, MLA format.
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For the proposal, each student must describe an interface they a.docx
For the proposal, each student must describe an interface they are interested in exploring and developing. The interface can be screen-oriented or other. It may be multi-model, web-based, mobile, etc. Please describe the interface, its intended target audience, and the data collection method you think is most appropriate for developing this system.
Your proposal should be between 1 and 2 pages. Submit the proposal in a word document
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For the project, you will be expected to apply the key concepts of program evaluation to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, using quantitative and qualitative methods, of a health behavior change intervention among residents of a rural or underserved community. Essentially, you will develop, implement and evaluate a small-scale health behavior change intervention among 5-10 individuals residing in a rural or underserved community. You will be asked to choose a specific health behavior (e.g. healthy eating, physical activity, stress management, getting adequate sleep, increased water consumption, following dental hygiene recommendations, reducing distracted driving, etc.) that you can feasibly promote for a duration of two weeks. You may ask family members, friends, co-workers, neighbors or other individuals who you interact with on a regular basis to participate in your intervention as long they reside in a rural or underserved community. The intervention may occur via social media (e.g. posting health education messages on a Facebook page and/or facilitating discussion of health behavior among participants on Facebook), print media, email interaction, phone conversations, text messages, or in person; you may also employ a combination of these techniques. The focus of this project will be on the evaluation of the intervention. You will be expected to identify which evaluation questions you will be exploring, use both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data, and analyze and interpret your qualitative data. You will be required to submit all of your data as well as expound on the development, implementation and evaluation of your health behavior change intervention in a paper.
should be
4-6 pages and double-spaced using 12- pt. Times Roman or Arial font with 1- inch page margins
.
Please see the following document regarding the required content of the paper:
Required Content for Evaluation Project Paper-1.pdf
.
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For the past several weeks you have addressed several different areas of telecommunications and information technology in relation to different types of communication across the organizational footprint of Sunshine Health Corporation. Review the work you have done and formulate the Network Security Plan to be implemented across the network footprint. This is not to be an overly detailed report but to address different network concerns and recommendations for improving and securing organizational data, personnel records, intellectual property, and customer records.
Please address the narrative plan as well as a network diagram (no IP addresses, or circuit data required) and what is being done to secure the network at different levels of the OSI model and the organizational structure. Please make sure that you bring in a minimum of two external sources to strengthen and support your presentation.
The assignment should be 5-6 pages of content not counting title page, reference page or appendices (diagrams, budget sheet, equipment list, etc.). Please follow APA format.
Note: it is suggested that as you are reviewing your previous assignments in order to complete this assignment, also be making modifications and refining your previous work in order to successfully complete the week seven assignment, which is a final project report.
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For the Mash it Up assignment, we experimented with different ways t.docx
For the Mash it Up assignment, we experimented with different ways to use existing digital media in unexpected ways to generate something meaningful. What does this express about our relationship with digital media? We use popular digital platforms to expand the ways that we can express ourselves, but can they constrain our self-expression?
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For the first time in modern history, the world is experiencing a health system crisis through the current coronavirus known as (COVID-19), which has put the international financial market and economy, like never before, under cut-throat pressures. In light of your understanding of accounting and finance, please discuss how you and the world should assess the impacts of COVID-19, from the financial, social, educational, and ethical viewpoint.
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- 1. PAGE 1 Name:______________________________ HOW DO POPULATIONS GROW? Student Guide Thomas Austin was an Englishman who migrated to southern Australia to farm the land. His property, Barwon Park was located near Winchelsea, Victoria. In October of 1859, homesick for his homeland and the hunting he used to enjoy, Thomas enlisted his nephew, William Austin who still resided in England, to send two dozen wild English rabbits, which Thomas then released onto his land. Thomas dismissed the act as benign, not realizing the drastic consequences of his actions. Due to the well-known prolific nature of rabbits, and the suitability of the Australian climate, within 6 years, this population of 24 rabbits had increased to 22 million. By the 1930’s, Australia’s rabbit populations were estimated to exceed 750 million! How did the populations grow so large, so quickly? And what might the consequences be on the local ecosystem? Procedure 1. Select a partner to work with and obtain 10 pennies. The pennies represent 10 individual rabbits in a population. Place the pennies in a container and shake them up. Pour them out onto a table. Each penny that lands with a tail showing represents a rabbit that gets to produce an offspring that is added to the original population of 10. [So chances are that approximately five individuals got to reproduce and your new population contains about 15 individuals (i.e., about 15 pennies)]. Now remove 10% of your population representing
- 2. individuals that have died. Round down if the number is not an integer. 2. Repeat this procedure several times until the rabbit population exceeds 100 individuals. After each episode of births and deaths (i.e., after each “generation”), record the population size (i.e., the total number of pennies) in the chart below. Also record the Idealized population size (given that exactly half of your individuals reproduced each generation with NO ONE dying—go ahead and report the idealized numbers in decimals, but only keep two decimals. I’ve gotten it started for you.) Flip/Generation Number Experimental Population Size Idealized Population Size (no death) 0 10 10 1 15 2 22.5 3 33.75 4 5
- 3. 6 7 8 9 10 3. Using the graph on the next page, plot population size (on the y axis) versus flip/generation number (on the x axis). Use the data on your graph to determine the slope during each time interval (REMEMBER: slope is the change in y over the change in x, or rise over run; i.e., slope = (y/(x). Record the slopes below. Interval Slope Between generations 0 and 1 Between generations 1 and 2 Between generations 2 and 3 Between generations 3 and 4 Between generations 4 and 5 Between generations 5 and 6
- 4. Between generations 6 and 7 Between generations 7 and 8
- 21. 4. How do the slopes change? What do they tell you about how the rabbit population is growing? What if all the slopes were the same? What would that tell you about population growth? Does this suggest a reason why the rabbit population grew so rapidly in Australia? Explain.
- 22. 5. How does this pattern of growth affect the rate at which the population is increasing? In other words, in each generation, what percent increase did the population experience (i.e., the number of new individuals added divided by the total number of individuals present)? Did the rate of increase also increase with each generation? See if you can find out by calculating some sort of growth rate for each time interval. To simplify the math, ignore death rates and use the idealized numbers (i.e., 10, 15, 22.5, 33.75, and so on). Record the rate of population increase for each of the first four time intervals in the table below: Interval Growth Rate Between generations 0 and 1 Between generations 1 and 2 Between generations 2 and 3 Between generations 3 and 4 6. Based on your calculations, how does growth rate vary across time? Why? 7. How did you calculate growth rate (r)? Can you write a generic formula that could be used on any population? r = Do you suppose that this is a realistic pattern of growth for rabbits, and can it continue in this fashion indefinitely? Let’s look at some numbers from a hypothetical population of rabbits on the island of New Zealand, off the coast of Australia (Australia does not currently have a reasonable rabbit number map; currently, recording systems rely on individual reports). Use the initial generation interval to calculate a value for r. What value did you get?
- 23. Table 1. Initial Growth of a Rabbit Population (in thousands) ____________________________________ Generations # of rabbits ____________________________________ 0 10 1 18 ____________________________________ 8. Can you predict the size of future generations? Use your r value to generate expected numbers for the next several time intervals – at least up to and including interval t = 8. Record your expected numbers in Table 2. Table 2. Continued Growth of a Rabbit Population Generations Expected Numbers Observed Numbers 0 10 10 1 18 2 29 3
- 25. 651 16 656 17 660 18 662 9. How did you decide how many individuals would be added to each generation? Can you write a generic formula that could be used on any population, given that we know the growth rate, r? 10. Now plot a graph showing both the expected and observed numbers. How do they compare? If they do not match, can you suggest one or more reasons (alternative hypotheses) for the mismatch? List them below and be prepared to share them with the class.
- 43. 11. Our equation for exponential population growth does not generate expected numbers that match the observed numbers in Table 2 very well, at least not after the first few time intervals. This means that we either have to throw out our equation (our mathematical model) and generate a better one, or modify the equation to make it better (in the sense that it will generate expected numbers that do in fact match the observed numbers). Because our initial equation seems to do a good job for the first few time intervals, let’s not throw it out but instead let’s see if we can modify it in some way that might make it work better for later time intervals. Read on. 12. How might the environment affect population growth? Is there a limit to how much it can hold, a carrying capacity? Let’s represent carrying capacity with a K and assume for the sake of argument we have a growing population with a carrying capacity of 100. With your partner try to come up with a way to write an equation to describe how close our growing population is to its carrying capacity of 100, i.e., how much “room” the population still has to grow. (See the figure below.) a) For example, if the population size is 75, how much room does it still have to grow? b) Can you write the population’s amount of “room to grow” as a percent?
- 44. c) Suppose another population growing in an environment with a carrying capacity of 600 is now at 250. How much room does it have to grow? Express this as a percent and show how you derived the percent. d) Now, try to write a general expression for the relationship using the symbol K for carrying capacity and N for population size. The expression should describe how much room the population has to grow before it hits its environment’s carrying capacity. What is the range of values that your expression can have? When is the value largest? When is it smallest? 13. Recall our graph of the growing rabbit population. What appears to be the carrying capacity of this environment? 14. The population grows more slowly as it approaches K. In other words, with lots of room to grow, the population grows rapidly. And with little room to grow, the population grows slowly. Can you write an equation that uses this new “carrying capacity” issue to predict population growth? [Hint: Start with your exponential equation and add in our “carrying capacity” element.] Be prepared to discuss it with the class. 15. Now that you have your equation, let’s test its ability to model the rabbit population’s growth. First, use your equation to predict each generation of rabbits. How does your prediction compare now? Is this equation a better way to predict population growth? 16. When populations are growing in a limited environment, when is their growth the largest? (Hint, to figure this out, graph the amount of individuals added to the population with each generation.)
- 62. 17. Around the same time that rabbits were introduced to Australia, the red fox was also introduced, for the same purpose of hunting. However, after seeing that it was an efficient predator to rabbits, additional red foxes were introduced after 1859 to help control rabbit populations. How do you suppose this will affect rabbit populations? Graph your prediction below.
- 71. 18. What do you suppose will happen to the red fox population? Add a curve representing predator population to the graph above. 19. As red fox populations increase, what might happen to rabbit populations? As rabbit populations decrease, what might happen to red fox populations? Over time, what pattern do you predict will emerge? Graph it below:
- 80. Alfred Lotka and Vito Volterra independently derived a pair of equations to explain the relationships between predator and prey. The simultaneous non-linear, differential equations are now known as the Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model. They are shown below: Prey: – aNP Predator:
- 81. – rd P Where rmax= growth rate of the prey N = prey population size P = predator population size a = the probability of dying due to predation rd = death rate of predator with or without prey present b = the probability of capturing prey AND converting the usable energy into offspring 20. Notice that the first part of the prey equation (rmaxN) is the exponential growth equation. Explain how the addition of the “aNP” term limits the prey population. Is it a density- dependent or density-independent factor? How can you tell? 21. Your instructor will show you simulations of the Lotka- Volterra model using the computer program, Populus. We will set up a typical fox-rabbit predator-prey relationship using the following values:
- 82. rmax= 1.7 N = 500 P = 20 a = 0.05 rd = 0.10 b = 0.005 Graph the relationship below:
- 91. 22. How would you simulate an increase in predator skill at capturing prey? What does this do to our model? Why? 23. How would you simulate a decrease in prey reproductive ability? What does this do to our model? Why? 24. How would you simulate a decrease in predator numbers due to a relocation program? What does this do to our model? Why? 25. Notice in our model that the “b” term is about 10% of the “a” term’s value. Why is that? Come up with some hypotheses and be prepared to share them with the class.