In the presentation, overview of the oil industry in mentioned. in this, the steps involved in the oil and natural gas industry starting from the preparation of the extraction site to the refinery and distribution purpose are discussed in detail. different types of drilling methods, different types of rigs, different types of methodologies for safety precautions are mentioned in detail with appropriate diagrams. pumping system and different pumps used in the extraction are mentioned clearly. detailed step by step processes are written for the refining purpose. use of by-products of oil and natural gas in our daily life and how is it transported to us is also discussed in a summarized format.

1. BASIC IDEA- FROMWHERE AREWE GETTINGTHE OIL
AND NATURAL GAS
Oil and natural gas are the products of fossil fuels.Thus, whet ever
Amount of oil and natural gas being extracted today are all extracted
From the fossils. These fossils were created millions of years ago when
Dead plants and animals were buried inside the earth’s crust.These
sometimes called as non-Renewable sources.They are termed as non
renewable because if they Gets depleted then it will take thousands of
years for them to Regenerate.
Oil and natural gas is a type of fossil fuel which contains hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons Are basically the material which are found in the earth’s
crust formed Naturally from dead plants and animals.
Hydrocarbon basically refers to the compounds having C,H and O as
Necessary elements along with some additional elements.

3. BASIC STEPS INVOLVED IN THE OIL
EXTRACTION
 PREPARATIONOFTHE RIG SITE –The preparation of the rig site
include:
1) location of the rig site- the factor on which it is based is that which
Site can yield a maximum amount of output in terms of oil and
natural gas.
2) Proper leveling
3) Removal of unwanted trees and vegetation from the locality
4) Pad construction
5) Transportation facilities for proper delivery
A number of reservoir pits are build for storing purpose.

4. In this image proper leveling of the rig site is being
performed so that extraction of oil and natural gas can be
done easily.

5. DRILLING –The main purpose of drilling is to bring out the oil and
natural gas which is trapped deep inside the earth. A well is drilled
right straight into the ground surface using the drill pipes.The first step
includes drill of a hole of depth 100 feet below the deepest aquifer.
An aquifer is a porous rock which contains sediments and ground water.
A steel casing is then cemented in order to protect the aquifer from any
kind of damage. Once the cementing is done the hole is drilled up to a
Depth of 1000 feet where oil and natural gas is trapped.
Any kind of carelessness id not accepted in this process as it might
Damage the aquifers.

6. Drilling holes are being dug using drill pipes deep inside
the earth’s surface in order to extract the trapped crude
oil.

7. CEMENTINGANDTESTING-Once the desired depth is achieved the
drill pipe is taken out and the steel pipe is pushed to the bottom.
Various tests are then conducted to check the strength of the steel pipe
Before bringing up the oil and natural gas.
WELLCOMPLETION-A perforating operation is performed in the steel
pipe which creates holes in the steel pipe.These holes acts a connection
Between the rocks containing oil and natural gas and the pipe.
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING- Now the oil and natural gas must be taken
out which is trapped in the rocks. Fracturing fluid is pumped into the
steel pipe at high pressure.This pressurized fluid creates cracks in the
Rocks which finally frees the oil and natural gas trapped in them.

8. Explosives are being installed in special guns known as the
perforated guns. These guns are installed in the steel pipes and
when explosion is made holes are created in the steel pipe

9. This surface casing prevents the upcoming oil and natural
gas from any kind of impurities. The perforated holes are
created because of the perforating action.

10. These cracks in the aquifers are created due to the motion
of high pressurized fracturing fluid which frees up the
trapped oil and natural gas inside it.

11. PRODUCTION-Once the cracks are made the oil and natural gas flows
up and the fluid can be used in other places.The purpose of the
Fracturing fluid is to increase the extraction of oil and natural gas as
More the cracks will be formed more will be the freed up oil and
Natural gas and more will be the extraction.
WELLABONDONMENT-Once all the oil has been extracted from the
Rig site the land is restored to its initial stage before extraction. Now
The land can again be used for other activities.

12. OIL WELL CONSTRUCTION
CASING- Casing is a series of pipes that runs in the drilled hole to keep
The contaminants out of reach from the oil and natural gas. casing is
Installed in layers. It is in the form of decreasing diameter pipes which
Are connected to each other. A good casing must withstand high
Pressure and explosive conditions. Once the casing is done tubing is
Fitted into the casing to transport oil and natural gas.
TUBING-The main function of tubing is to bring the oil and natural gas
From the ground to the surface. Usually pumps are used to bring up the
Oil and natural gas on the surface.The oil and natural gas comes out on
The principle of pressure difference.The pressure at the rocks or
Reservoir must be higher than the outer pressure at the surface.
Special types of pumps known as the sucker pumps are used if the
Pressure at the reservoir is not higher than the pressure at the surface.
It must be noted that the oil and natural gas moves from region of higher
pressure to the region of lower pressure.

14. DRILLING-The oil well is created by drilling a long hole deep into
The earth’s surface.There are many two types of drilling methods in the oil
And Natural gas industry which are:
Offshore drilling- onshore drilling takes place at the sea bed.The depth
Of the drill hole may vary from 30000 feet to 130000 feet.
 Deep water drilling- it is a kind of offshore drilling in which the drilling
Hole is dug deep into the earth’s crust present under the sea up to a depth
of 1000 feet.
 Ultra water drilling- it is a kind of offshore drilling in which the drilled
hole is dug into the earth’s crust present under the sea up to a depth of 5000
feet.
Offshore drilling- onshore drilling takes place on the oil platform.These
Offshore oil wells can last for 10 to 20 years. During off shore drilling the
Company drills deep into the earth’s surface.

15. Types of rigs used in offshore drilling
JACK UP RIG-Which are used for shallow water drilling.
SEMISUBMERSIBLE RIGS-They are used for deep water drilling. in this
The rigs are drilled deep inside the earths crest under the sea.

16. DRILL SHIPS-They are ship based floating rigs which can travel from
One place to another in the sea using their own power.

17. Offshore drilling rig has been set on the ocean or sea bed.

18. Onshore drilling rig is set up directly on the oil
platform.

19. TYPES OF DRILLING RESERVOIRS
Drilling reservoirs are massive structures.There are mainly 2 types of
Drilling reservoirs which are as follows:
Sand stone reservoir- majority of the petroleum reserves are found in
Sandstone reserves. When the oil and natural gas is extracted From
sandstone using known technologies is called sandstone reservoir.
Limestone reservoir- majority of the hydrocarbons reserves are found in
Lime stone. When the oil and natural gas is extracted from a region
Which contains only limestone, then it is known as limestone reservoir.

20. PUMPING
Pumping is a process which helps in transferring the crude oil from one
Position to another.
There are mainly 4 types of pumps which are used in oil and natural gas
Industry which are as follows:
Centrifugal pumps- these are the most common types of pumps used in
The oil and natural gas industry. Centrifugal pumps uses centrifugal
Force through the rotation of the impeller of the pumps to draw the
fluid into the Storage tanks.The flow through the pumps are controlled
by the Controlling valves.
Single stage centrifugal pumps are used for low viscosity fluids as they
Require high flow rates.

21. These centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluid into
the storage tanks by the rotational motion of the impeller
of the pumps.

22. RECIPROCATING PLUNGER PUMPS-These plunger pumps uses the
reciprocating motion of the plunger and piston to pressurize the fluid to
move in a cylinder. Plunger pumps have constant flow at a given speed.
A relief valve is very important in the reciprocating plunger pumps as it
Prevents over pressuring of other parts of the piping system.
The maintenance of the reciprocating pump is more because it consists
Of moving parts. Since they have moving operation involved thus, the
Activity is more noisier here.

23. GEAR PUMPS-Gear pumps uses messing action of gears to pump the
Fluid by displacement.They are positive placement pumps that is they
Pump a constant amount of fluid at a given revolution. If they do not
Pump a constant amount of fluid at each revolution of the gear than
The problem must be rectified as negative placement gears are not
Preferred in the industry.

24. DIAPHRAGM PUMPS-They are positive displacement pumps for
Pumping the fluid.The main principle behind these pumps is,
“a decrease in the volume will cause an increase in the pressure in
Vacuum”.The maintenance cost of diaphragm pumps is Lower than the
reciprocating pumps since the number of moving parts In these pumps
are less.

25. OPERATIONS INVOLVED IN THE OIL AND
NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
UPSTREAM-The operations involved in this stream is nothing to do
With exploration or production part.The operation which are involved
In the upstream is finding the location of the rig site, beginning of the
Drilling process and bringing the oil and natural gas to the surface.
MIDSTREAM-The operation involved in this stream is transportation
And storing of the oil and natural gas. the companies involved here are
Responsible for transferring the crude oil into the refineries for refining
Process.
DOWNSTREAM-The operation in this stream includes the refining of
The crude oil and natural gas into useful products such as gasoline and
Kerosene etc.

26. Difference between upstream, midstream and downstream

27. PROCESSING OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS
The main objective of processing is to remove the useful material from
The crude oil and extract the non useful part from the crude oil and
Dispose them off in a friendly manner.
Oil is processed in the refineries. In refineries crude oil is extracted into
Many useful products such as gasoline and kerosene etc.
In refineries the hydrocarbons are also separated from the crude oil
Advanced techniques.

28. REFINING PROCESS
The crude oil must be refined in order to transform it into a number of
Useful products. Crude oil cannot be used directly as it consists of a
Number of hydrocarbons which are not suitable for every operation.
The crude oil has different compositions of hydrocarbons which has ‘
Specific uses.
The various refining processes are
1) Separation
2) Conversion
3) Treating
4) Distilling
5) Cracking

29. SEPARATION- contaminant molecules are separated from the crude oil
Using atmospheric distillation process, according to their molecular
Weights. Here the crude oil is treated at very high temperatures. Oil
Residuals will remain at the bottom and will not vaporize. Light
Molecules will rise up.
CONVERSION-Conversion a process of converting heavier molecules in
To lighter products.
The process in which smaller hydrocarbons joins together is called
Unification.
the rearrangement of molecules is called alkylation.

30. TREATING-Treating is done to remove any extra kind of contaminants
Or Unwanted particles such as sulfur, nitrogen which obstructs the
Working of the motors. After the treating process we can easily
Determine the quality of air emission with less sulfur coming out.
Thus, to meet the consumers demand the crude oil must be separated,
Converted and treated and the combined process is called refining.

31. DISTILLATION- distilling may be categorized as the beginning of the
Refining process. Distillation breaks the composition of the Chemicals
In the crude oil to boil at different temperatures.
It consists of a long distilling column which contains a set of trays that
Allows the heated vapors to rise and collect at different levels, which
Ultimately separates the different liquids from the crude oil.The top of
The distilling column is cooler while the bottom part of the distilling
Column is hotter.The above part is cooler so that when the heated
Vapors rises up, they condense and gets collected at their respective
Trays.This process will cause the residue to leave behind at the bottom
Of the distilling column.
The liquids are compared heavier or lighter based upon their specific
Gravity, which is determined upon its weight and density compared to
That of water.

32. The basic principle behind distillation is that different
fluids boils at different temperatures. So the fluids with
lower boiling point starts boiling first and can be
collected separately and so on.

33. CRACKING-The term cracking comes from the process of breaking of
Long hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and useful products.The
Process converts the straight long liquids into gasoline.Cracking is a
Highly controlled process , thus, it is always present away from the
Distilling column.

34. TRANSPORTATION
Transportation of the oil and natural gas is the final step that takes the
Ready made goods directly to the consumers.The transportation
Operation comes in the mid-stream.
After the oil has been extracted properly, it must be supplied to the
Refineries for refining process, so that useful products can be extracted.
Various types of transportation methods include:
1) Oil tankers- large ships to transport crude oil
2) Pipelines- to transport crude oil in distribution networks
3) Rail transport- crude oil transported on long cargo trains
4) Trucks- for carrying small quantities of crude oil

35. Various types of transportation facilities

36. Major uses of oil and natural gas are as follows:
1) Candies and gums
2) Crayons
3) Credit cards
4) Contact lenses
5) Tooth paste
6) Dentures
7) Golf ball, soccer ball and basket ball
8) Eye glasses
9) Life jackets
10) Keyboards

38. SOME MOST COMMON USES IN DAILY LIFE
TRANSPORTATION- Petroleum is a key source of transportation.The
Transportation fuels obtained from the petroleum are, petrol
And diesel etc.
POWER GENERATION- Petroleum is used in electricity generation in
Industries.
LUBRICANTS- Many lubricants used in machines are made from
Petroleum.
AGRICULTURE- Petroleum is used in the production of ammonia which
Is source of fertilizers. Most pesticides are also produced from
Petroleum.

39. DOMESTIC USE- Many household products such as detergents,
Vaseline, wax are derived from petroleum. Kerosene which is a by-
Product of petroleum is used in cooking in many countries.
PHARMACEUTICALS- Petroleum is used in the manufacturing of many
Kind of face creams.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY- Petroleum is used as a raw material in many
Chemical industries for the manufacturing of synthetic fiber, nylon
Plastics and more.