Overview of Ethics in Computing
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This PPT is a summary of all the major topics I covered during my Ethics class and my learning from it.
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CONCEPTUALIZING AI RISK
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Discussion #1Based on authoritative sources (including peer revi.docx
Discussion #1
Based on authoritative sources (including peer reviewed articles from the library, Fraud Examiners Manual, etc), give some examples and discuss current ways in which you could obtain information from public and private sources if you were asked to investigate an employee in accounts receivable that is believed to be embezzling funds from your company. Do you think the data you obtained is reliable from these public and private sources, why or why not?
Comment (FG)
The investigation's study element includes specialists in publicly sourced data obtaining appropriate data about people and organizations suspected of fraud participation (PWC, 2008). This is one of the first measures taken when a suspect was recognized in an inquiry. Most of the information and paperwork used in an inquiry are produced internally – it comes from within the organization or is otherwise easily accessible within the organization (in the event of invoices from the seller). However, sometimes it becomes vital to have information or paperwork that is only accessible from external sources. Public data and documents are typically accessible to the general government either by visiting a website or facility or on request from the record holder. In most instances, government agencies maintain public records. There are two wide categories of external information sources, public and non-public. For instance, if an employee posts pictures or makes statements on social media, this data could be easily accessible to all spectators. “Investigators should always use caution when accessing this information, especially if the information is only available to ‘friends’ or other contacts that the individual has granted special access to.” (Pomerantz & Zack, 2017)
Non-public documents are confidential and private. Holders of such documents are under no obligation to generate such documents unless they have given their permission or are required to do so as a consequence of legal proceedings, such as a court order or summons. This category includes records such as private bank statements from people who may be the topic of an inquiry. Researchers do not normally have ready access to these records. Non-public records include information about a private and confidential person or business. Must get from 1) Consent, 2) Legal process 3) Search warrant.
An employer who uses a third party to conduct a workplace investigation no longer has to obtain the prior consent of an employee if the investigation involves suspected: 1) Misconduct, 2) Violation of law or regulations, 3) Violation of any preexisting policy of the employer (ACFE, 201
Discussion #2
Play the video titled 5 Steps to Reduce Small Business Fraud located on the ACFE website http://www.acfe.com/Video-Library.aspx
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Theory
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CONCEPTUALIZING AI RISK
AI advances represent a great technological opportunity, but also possible perils. This paper
undertakes an ethical and systematic evaluation of those risks in a pragmatic analytical form of
questions, which we term ‘Conceptual AI Risk analysis’. We then look at a topical case
example in an actual industrial setting and apply that methodology in outline. The case
involves Deep Learning Black-Boxes and their risk issues in an environment that requires
compliance with legal rules and industry best practices. We examine a technological means to
attempt to solve the Black-box problem for this case, referred to as “Really Useful Machine
Learning” ( RUMLSM ). DARPA has identified such cases as being the “Third Wave of AI.”
Conclusions to its efficacy are drawn.
Discussion #1Based on authoritative sources (including peer revi.docx
Discussion #1
Based on authoritative sources (including peer reviewed articles from the library, Fraud Examiners Manual, etc), give some examples and discuss current ways in which you could obtain information from public and private sources if you were asked to investigate an employee in accounts receivable that is believed to be embezzling funds from your company. Do you think the data you obtained is reliable from these public and private sources, why or why not?
Comment (FG)
The investigation's study element includes specialists in publicly sourced data obtaining appropriate data about people and organizations suspected of fraud participation (PWC, 2008). This is one of the first measures taken when a suspect was recognized in an inquiry. Most of the information and paperwork used in an inquiry are produced internally – it comes from within the organization or is otherwise easily accessible within the organization (in the event of invoices from the seller). However, sometimes it becomes vital to have information or paperwork that is only accessible from external sources. Public data and documents are typically accessible to the general government either by visiting a website or facility or on request from the record holder. In most instances, government agencies maintain public records. There are two wide categories of external information sources, public and non-public. For instance, if an employee posts pictures or makes statements on social media, this data could be easily accessible to all spectators. “Investigators should always use caution when accessing this information, especially if the information is only available to ‘friends’ or other contacts that the individual has granted special access to.” (Pomerantz & Zack, 2017)
Non-public documents are confidential and private. Holders of such documents are under no obligation to generate such documents unless they have given their permission or are required to do so as a consequence of legal proceedings, such as a court order or summons. This category includes records such as private bank statements from people who may be the topic of an inquiry. Researchers do not normally have ready access to these records. Non-public records include information about a private and confidential person or business. Must get from 1) Consent, 2) Legal process 3) Search warrant.
An employer who uses a third party to conduct a workplace investigation no longer has to obtain the prior consent of an employee if the investigation involves suspected: 1) Misconduct, 2) Violation of law or regulations, 3) Violation of any preexisting policy of the employer (ACFE, 201
Discussion #2
Play the video titled 5 Steps to Reduce Small Business Fraud located on the ACFE website http://www.acfe.com/Video-Library.aspx
What did you learn from this video that you could relate to your current, past or future job in accounting? Be sure to use authoritative sources (including peer reviewed articles from the library, F ...
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This document summarizes Roger Johnston's talk on under-utilized methods for mitigating the insider threat. Johnston discusses improving security culture and climate by welcoming security ideas from all employees and viewing vulnerabilities as opportunities. He also outlines examples of largely unstudied human factors in security like security awareness training, insider threat motivation and countermeasures, and mitigating employee disgruntlement. The document advocates applying insights from psychology, such as reducing cognitive dissonance, to strengthen security practices against both inadvertent and deliberate insider threats.
Theory
Workplace accidents cost billions annually and theories of accident causation aim to understand why accidents happen to prevent them. The document outlines several theories including: the Domino Theory which views accidents as resulting from a series of factors; the Human Factors Theory which attributes accidents to human error from overload, inappropriate responses or activities; and the Systems Theory which sees accidents as outcomes of interactions between people, machinery and the environment. A combination of theories may provide the best approach to solving safety problems.
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Three-S Network Series kembali hadir dengan mengangkat tema “People, Technology, and Society”, sebagai wadah untuk berbagi, berdiskusi, berjejaring dan berkolaborasi.
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1. Several theories of accident causation are described, including the Domino Theory, Human Factors Theory, Accident/Incident Theory, Epidemiological Theory, and Systems Theory.
2. The Domino Theory proposes that accidents are caused by a series of preceding factors, and removing the central unsafe act or hazardous condition can prevent accidents.
3. The Human Factors Theory attributes accidents to a chain of events ultimately resulting from human error due to overload, inappropriate responses, or inappropriate activities.
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Apart from performing the technical investigations, it is also equally important to understand and address the thought process of the criminal when the crime was committed.
Every crime that has been committed is always done with a specific disastrous purpose in mind and to fulfil that purpose, the criminal finds multiple loopholes and builds his/her way to such an extent that the line between right and wrong gets negligible.
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Privacy at Work —Ethical CriteriaAnders J. PerssonSven.docx
Privacy at Work —
Ethical Criteria
Anders J. Persson
Sven Ove Hansson
ABSTRACT. New technologies and practices, such
as drug testing, genetic testing, and electronic sur-
veillance infringe upon the privacy of workers on
workplaces. We argue that employees have a prima
facie right to privacy, but this right can be overridden
by competing moral principles that follow, explicitly
or implicitly, from the contract of employment. We
propose a set of criteria for when intrusions into an
employee's privacy are justified. Three types of justi-
fication are specified, namely those that refer to the
employer's interests, to the interests of the employee
her- or himself, and to the interests of third parties
such as customers and fellow workers. For each of
these three types, sub-criteria are proposed that can
be used to determine whether a particular infringe-
ment into an employee's privacy is morally justified
or not.
KEY WORDS: contract of employment, drug testing,
ethical criteria, ethics, genetic testing, privacy, sur-
veillance, work
Anders J. Persson is Ph.D. candidate in Philosophy at the
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
Sven Ove Hansson is professor of Philosophy at the Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm. His major research
areas are philosophy of risk, decision theory, episte-
mology, belief dynamics, and value theory. He partici-
pates in several interdisciplinary research projects on
environmental risk assessment and risk management. His
most recent books are Setting the Limit. (1998), A
Textbook of Belief Dynamics. Theory Change and
Database Updating (1999), and The Structures of
Values and Norms (2001).
1. Introduction
Technological developments have in many cases
alleviated work and improved v^ork conditions.
At the same time new technologies have caused
new problems for workers. Several new tech-
nologies infringe upon the privacy of workers.'
This applies in particular to three major groups
of technologies and practices: drug testing,
genetic testing, and surveillance. We will begin
by briefly introducing these, before discussing
how they relate to the privacy issue.
Drug testing. According to statistics from the
laboratory that performs about 80 percent of the
drug tests ordered from employers in Sweden
(Huddinge sjukhus), employers' use of such tests
has become more and more common in this
country (Eriksson and Olsson, 2001). The same
tendency seems to prevail in other countries.
Genetic testing. Genetic testing includes both
genetic screening and genetic monitoring. In
genetic screening, workers are examined for
possible genetic predispositions for example to
chemically caused disease. In genetic monitoring,
workers are tested for genetic damage caused e.g.
by exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
According to a report from 1982, about 5
percent of American businesses had set up
programs of genetic screening on workers, and
about 15 percent had plans to introduce such
programs (National Opinion Research Ce.
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Incident ResponseAs a security professional, you will.docx
Incident Response
A
s a security professional, you will be versed in a number of different
technologies and techniques, each designed to prevent an attack and secure
the organization. Each of the techniques you will learn is meant to prevent
an attack or limit its scope, but the reality is that attacks can and will happen, and
the techniques you have learned in this course cannot ever be guaranteed to stop
an attack from penetrating your organization. As a security professional, this is
a reality that you will have to accept.
Once you have accepted that an attack will inevitably penetrate your organization
at some point, your job now becomes knowing how to respond to these situations.
This is the role of incident response. Incident response, as the name implies, is the
process of how you and your organization will respond to a security incident when
it occurs. Although security incidents are bound to occur, you shouldn’t sit by and
let them happen. You have to know, in some detail, how you will respond.
Incident response includes those details. If you respond incorrectly to an incident,
you could make a bad situation worse. For example, not knowing what to do,
whom to call, or what the chain of command is in these situations would potentially
do further damage.
Finally, incident response may have a legal aspect. Security incidents are often
crimes, and so you must take special care when responding. When you decide to
pursue criminal charges, you move from the realm of just responding to performing
a formal investigation. The formal investigation will include special techniques
for gathering and processing evidence for the purpose of potentially prosecuting
the criminal later.
This chapter investigates and examines the various aspects of incident response
and ways to plan and design a process for responding to that breach in your
organization.
336
14
CHAPTER
Chapter 14 Topics
This chapter covers the following topics and concepts:
• What a security incident is
• What the process of incident response is
• What incident response plans (IRPs) are
• What planning for disaster and recovery is
• What evidence handling and administration is
• What requirements of regulated industries are
Chapter 14 Goals
When you complete this chapter, you will be able to:
• List the components of incident response
• List the goals of incident response
What Is a Security Incident?
A security incident in an organization is a serious event that can occur at any point from
the desktop level to the servers and infrastructure that make the network work. A security
incident can be anything including accidental actions that result in a problem up to and
including the downright malicious. Regardless of why a security incident occurred, the
organization must respond appropriately.
A security incident can cover a lot of different events, but to clarify what constitutes
a security incident, the following guidelin ...
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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Privacy at Work —Ethical CriteriaAnders J. PerssonSven.docx
Privacy at Work —
Ethical Criteria
Anders J. Persson
Sven Ove Hansson
ABSTRACT. New technologies and practices, such
as drug testing, genetic testing, and electronic sur-
veillance infringe upon the privacy of workers on
workplaces. We argue that employees have a prima
facie right to privacy, but this right can be overridden
by competing moral principles that follow, explicitly
or implicitly, from the contract of employment. We
propose a set of criteria for when intrusions into an
employee's privacy are justified. Three types of justi-
fication are specified, namely those that refer to the
employer's interests, to the interests of the employee
her- or himself, and to the interests of third parties
such as customers and fellow workers. For each of
these three types, sub-criteria are proposed that can
be used to determine whether a particular infringe-
ment into an employee's privacy is morally justified
or not.
KEY WORDS: contract of employment, drug testing,
ethical criteria, ethics, genetic testing, privacy, sur-
veillance, work
Anders J. Persson is Ph.D. candidate in Philosophy at the
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm.
Sven Ove Hansson is professor of Philosophy at the Royal
Institute of Technology, Stockholm. His major research
areas are philosophy of risk, decision theory, episte-
mology, belief dynamics, and value theory. He partici-
pates in several interdisciplinary research projects on
environmental risk assessment and risk management. His
most recent books are Setting the Limit. (1998), A
Textbook of Belief Dynamics. Theory Change and
Database Updating (1999), and The Structures of
Values and Norms (2001).
1. Introduction
Technological developments have in many cases
alleviated work and improved v^ork conditions.
At the same time new technologies have caused
new problems for workers. Several new tech-
nologies infringe upon the privacy of workers.'
This applies in particular to three major groups
of technologies and practices: drug testing,
genetic testing, and surveillance. We will begin
by briefly introducing these, before discussing
how they relate to the privacy issue.
Drug testing. According to statistics from the
laboratory that performs about 80 percent of the
drug tests ordered from employers in Sweden
(Huddinge sjukhus), employers' use of such tests
has become more and more common in this
country (Eriksson and Olsson, 2001). The same
tendency seems to prevail in other countries.
Genetic testing. Genetic testing includes both
genetic screening and genetic monitoring. In
genetic screening, workers are examined for
possible genetic predispositions for example to
chemically caused disease. In genetic monitoring,
workers are tested for genetic damage caused e.g.
by exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
According to a report from 1982, about 5
percent of American businesses had set up
programs of genetic screening on workers, and
about 15 percent had plans to introduce such
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Social engineering, or SE, is the art of manipulating people into performing actions or so they give up confidential information. Social Engineering can mean different things to different people.
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1. Incident Response
2. Operational Security
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Incident ResponseAs a security professional, you will.docx
Incident Response
A
s a security professional, you will be versed in a number of different
technologies and techniques, each designed to prevent an attack and secure
the organization. Each of the techniques you will learn is meant to prevent
an attack or limit its scope, but the reality is that attacks can and will happen, and
the techniques you have learned in this course cannot ever be guaranteed to stop
an attack from penetrating your organization. As a security professional, this is
a reality that you will have to accept.
Once you have accepted that an attack will inevitably penetrate your organization
at some point, your job now becomes knowing how to respond to these situations.
This is the role of incident response. Incident response, as the name implies, is the
process of how you and your organization will respond to a security incident when
it occurs. Although security incidents are bound to occur, you shouldn’t sit by and
let them happen. You have to know, in some detail, how you will respond.
Incident response includes those details. If you respond incorrectly to an incident,
you could make a bad situation worse. For example, not knowing what to do,
whom to call, or what the chain of command is in these situations would potentially
do further damage.
Finally, incident response may have a legal aspect. Security incidents are often
crimes, and so you must take special care when responding. When you decide to
pursue criminal charges, you move from the realm of just responding to performing
a formal investigation. The formal investigation will include special techniques
for gathering and processing evidence for the purpose of potentially prosecuting
the criminal later.
This chapter investigates and examines the various aspects of incident response
and ways to plan and design a process for responding to that breach in your
organization.
336
14
CHAPTER
Chapter 14 Topics
This chapter covers the following topics and concepts:
• What a security incident is
• What the process of incident response is
• What incident response plans (IRPs) are
• What planning for disaster and recovery is
• What evidence handling and administration is
• What requirements of regulated industries are
Chapter 14 Goals
When you complete this chapter, you will be able to:
• List the components of incident response
• List the goals of incident response
What Is a Security Incident?
A security incident in an organization is a serious event that can occur at any point from
the desktop level to the servers and infrastructure that make the network work. A security
incident can be anything including accidental actions that result in a problem up to and
including the downright malicious. Regardless of why a security incident occurred, the
organization must respond appropriately.
A security incident can cover a lot of different events, but to clarify what constitutes
a security incident, the following guidelin ...
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1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Choose a bid from writers based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start.
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5. Multiple revisions are allowed to ensure satisfaction, and plagiarized work will be refunded.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 1. Professional Ethics in Computing BY: HARSH JAIN (20112317) & Dr. Fr Jossy P George
- 2. Ethical Theories Utilitarian Theory #1 Duty Ethics theory #2 Rights Theory #3 The Virtue Theory #4 Justice Theory #5
- 3. Kohlberg Theory Gilligan's Theory #6 #7
- 4. Risk & Safety ● A thing is safe if its risk are judged to be acceptable. ● A risk is a unwanted and harmful event that sometimes may occur. ● Acceptability of a risk depends on how it is perceived. Safety Risk
- 5. Ways to Assess Risk Starts from a given event and studies from the different consequences that might evolve from it. Scenario Risk Examines the failure modes of each component without focusing on the causes or relationships between the components/elements. FMEA One purposes a system/hardware failure and then traces the events back to possible causes at the core level FTA This form of analysis is the opposite of FTA, and also a more mathematical version of scenario analysis. Event Tree Analysis
- 6. Intellectual Property Rights • Intellectual property is the product of the human intellect. • They allow their owner to completely benefit from his/her product which was initially an idea that developed and came to fruition. • They also entitle him/her to prevent others from using, dealing or tampering with his/her product without prior permission from him/her.
- 7. Types of IPR • Patents • Industrial Design • Trademark • Copyrights • Trade Secrets • Design of Integrated Circuits • Geographical Indications
- 8. Ethics of MNCs • MNCs need to recognize international rights. • MNCs are usually creators of technology that contributes to environmental deration as well as environmental improvement. • Tackling environmental ethics through an cost oblivious or cost- benefit analysis approach.
- 9. Engineers as Corporate Suits Interpersonal Informational Decisional 1. Entrepreneur 2. Disturbance handler 3. Resource allocator 1. Monitor 2. Disseminator 3. Spokesperson 1. Figurehead 2. Leader 3. Liaison
- 10. Key Takeaway from this Course • Concerned with the outcome of right actions, when done. • Concerned with the outcome of wrong actions, not done. Ethics Morals
- 11. Thank You