Overview of clinical psychology profession

1. Overview of Profession & Practice:
History & Growth
M Phil Clinical Psychology
January’2015

2. INTRODUCTION
 Pre WWII
 Learning theories
 Intelligence and personality tests
 Post WWII
 Golden age of psychology
 Raise in need of MH services
 Combat neurosis, battle fatigue
 Impact of war
 Anxiety, fear, juvenile delinquency, racial oppression
 1944 - Army devised systematic programs to use CP
 CPs lacked training in treatment

3.  Veterans Administration (VA, noe det of VA) &
 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
 Research
 Training (projects on MI & social functioning)
 2 programs
 VA Clinical Psychology Training Program
 Funding initiatives of NIMH
 Leading to GI Bill or Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (1944)

4.  GI Bill
 Funding for education
 > 6 million veterans enrolled
 Accelerated growth
 Science
 Profession
 VA
 Mental hygiene clinics
 Neuro psychiatry divisions
 Training programs

5.  VA Clinical Psychology Training Program
 1946
 James Miller
 Reorganized AAAP (American Association of
Psychologists)
 225 students in 22 univ
 Included
 classroom teaching &
 hand on clinical training
 Up to 2005, 36,000 CPs
 PhD entry criteria

6.  NIMH
 Created under National MH Act of 1946
 Dr Robert Felix 1st Inst Director
 Aim to ↑ MH professionals
 Psychiatrists
 CPs
 PN
 PSW
 Funding (majority 40% to psychiatry alone)
 1949 - Sponsored Conference on Grauation Education in
Clinical Psychology at Univ of Colorado
 Boulder Model

7.  Boulder Model
 Scientist-practitioner model
 Early template – Shakow
 Committee on Training in Cl Psy lead by him
 Paved path to establish Cl Psy Training Programs in Univ
 Criticism
 Limited clinical training
 Too medicalised
 Ignored role of socio-cul elements

8.  Antipsychaitry Movement
 Szasz & Laing
 Brain diseases → bizarre thoughts n beh
 Stigma
 Root is real living problems
 Mystification state (confusion- what to b & one is)
 Power to psychiatrists
 Established therapeutic community (Kingsley Hall)
at Tavistock Clinic in London

9.  Delivery of psychotherapy
 Psychiatrists vs CPs
 3 decades conflict rose
 1980s CPs got license
 Psychological research
 VA
 NIMH
 Office of Naval research
 Dept of Defense

10. PSYCHOLOGY IN INDIA
 1905
 Psychology - PG subject
 Ashutosh Mukherjee, VC of Calcutta Univ (CU)
 Brajender Nath outlined the syllabus (USA & Europe)
 1915
 NN Sengupta set up 1st lab at CU
 1923 Indian Science Congress
 1924 Indian Psychologists Association
 1926 Indian Journal of Psychology

11.  Non Aligned Movement (NAM)
 1961 Bandung Conference held at Indonesia
 Organizers
 Indonesia
 India
 Burma
 Sri Lanka
 Pakistan
 Drawing on their own resources for development of
psychology

12.  Research in India
 Replication of western work
 PM, J L Nehru (President of NAM)
 Address problems of Indian society
 Durganand Sinha & B P Sinha
 Leaders in dev of psychology
 Applied to range of Indian issues
 M P Gopalswami
 Mysore, 1st animal lab
 Indian adaptation of intelligence tests

13.  H P Maiti
 1946 Institute of Psychological Research in Patna
 Teaching
 Research
 Counseling
 1950s MoEdu procures Gardener Murphy - research
programs – communal violence

14.  Guidance & Counseling
 Sohan Lal, C M Bhatia, S N Mehrotra
 The Guidance Bureau at Patna
 UP Psychological Bureau
 Bihar Psychological Bureau
 Parsi Panchayat Vocational Guidance Bureau
 Journal of Vocational Educational Guidance

15.  Ahmadabad Textile Research Association (ATIRA)
 1950s – Kamla Chowdhary
 Surveys to study motivation
 Erikson & Mc Celland visitors to ATIRA
 Psychological Research Wing of Defense Science
Organization
 Recruit, defense probs, MH, stress n rehab
 Psychological test
 Elevated to DIPR (Defense Inst of Psychological
Research)

16.  University Grant Commission (UGC)
 1956
 Funds to start dept of psychology
 1960 – 32 depts
 Centre for Advanced Studies (Utkal, Allahabad)
 Centre for Special Assistance (Delhi, Gorakhpur, Tirupathi)

17.  Commonwealth, Full Bright & Ford
 1960s & 70s
 Post doc training
 Gradually psychology teaching
 Engineering
 Management
 Agriculture
 Medical

18.  Lightner Witmer
 19th century European psychologist
 Developed laboratory techniques to measure psychological
processes
 Found 1st psychological clinic in 1896 at the University of
Pennsylvania
 Children with learning problems
 Believed that a systematic approach to the study of individual
differences could be of benefit to society
 coined the term ‘clinical psychology’ to describe the new
profession

19.  American Psychological Association (APA), Division-12, the
field is involved with:
…research, teaching and services relevant to the applications
of principles, methods and procedures for understanding,
predicting and alleviating intellectual, emotional, biological,
psychological, social and behavioral maladjustment, disability
and discomfort applied to a wide range of client populations

20.  The Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists (IACP)
preferred to define clinical psychology as:
…an applied branch of psychology which, drawing heavily
from the biological, medical and social sciences, aims to
study systematically all kinds of pathological deviations of
human behaviour and experience from the normal pattern
with a view to develop and apply adequate diagnostic,
therapeutic, rehabilitative and preventive (including legal)
techniques and measures.

21.  Dr Girindrasekar Bose (1886–1953)
 Therapeutic emphasis on psychology
 Qualified medical practitioner interested in the treatment of
mental illness
 Joined PG programme in psychology at Calcutta University in
1915.
 In 1921, 1st Ph D in Psychology
 Thesis on The Concept of Repression
 Lecturer in the Department of Psychology
 1938, HoD of Applied Psychology at Calcutta University

22.  Interest in dynamic psychology, he contributed on the theory
of
 mental life and
 gunas (temperament)
 Worked on concepts
 Repression, defiance, ambivalence, free association and
opposite wishes
 cordial relations with Freud but differed on some of the
cultural assumptions of psychoanalysis

23.  He advocated practice of psychotherapy in the Indian context
as a didactic, cognitive venture, suggesting the culture-
specific guru-shishya paradigm in therapy
 Pioneered formal training courses
 1920s Course in psychoanalysis for PG in psychology at
CU
 1930 Training program in psychoanalysis at the Indian
Psychoanalytic Institute
 Formation of the Indian Psychoanalytic Society (IPS,
1922)
 Establishing a research journal Samiksha in 1947
 1948, Lumbini Park Mental Hospital and Research Centre

24.  Early intiatives
 Certificate course in Applied psychology with specialised
in abnormal psychology at CU
 12 month Training program in clinical psychology at BHU
 Kashi Vidyapeeth
 Applied psychology at AMU
 Clinical psychology training program at KU, Dharwar
 Clinical psychology training program at SNDTU, Mumbai

25.  Lacked
 Clinical training
 Supervision
 Clinical material
 Structured infrastructure
 Products were not having adequate clinical skills

26.  1954
 All India Inst of Mental Health, now NIMHANS (since 1974)
 Structured internship program under supervision
 Within a psychiatry hospital
 Diploma in Medical Psychology (DMP)
 Diploma in Medical & Social Psychology (DMSP)
 M Phil in Clinical Psychology

27.  1972
 B M Institute at Ahmadabad started training program in
clinical psychology
 But it could not provide viable results
 Clinical adequacies were lacking

28.  1962
 Training program at AIIMH was replicated
 Followed by
 RINPAS
 KMC
 SRMC & RI
 IHBAS
 Sweekar academy

29.  Up to 1997 , 600 CPs
 Currently
 20 institutes / universities offer M Phil
 No. of seats 150 (approx)
 RCI license and accrediting

30.  Ph D in clinical psychology
 NIMHANS
 CIP
 PGIMER
 AIIMS

31.  Dilemmas
 Professional registration and license
 Monitoring, evaluating and accrediting of clinical training
programs
 Area of legislation for CPs
 Ethical guidelines
 Code of conduct
 Listing and disciplining of institutions
 Policy formulations
 Program dev and initiation

32.  IACP – 1968
 RCI 2002