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ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 2) The Raw Materials (steel, steelmaking, furna...Matteo Sporchia
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ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 1) - Layout & Components (steel - steelmaking -...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed description of the design features of an AC (alternative current) ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE (EAF) which is commonly used in the electric steelmaking processes.
ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE AC (PART 3) - The Charging Phase (steel, steelmaking, ir...Matteo Sporchia
A detailed description and overview about the charging phase of an Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) that involves the main raw materials such as scrap, DRI, HBI, pig iron and hot metal.
This document discusses piezoelectricity and its applications. It introduces piezoelectricity, which is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. These materials include quartz and can harvest energy from pressure points. The document then discusses using piezoelectric materials in power generating shoes and sensors to capture energy from foot strikes. It outlines the advantages of piezoelectricity over batteries and provides examples of piezoelectric applications in devices and future potential to capture more energy from traffic and footsteps.
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2012 deep research report on china combined heat and power (chp) industrysmarter2011
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Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
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opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
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a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
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needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
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3. 3 Copyright – P4S – PRODUCTS 4 STEELMAKING – All Rights Reserved – Author: Eng. Matteo Sporchia
OUTLOOK OF GRAPHITE ELECTRODES IN CHINA
1. OVERVIEW
It's often complicated predicting prices related to any products used in iron and
steelmaking, we can state the same thing for the GRAPHITE ELECTRODES which is the
essential product for the melting and refining of steel mainly in Electric Arc Furnaces
and Ladle Furnaces. Due to the strict environment regulations that have affected the
whole Chinese industries (especially the carbon one), a serious shortage of graphite
electrodes turned out into a sudden increasing in prices starting in February 2017.
Prices of UHP grade Chinese electrodes jumped from about 2.000-2.500 USD/MT
(December 2016) to achieve the highest value around September 2017 with an
unexpected price of about 25.000-30.000 USD/MT. Afterwards prices started to
decline due to the recover on capacity of graphite electrodes production.
5. 5 Copyright – P4S – PRODUCTS 4 STEELMAKING – All Rights Reserved – Author: Eng. Matteo Sporchia
OUTLOOK OF GRAPHITE ELECTRODES IN CHINA
From that period of time we've learnt that the graphite electrodes
industry is mainly governed by the Chinese balance between real production and
related internal consumption that can easily affect the entire worldwide carbon
industries.
2. CHINESE CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION
To analyze the question of price soaring in details we can take a look about the
Chinese steel production starting from 2016 considering the breakdown between
Oxygen processing route (also known as BOS) and Electric processing route (based on
EAF production).
13. 13 Copyright – P4S – PRODUCTS 4 STEELMAKING – All Rights Reserved – Author: Eng. Matteo Sporchia
OUTLOOK OF GRAPHITE ELECTRODES IN CHINA
• TOTAL CHINESE CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION, of course the future
performance of the crude steel production will have a primary effect on the
internal demand of graphite electrodes;
• INCREASING OF SHARE ON EAF PROCESSING ROUTE, at this moment China is one
of the country with the lowest EAF steel ratio in the world. It's expected that by
2030 the total share of EAF Chinese steel production will be around 28% of the
total crude steel production. This should bring a total Chinese demand of
graphite electrodes to be around 700/800.000 MT;
• FINANCIAL HEALTH OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY, we know very well that the steel
market is always subjected to positive and negative cycles. It's obvious that a
trend of low marginality related to the steel products can easily effect the prices
14. 14 Copyright – P4S – PRODUCTS 4 STEELMAKING – All Rights Reserved – Author: Eng. Matteo Sporchia
OUTLOOK OF GRAPHITE ELECTRODES IN CHINA
of the main raw products used into the steelmaking process
(included the graphite electrodes);
• FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS The strict regulations adopted by the
Chinese government can eventually determinate a new possible future
restrictions in graphite electrodes productions;
• INCOMING NEW GE CAPACITY, several new projects are on the way for
increasing the capacity of existing graphite electrodes production or brand new
productions;
• AVAILABILITY AND COST OF RAW MATERIALS, the main raw materials involved
into the graphite electrodes production is coke (either petroleum or needle