Otherorganelles

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Eukaryotic cells contain specialized organelles including peroxisomes and lysosomes which are specialized vesicles, mitochondria which generate energy for the cell, chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis in plant cells, and a central vacuole which stores and transports molecules in plant cells.

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BIO 101Chapter 4 Hybrid Content part 2 Eukaryotic Organelles

E. Specialized Vesicles Peroxisome Lysosome

Fungi are ubiquitous organisms found in almost every habitat on Earth where organic material exists. They can be terrestrial and live in soil, aquatic and live in freshwater, or exist as parasites or symbionts with other organisms. Fungi obtain food from external sources as heterotrophs and lack chlorophyll. They reproduce through vegetative means like fragmentation, or asexually through spores like conidia. Many fungi also reproduce sexually through processes like planogametic copulation or gametangial contact. Fungi have complex life cycles incorporating somatic growth phases through mycelium and specialized reproductive phases.

science

Shahraz Sharma

The document discusses two phyla: Porifera, known as sponges, which are multicellular aquatic animals with pores and no organs that live in sea and fresh water. Their green color comes from algae living in their bodies in a mutualistic relationship. Coelenterata, known as coelenterates, which have a cavity called a coelenteron and two cell layers. They are mostly marine animals like hydra, jellyfish, and sea anemones, with some living in fresh water.

Yeast general characterstics

Nugurusaichandan

Yeasts are single-celled fungi that reproduce asexually by budding. They are found in nutrient-rich environments like plant matter and animal fluids. Major yeasts used industrially belong to the genera Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, and Hansenula. Yeasts can be identified based on whether they form spores, their vegetative cell characteristics, and physiological properties like carbon dioxide production during fermentation.

General characters of fungi

N.H. Shankar Reddy

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually. They obtain nutrients through absorption. The body of a fungus is called a thallus, made of filamentous hyphae that form a mycelium. Hyphae may be septate or coenocytic. Fungi reproduce sexually through the fusion of gametes and asexually via spores like mitospores, arthrospores or conidia. Sexual reproduction involves plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. Fungi have diverse morphologies and reproduce through various structures like pycnidia, sporodochia, and sori. They also exhibit

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Roi Fernandez

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was discovered in 1945 in Belgium by Ernest Fullam, Keith Porter, and Albert Claude at the Rockefeller Institute. It forms a tubular network of pipelines around 150 nanometers in diameter within cells. Unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface. Its main roles are to manufacture lipids and metabolize and detoxify compounds, playing important functions in steroid hormone production, glucose release, calcium regulation, and detoxification in liver cells. If the smooth ER stops working properly, it can negatively impact the whole organism.

Mitochondria 2

Charmaine De Rueda

Mitochondria have five distinct parts: the outer mitochondrial membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner mitochondrial membrane, the cristae space, and the matrix. The inner mitochondrial membrane is compartmentalized into cristae to enhance its ability to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The matrix contains enzymes, ribosomes, tRNA, and mitochondrial DNA that allow ATP production with the help of ATP synthase in the inner membrane.

Lysosomes

Dilip Pandya

Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain hydrolytic enzymes that help break down macromolecules through processes like phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes function to digest cellular waste and debris and are sometimes referred to as the cell's "garbage disposal" or "recycling unit." Diseases can occur if lysosomal enzymes do not function properly or reach the lysosome, preventing the breakdown of cellular components and leading to their accumulation.

Cell Structure and Organisation

preetipalkar86

1. The document discusses the structure and organization of plant and animal cells. It describes the organelles found in typical plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum. 2. Modifications of cells are discussed to allow specialized functions. Examples given are red blood cells for oxygen transport, root hair cells for water absorption, and xylem vessels for water conduction. 3. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and systems to allow the functioning of multicellular organisms. Not all organisms are multicellular - some like amoebas are unicellular.

Leptin is a hormone that affects appetite and metabolic rate. It is produced by fat cells and acts on the hypothalamus in the brain. Leptin signals satiety to reduce appetite and increases energy expenditure. Studies in mice found that leptin treatment cured obesity by regulating weight, and it has been successfully used to treat rare cases of human congenital leptin deficiency and lipodystrophy where fat is improperly deposited.

Absorption

Obesity

Rumination

Amino acids

Water

Wk 1 32b

Exposure to UV light from the sun provides benefits like vitamin D production but can also damage skin by increasing risk of malignant melanoma and causing premature aging effects like wrinkles and age spots. UV light is important for vitamin D production but prolonged and repeated exposure increases risks of skin cancer and accelerated skin aging. A balance of some sun exposure with protection measures is recommended for optimal health effects.

Wk 1 32a

jessyhogan

Wk 1 32c

jessyhogan

Chameleons have the ability to rapidly change the color of their skin within seconds by controlling pigment cells called chromatophores in their skin. This allows chameleons to change colors to camouflage, communicate, and regulate body temperature. Researchers studied how chameleons are able to change colors so quickly and found they have an unusual nerve connection that allows the brain to very rapidly send signals to control color changes in the skin.

Wk 1c

jessyhogan

Scientific inquiry involves observing a phenomenon, asking questions about it, hypothesizing potential explanations, designing experiments to test hypotheses by manipulating independent variables and controlling other factors, analyzing results, reporting findings, subjecting work to peer review, and distinguishing between hypotheses, which are tentative explanations requiring further testing, and theories, which are well-established explanations supported by repeated testing.

Wk 1b

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Chapter 20 obj 1

jessyhogan

The document discusses the history of antibiotics, including early contributors like Alexander Fleming who discovered penicillin in 1928 after unintentionally contaminating Staphylococcus aureus culture plates with Penicillium mold. It also discusses the rediscovery of penicillin by Florey, Abraham, Chain and Heatley in the 1940s and their work to mass produce it, allowing its effective use in World War II to prevent amputations and deaths. The majority of modern antibiotics are derived from the soil-dwelling bacteria Streptomyces, which produces them as secondary metabolites to compete with other species.

Chapter 20 obj 1

jessyhogan

The document discusses the history of antibiotics, including early contributors like Domagk who discovered Prontosil in the 1930s, the first antibiotic used clinically. It also covers Alexander Fleming's 1928 discovery of penicillin produced by the mold Penicillium notatum, and later work by Florey, Chain and others to develop it as a mass-produced drug. The majority of modern antibiotics are derived from the soil-dwelling bacteria Streptomyces, which produce them as secondary metabolites to compete with other microbes.

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