Organic Vegetable Gardening Techniques - University of Missouri
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Email:fanwayfertilizermachinery@gmail.com
Compared with chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizers have lots of benefits. It also has wide application. Using organic fertilizer helps plants growth and soil improvement. What's more, it is cheap and benefiticial to plants.
This document discusses nutrient management for organic vegetable crops. It notes that organic fertilizers release nutrients more slowly than conventional sources, depending on soil biology. It also explains that organic management aims to build healthy soil by feeding soil life with organic matter, while supplemental organic fertilizers may be needed to meet crop nutrient demands and economic needs. The document provides an overview of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrient dynamics in soil and how organic farmers can manage nutrients effectively through practices like cover cropping and compost application.
Ek Titli is a Pune based startup assisting farm & home owners with design and setup of landscaped organic gardens. The packaged service “Earth Gardens” has been implemented for 50K sqft of farms in Mumbai, Pune & Gujrat. Expansion plans into retail segment in the organic products space.
This document discusses organic fertilizers and their impacts on crop production. It provides background on the history of organic fertilizer use in farming. It defines organic fertilizers as those extracted from organic sources like animal waste, plant waste, poultry manure, compost, and municipal wastes. Examples of different types of organic fertilizers are described like cottonseed meal, molasses, green manures, fish emulsions, animal manures, bone meals, compost, farm yard manure, blood meal, and poultry manure. The benefits of organic fertilizers are highlighted such as increasing soil fertility, structure, and water holding capacity which leads to improved crop production.
The organic farming movement began in the 1930s-1940s as a reaction to agriculture's increasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Sir Albert Howard is considered the "father of organic farming". Organic farming aims to sustain soil, ecosystem and human health by relying on ecological processes rather than chemical inputs. It combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the environment and promote fair relationships. Organic farming principles include sustaining health, working with ecological systems, ensuring fairness, and responsible management.
This document provides an overview of organic crop production, including:
1) It defines organic agriculture as an ecological system that promotes biodiversity and biological cycles without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
2) It describes the origins of organic agriculture in the United States, tracing back to the works of Albert Howard and J.I. Rodale in the early 20th century promoting natural soil fertility and composting.
3) It discusses some common misconceptions around organic agriculture, including that it means "doing next to nothing" or allows continued use of some prohibited materials, when proper organic standards require soil building and natural pest management.
3. Integrated nutrient management (organic matter status of pakistan soil)Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation To Trainee in Field By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Department Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Provincial Project Director Crop Maximization Project II ( CMP II) Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar , Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Email:fanwayfertilizermachinery@gmail.com
Compared with chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizers have lots of benefits. It also has wide application. Using organic fertilizer helps plants growth and soil improvement. What's more, it is cheap and benefiticial to plants.
This document discusses nutrient management for organic vegetable crops. It notes that organic fertilizers release nutrients more slowly than conventional sources, depending on soil biology. It also explains that organic management aims to build healthy soil by feeding soil life with organic matter, while supplemental organic fertilizers may be needed to meet crop nutrient demands and economic needs. The document provides an overview of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrient dynamics in soil and how organic farmers can manage nutrients effectively through practices like cover cropping and compost application.
Ek Titli is a Pune based startup assisting farm & home owners with design and setup of landscaped organic gardens. The packaged service “Earth Gardens” has been implemented for 50K sqft of farms in Mumbai, Pune & Gujrat. Expansion plans into retail segment in the organic products space.
This document discusses organic fertilizers and their impacts on crop production. It provides background on the history of organic fertilizer use in farming. It defines organic fertilizers as those extracted from organic sources like animal waste, plant waste, poultry manure, compost, and municipal wastes. Examples of different types of organic fertilizers are described like cottonseed meal, molasses, green manures, fish emulsions, animal manures, bone meals, compost, farm yard manure, blood meal, and poultry manure. The benefits of organic fertilizers are highlighted such as increasing soil fertility, structure, and water holding capacity which leads to improved crop production.
The organic farming movement began in the 1930s-1940s as a reaction to agriculture's increasing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Sir Albert Howard is considered the "father of organic farming". Organic farming aims to sustain soil, ecosystem and human health by relying on ecological processes rather than chemical inputs. It combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the environment and promote fair relationships. Organic farming principles include sustaining health, working with ecological systems, ensuring fairness, and responsible management.
This document provides an overview of organic crop production, including:
1) It defines organic agriculture as an ecological system that promotes biodiversity and biological cycles without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
2) It describes the origins of organic agriculture in the United States, tracing back to the works of Albert Howard and J.I. Rodale in the early 20th century promoting natural soil fertility and composting.
3) It discusses some common misconceptions around organic agriculture, including that it means "doing next to nothing" or allows continued use of some prohibited materials, when proper organic standards require soil building and natural pest management.
3. Integrated nutrient management (organic matter status of pakistan soil)Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation To Trainee in Field By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Department Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province , Provincial Project Director Crop Maximization Project II ( CMP II) Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock Islamabad and Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar , Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
Organic farming aims to achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, mulching and green manures to improve soil quality and control pests without using synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Organic farmers work with nature rather than against it to create a balanced system where crops and animals can thrive.
This document discusses several non-conventional farming systems:
Organic farming uses techniques like crop rotation and compost to cultivate land without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Hydroponics grows plants without soil by suspending roots in nutrient solutions. A grow box is an enclosed container that creates ideal indoor conditions for growing plants using hydroponics or soil. Trough culture grows crops in containers or structures and allows plants to be grown in places unsuitable for traditional farming. Urban and peri-urban farming cultivates crops and raises animals in and around cities to provide fresh food and income opportunities for urban communities.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
This document outlines the structure and content of an organic farming quiz. The quiz is divided into 3 rounds: a general round with 6 questions, a round with 6 questions based on slides, and a rapid fire round with 5 one-word answers. The general round covers topics like definitions related to harvesting, whether organic food is healthier, largest organic farming countries, and practices that maintain soil health. The slides round asks about natural pesticides, organic farming methods, and the country that bans chemical fertilizers. The rapid fire round asks for one-word answers about crops, farming tools and methods. The document also provides the answers to the quiz questions.
This presentation explains the current status, needs and benefits of organic farming. It also includes the methods and types of organic material that can be provided to soil in different ways.
Green manuring contributes 40 to 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare to soils and supplies micro-nutrients and organic matter. It prevents nitrogen loss through leaching and erosion by developing vigorous root systems that bind soil particles. Green manuring crops reclaim saline and alkaline soils and some can also be used as fodder. There are two types of green manuring - green leaf manuring crops which are cut and used as mulch, and green manuring in situ where crops are plowed into the soil. Common crops used include Gliricidia maculata, Pongamia glabra, and various Crotalaria and Phaseolus species. Green manuring increases soil fertility, develops soil structure, enhances
This document discusses green manuring, which involves growing a crop specifically to improve soil fertility by plowing the crop back into the soil. It notes that Pakistani soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Green manuring helps build soil organic matter, improves soil structure, and fixes atmospheric nitrogen when legumes are used. Effective green manure crops are quick growing, leafy, and have a deep root system. Common green manure crops mentioned include berseem, janter, guara, sunnhemp, and mungbean. The document outlines benefits of green manuring such as increased crop yields, improved soil aeration and water holding capacity. Potential downsides include reduced moisture for subsequent crops and increased pest or disease
1) The seminar discussed organic farming methods for spices and plantation crops like black pepper, cardamom, chilli, turmeric and ginger.
2) Key organic farming practices included using compost and organic manures for nutrition, mulching for weed and moisture control, and crop rotation.
3) For pest and disease management, techniques focused on using neem, garlic, and Trichoderma products, as well as maintaining good soil health through organic matter additions.
This document provides an introduction to organic manures. It discusses that modern agricultural practices have led to depletion of soil nutrients and increased reliance on chemical fertilizers. Organic manures help maintain soil organic matter and recycling of organic wastes is important for soil health. The document then discusses the effects of excessive chemical fertilizer use, including nutrient losses, soil acidification, and pollution of water sources. It notes the advantages of organic manures in improving physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Major organic sources are described including farm yard manure, animal wastes, crop residues, and compost. Carbon cycling through photosynthesis and decomposition is also summarized.
This document compares fertilizers and manures. It defines fertilizers as materials that supply plant nutrients, and notes the main types include sodium nitrates, ammonium salts, and compounds with nitrogen in amide form. Manures are organic materials derived from animal feces or green plants that provide nutrients. The document lists advantages and disadvantages of both, such as fertilizers providing high nutrients but potential harm, while manures improve soil structure but can spread weeds. It concludes by comparing key differences between fertilizers being mineral and giving rapid response versus manures being organic and taking longer to decompose.
Presentation at our ESPP – IFOAM EU stakeholder meeting Closing nutrient cycles and uptake of recycled fertilisers (12/12/2018)
See all outputs of the stakeholder meeting at our ESPP website: http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/organic-agriculture
Manure and fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients in soil and promote healthy plant growth. Manure is an organic substance obtained from decomposed plant and animal waste that is added to fields to improve soil texture, increase friendly microbes, and replenish nutrients. Fertilizers are chemical substances made in factories that are also rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium but can pollute water sources and make soil less fertile over time. Both manure and fertilizers are beneficial for farmers but have advantages and disadvantages.
1. The document discusses the history and principles of organic farming. Organic farming relies on ecological processes and biodiversity rather than synthetic inputs.
2. It provides details on the growth of organic agriculture in India, including increasing area under organic management from 42,000 ha in 2003-04 to over 4.48 million ha by 2010.
3. Organic management is described as an integrated approach that focuses on soil health, ecosystem health, and quality of produce over maximizing short term productivity. It emphasizes self-reliance, renewable resources, and maintaining natural cycles.
Organic farming relies on green manuring to improve soil health and fertility. Green manuring involves growing leguminous crops like sunn hemp and dhaincha and incorporating them into the soil while still fresh. This adds nitrogen and organic matter to the soil from the plant residues. Legumes are especially effective as green manure crops as they fix nitrogen from the air through rhizobium bacteria in their root nodules. Proper timing of green manure crop burial and intervals before next crop planting are needed to maximize soil benefits from decomposition of plant tissues.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
90. Nutrient Management Under Organic Farming.pdfFaisal Rasool
Introduction:
Plant root system is always in close association with multitude of microorganisms and other nutrients. The microbes in root zone are maintained due to a variety of secretions from the roots and constitute what is often described as ‘rhizosphere’. These microbes in their turn supply nutrients to the soil system through their heterotrophic activity. Maintenance of these microbes in the rhizosphere, therefore, is also necessary for soil health. Crop productivity and nutrient cycles, however, are integral parts of the exploitation of soil health and have led to soil degradation through nutrient depletion and erosion, so that long term strategies are needed to avoid the use of chemical fertilizers without adversely affecting crop productivity. The use of organic manures, composts, Biofertilizers has received increased attention in our cropping systems. Following are the components in nutrient management system.
Nutrient Management in organic farming.pptxMunebKhan
The document discusses nutrient management practices in organic farming. It outlines several key practices: crop rotation to replenish soil nutrients; cover cropping and green manures to fix nitrogen; compost and farmyard manure addition to improve soil structure and nutrient content; application of crop residues; and use of biofertilizers to stimulate plant growth. The primary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize soil and plant health without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Nutrient management in organic systems focuses on maintaining soil nutrient levels and biology through these natural practices.
Organic farming aims to achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, mulching and green manures to improve soil quality and control pests without using synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Organic farmers work with nature rather than against it to create a balanced system where crops and animals can thrive.
This document discusses several non-conventional farming systems:
Organic farming uses techniques like crop rotation and compost to cultivate land without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Hydroponics grows plants without soil by suspending roots in nutrient solutions. A grow box is an enclosed container that creates ideal indoor conditions for growing plants using hydroponics or soil. Trough culture grows crops in containers or structures and allows plants to be grown in places unsuitable for traditional farming. Urban and peri-urban farming cultivates crops and raises animals in and around cities to provide fresh food and income opportunities for urban communities.
Organic farmers use a variety of tools and strategies to control weeds without synthetic chemicals, including mechanical tillage, crop rotations, cover crops, cultivation, and mulching. Successful organic weed management requires continually adapting practices as weed populations change. Producers must understand organic philosophies and legal requirements before planning their weed management strategies. Ecological approaches aim to suppress weeds through enhanced crop competition and allelopathy rather than elimination.
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
This document outlines the structure and content of an organic farming quiz. The quiz is divided into 3 rounds: a general round with 6 questions, a round with 6 questions based on slides, and a rapid fire round with 5 one-word answers. The general round covers topics like definitions related to harvesting, whether organic food is healthier, largest organic farming countries, and practices that maintain soil health. The slides round asks about natural pesticides, organic farming methods, and the country that bans chemical fertilizers. The rapid fire round asks for one-word answers about crops, farming tools and methods. The document also provides the answers to the quiz questions.
This presentation explains the current status, needs and benefits of organic farming. It also includes the methods and types of organic material that can be provided to soil in different ways.
Green manuring contributes 40 to 80 kg of nitrogen per hectare to soils and supplies micro-nutrients and organic matter. It prevents nitrogen loss through leaching and erosion by developing vigorous root systems that bind soil particles. Green manuring crops reclaim saline and alkaline soils and some can also be used as fodder. There are two types of green manuring - green leaf manuring crops which are cut and used as mulch, and green manuring in situ where crops are plowed into the soil. Common crops used include Gliricidia maculata, Pongamia glabra, and various Crotalaria and Phaseolus species. Green manuring increases soil fertility, develops soil structure, enhances
This document discusses green manuring, which involves growing a crop specifically to improve soil fertility by plowing the crop back into the soil. It notes that Pakistani soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Green manuring helps build soil organic matter, improves soil structure, and fixes atmospheric nitrogen when legumes are used. Effective green manure crops are quick growing, leafy, and have a deep root system. Common green manure crops mentioned include berseem, janter, guara, sunnhemp, and mungbean. The document outlines benefits of green manuring such as increased crop yields, improved soil aeration and water holding capacity. Potential downsides include reduced moisture for subsequent crops and increased pest or disease
1) The seminar discussed organic farming methods for spices and plantation crops like black pepper, cardamom, chilli, turmeric and ginger.
2) Key organic farming practices included using compost and organic manures for nutrition, mulching for weed and moisture control, and crop rotation.
3) For pest and disease management, techniques focused on using neem, garlic, and Trichoderma products, as well as maintaining good soil health through organic matter additions.
This document provides an introduction to organic manures. It discusses that modern agricultural practices have led to depletion of soil nutrients and increased reliance on chemical fertilizers. Organic manures help maintain soil organic matter and recycling of organic wastes is important for soil health. The document then discusses the effects of excessive chemical fertilizer use, including nutrient losses, soil acidification, and pollution of water sources. It notes the advantages of organic manures in improving physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Major organic sources are described including farm yard manure, animal wastes, crop residues, and compost. Carbon cycling through photosynthesis and decomposition is also summarized.
This document compares fertilizers and manures. It defines fertilizers as materials that supply plant nutrients, and notes the main types include sodium nitrates, ammonium salts, and compounds with nitrogen in amide form. Manures are organic materials derived from animal feces or green plants that provide nutrients. The document lists advantages and disadvantages of both, such as fertilizers providing high nutrients but potential harm, while manures improve soil structure but can spread weeds. It concludes by comparing key differences between fertilizers being mineral and giving rapid response versus manures being organic and taking longer to decompose.
Presentation at our ESPP – IFOAM EU stakeholder meeting Closing nutrient cycles and uptake of recycled fertilisers (12/12/2018)
See all outputs of the stakeholder meeting at our ESPP website: http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/organic-agriculture
Manure and fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients in soil and promote healthy plant growth. Manure is an organic substance obtained from decomposed plant and animal waste that is added to fields to improve soil texture, increase friendly microbes, and replenish nutrients. Fertilizers are chemical substances made in factories that are also rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium but can pollute water sources and make soil less fertile over time. Both manure and fertilizers are beneficial for farmers but have advantages and disadvantages.
1. The document discusses the history and principles of organic farming. Organic farming relies on ecological processes and biodiversity rather than synthetic inputs.
2. It provides details on the growth of organic agriculture in India, including increasing area under organic management from 42,000 ha in 2003-04 to over 4.48 million ha by 2010.
3. Organic management is described as an integrated approach that focuses on soil health, ecosystem health, and quality of produce over maximizing short term productivity. It emphasizes self-reliance, renewable resources, and maintaining natural cycles.
Organic farming relies on green manuring to improve soil health and fertility. Green manuring involves growing leguminous crops like sunn hemp and dhaincha and incorporating them into the soil while still fresh. This adds nitrogen and organic matter to the soil from the plant residues. Legumes are especially effective as green manure crops as they fix nitrogen from the air through rhizobium bacteria in their root nodules. Proper timing of green manure crop burial and intervals before next crop planting are needed to maximize soil benefits from decomposition of plant tissues.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
90. Nutrient Management Under Organic Farming.pdfFaisal Rasool
Introduction:
Plant root system is always in close association with multitude of microorganisms and other nutrients. The microbes in root zone are maintained due to a variety of secretions from the roots and constitute what is often described as ‘rhizosphere’. These microbes in their turn supply nutrients to the soil system through their heterotrophic activity. Maintenance of these microbes in the rhizosphere, therefore, is also necessary for soil health. Crop productivity and nutrient cycles, however, are integral parts of the exploitation of soil health and have led to soil degradation through nutrient depletion and erosion, so that long term strategies are needed to avoid the use of chemical fertilizers without adversely affecting crop productivity. The use of organic manures, composts, Biofertilizers has received increased attention in our cropping systems. Following are the components in nutrient management system.
Nutrient Management in organic farming.pptxMunebKhan
The document discusses nutrient management practices in organic farming. It outlines several key practices: crop rotation to replenish soil nutrients; cover cropping and green manures to fix nitrogen; compost and farmyard manure addition to improve soil structure and nutrient content; application of crop residues; and use of biofertilizers to stimulate plant growth. The primary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize soil and plant health without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Nutrient management in organic systems focuses on maintaining soil nutrient levels and biology through these natural practices.
This document discusses soil fertility in organic farming. It explains that organic farming relies on biological processes and avoiding chemicals to nourish soil and crops. Maintaining soil fertility organically includes techniques like conservative tillage, crop rotation, cover crops, organic manure and biofertilizers. These help retain nutrients and improve the soil ecosystem. While conventional farming uses chemicals and may provide higher short term yields, organic farming supports more sustainable soil health and biodiversity over the long run.
1. Organic farming began in the 1930s-1940s as a reaction to agriculture's growing reliance on synthetic fertilizers. Sir Albert Howard is widely considered the "father of organic farming".
2. Organic farming relies on ecological processes and cycles rather than synthetic inputs. It aims to sustain soil, ecosystem, and human health.
3. Benefits of organic farming include high nutritional quality, maintenance of soil fertility, and avoidance of pollution. Principles include health, ecology, fairness, and care.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
Organic farming involves producing crops and livestock without synthetic chemicals or fertilizers. It works with nature rather than against it. Organic farming was originally practiced for thousands of years and has seen a revival movement. Methods like composting, crop rotation, mulching and green manures are used to nourish soil and provide nutrients to crops. Biodiversity is important for controlling pests naturally. Weeds are managed through cultural practices rather than chemicals. Natural pest and disease control aims to restore balance rather than eradicate pests.
Organic farming aims to produce crops without synthetic chemicals or fertilizers in a way that is environmentally friendly. It uses techniques like composting, crop rotation, and mulching to improve soil health and nutrient levels. Choosing crops suited to the local climate and maintaining biodiversity are also important. Pests are managed through cultural practices, biological controls, and attractants rather than pesticides to establish a natural balance. The document provides an overview of the history, principles and methods of organic farming.
Companion Planting and Organic Farming - HDRAMaria857qx
Organic farming aims to achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, mulching and green manures to improve soil quality and control pests without using synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Organic farmers work with nature rather than against it to create a balanced system where crops and animals can thrive.
organic farming is very helpful for nutrition security in India. now a days all food crops are adulterated which leads to varies new disorders in human health
ATTRA is a national sustainable agriculture information center operated by the USDA. It provides information to farmers on organic and sustainable farming practices. The document discusses organic field corn production, focusing on fertility management strategies like crop rotation including legumes, cover crops and green manures, and use of livestock manures and compost. These practices help supply nitrogen and other nutrients to crops while building soil health. Supplementary organic fertilizers may also be used, and lime is often needed to adjust soil pH.
A Brief Overview of Nutrient Cycling in PasturesGardening
This document provides an overview of nutrient cycling in pastures through three key components: soil organisms, pasture plants, and grazing livestock. It describes how nutrients cycle naturally through the soil-plant-animal system when pastures are well-managed. Soil organisms like bacteria, fungi and earthworms break down organic matter and release nutrients in forms available to pasture plants. Plants take up nutrients from the soil and fix nitrogen in the case of legumes. Grazing livestock consume nutrients from forage but most are returned to the pasture through manure and urine, completing the nutrient cycle. Proper management, like rotational grazing and soil testing, can enhance this natural cycling of nutrients in pasture systems.
This document summarizes a publication about sustainable turf care practices that reduce stress on turf and the need for pesticides. It emphasizes establishing a healthy soil environment by adding mature compost to support beneficial soil microorganisms. Compost improves soil quality by forming aggregates and increasing nutrient and water holding capacity. As compost breaks down slowly, it provides a balanced source of nutrients to turf without the feast-or-famine issues of synthetic fertilizers. The summary highlights how compost additions can suppress turf diseases when the compost is fully matured.
Organic farming aims to work in harmony with nature rather than against it. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, and natural pest and disease control to achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. The key principles of organic farming include building soil fertility, controlling pests through natural means, careful water and animal management, and combining diverse techniques for maximum benefit.
Organic farming aims to work in harmony with nature rather than against it. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, and natural pest and disease control to achieve good crop yields without harming the environment or people. The key principles of organic farming include building soil fertility, controlling pests through natural means, careful water and animal management, and choosing crops suited to the local conditions. Organic methods provide long-term benefits over conventional farming by improving soil and water quality and reducing pollution and health risks.
Organic farming aims to work in harmony with nature rather than against it. It uses techniques like crop rotation, composting, and natural pest and disease control to achieve good yields without harming the environment or people. The key principles of organic farming include building soil fertility, controlling pests through natural means, careful water and animal management, and combining diverse techniques for maximum benefit.
Nutrient management is a system used by farmers to manage nutrients applied to crops. The goal is to supply optimal nutrients for plant growth while minimizing pollution and maintaining soil quality. Nutrient management plans are tailored to specific sites to maximize profits and crop yields sustainably. Plants require 16 essential nutrients supplied by air, water, and soil. Fertilizers are used to replenish nutrients in soil and ensure healthy plant growth, but excessive use can harm the environment and deplete soils over time. Organic fertilizers like manure and compost improve soil structure and support microbial activity.
Composted cow manure and organic fertilizerskeratea
This document discusses sustainable practices for mini-farming using compost and organic fertilizers. It recommends that 60% of the farm area be used to grow carbon crops for composting, 30% for calorie crops like potatoes, and 10% for vitamins, minerals and income crops. For optimal soil health and sustainability, farms should aim to produce enough compost to apply 2-4 cubic feet per 100 square feet annually, depending on yields and soil/climate conditions. More than this could deplete other soils by not replenishing removed nutrients. The document also cautions against over-application of manure or use of organic fertilizers without soil testing.
Growth and yield performance of bush sitao to the different levels of chicken...Ariash Mae Bermudo
This document summarizes a study on the effects of different levels of chicken dung on the growth and yield of bush sitao plants. It includes the following key points:
1. Bush sitao is a popular vegetable crop in the Philippines that is nutritious but a less efficient source of protein than animal sources. Chicken dung is a potentially good organic fertilizer for bush sitao due to its nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content.
2. The study aims to determine the effects of different levels of chicken dung (0 kg/plot as a control, 1 kg/plot, 1.5 kg/plot, and 2 kg/plot) on bush sitao plant height, number of pods
This document discusses the history and techniques of organic farming. It begins with a brief overview of the issues with Green Revolution technologies, such as overuse of chemicals negatively impacting soil and environment. It then covers the three eras in the development of organic farming: Emergence from 1924-1970 focusing on early pioneers; Development from 1970-1990 when research and practice expanded globally; and Growth from 1990 onward as certification standards were established and the market grew rapidly. The document also outlines the essential characteristics and concepts of organic farming techniques, which aim to build soil fertility without synthetic chemicals and favor maximum use of organic materials.
Similar to Organic Vegetable Gardening Techniques ~ University of Missouri (20)
Marthe Cohn was a Jewish French spy who risked her life to gather intelligence for the French resistance during WWII. She infiltrated Nazi Germany using her fluent German and managed to discover key military information. As a result, the French army was able to achieve an important victory. Cohn went on to have a long career as a nurse and nurse anesthetist. She has received numerous honors for her wartime heroism and courageously fights to keep the memory of the Holocaust alive.
This document provides links to resources about organic gardening techniques, urban farming, rainwater harvesting, green roofs, straight vegetable oil vehicles, garden therapy, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, solar energy training, and eco-friendly coffee beans. It discusses how organic gardening technologies can increase plant yields by 400% and provides catalogs and manuals about topics such as city farming, backyard farming, rain gardens, and aquaponics systems. The links provide free information for organic and sustainable living practices.
Ruth Jones, a Christian teacher without a master's degree or administrative experience, was unexpectedly named principal of a struggling inner city elementary school in Grand Rapids, Michigan that was on the verge of closure due to poor academic performance. Through prayer, addressing students' practical needs, and recruiting volunteers, Jones led a dramatic turnaround of the school over 20 years. Test scores and graduation rates increased sharply, and the school now has a waiting list despite originally facing closure. Jones attributes the school's success to aligning herself with God.
- Coconut oil may help slow or prevent Alzheimer's disease in some people by providing an alternative fuel for brain cells in the form of ketones. Dr. Mary Newport put her husband Steve, who had Alzheimer's, on a diet supplemented with coconut oil, which led to improvements in his symptoms and cognitive abilities.
- Researchers have developed a ketone ester that is more potent than coconut oil, but it is very expensive to produce. Coconut oil remains a viable alternative source of ketones. Taking coconut oil may also help with other neurological diseases due to its ability to increase ketone levels and good cholesterol while reducing bad bacteria.
A teacher in Baltimore transformed the lives of students from the slums. In the 1920s, college students evaluated 200 boys from the slums and said they had no chance of success. Twenty-five years later, it was found that 176 of the 180 boys who could be located had achieved success as lawyers, doctors, and businessmen. The professor interviewed each man and they all credited their success to a teacher who had loved and believed in them. When interviewed, the elderly teacher said her simple method was that she loved those boys.
Robert Raikes witnessed the poor conditions of children in Gloucester, England in the late 18th century due to the Industrial Revolution. This inspired him to create the first Sunday school to educate and reform street children. The Sunday school used the Bible as its textbook and proved hugely successful in improving behavior and civic responsibility. Raikes' idea then spread across Britain and to other parts of Europe and America, revolutionizing religious education of children and community outreach efforts of churches. Late in life, Raikes had a profound spiritual experience witnessing a young girl reading the Bible that gave him a new understanding of faith.
The document discusses using Groasis Waterboxx devices to help plant and grow trees in dry environments like the Sahara Desert. It describes how the author and a colleague tried using 10 Waterboxx devices to plant trees in M'hamid, Morocco but their luggage containing the devices was initially lost. They were eventually found and the devices were used to plant tamarisk trees to compare growth with traditional planting methods. The document provides details on how the Waterboxx works, collecting condensation and directing water to tree roots, and hopes the experiment will help increase tree survival rates in the dry climate.
The Groasis Waterboxx is a low-tech device that helps seeds and saplings grow into strong trees in dry environments. It collects and stores rainwater and condensation to slowly water the roots daily. In tests, 88% of trees grown with the Waterboxx survived compared to only 10.5% without it. The inventor believes using this technology could reforest billions of acres and offset humanity's carbon emissions by capturing CO2 in new tree growth.
The document discusses the Groasis Technology, a planting method that uses a Waterboxx and other techniques to plant trees in dry areas with 90% less water. It summarizes that the technology (1) improves soil, maps planting areas, harvests rainfall, and uses the right planting techniques to help trees grow deep roots in the first year to survive independently. It also describes how the technology terraces slopes to harvest and direct rainfall to trees, uses 3D imaging to map ideal planting lines, and a capillary drill to quickly plant thousands of trees per day.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities due to lack of income from farming dry areas.
The document provides planting instructions for using a Waterboxx planting device. It outlines 6 main steps:
1. Preparing the soil by digging holes and adding compost/fertilizer or just watering.
2. Assembling the Waterboxx by placing the wick, mid-plate, lid, and siphons.
3. Preparing plants by pruning roots to encourage deep growth.
4. Planting in holes aligned east-west within the Waterboxx hole.
5. Placing the assembled Waterboxx over the planted area.
6. Watering the plants and filling the Waterboxx for the first time.
This document provides instructions for growing vegetables using the Groasis Waterboxx system. It details recommendations for greenhouse design, soil preparation, planting methods, plant spacing, watering schedules, and pest and disease management. Proper installation and maintenance of the Waterboxx system is emphasized to ensure healthy plant growth and high crop yields. Close monitoring of climate conditions and plant needs is also advised.
The document is a report on the Groasis waterboxx, a device that aims to allow farming without irrigation. It provides an overview of the waterboxx's history and development, describes its components and how it works, reviews testing that has been done, and evaluates its suitability for organic farming. In the conclusion, the report recommends that the cooperative discussed in the document not use the waterboxx yet, as more data is still needed, but could consider conducting their own tests with support from their technical services.
The document summarizes an invention called the Groasis that helps plants survive in arid climates by collecting and storing rainfall to provide steady watering to seedlings. It notes that most rainfall in deserts occurs within one week but is then unavailable, and that the Groasis uses evaporation-proof containers and wicking to deliver water to young plants over longer periods, allowing their roots to develop and access deeper groundwater reserves. Large-scale projects have used the Groasis in countries like Kenya to aid reforestation efforts and combat desertification.
The document summarizes the work of the Sahara Roots Foundation in Morocco and their use of the Groasis Waterboxx to help plant trees and reduce desertification. The Sahara Roots Foundation was established to implement development projects to conserve the Moroccan Sahara through activities like tree planting, irrigation, education, and desert cleaning. They have started using the Groasis Waterboxx, an "intelligent water battery" developed by AquaPro, to improve the survival rate of newly planted trees. The Waterboxx produces and captures water through condensation and rain, allowing trees to be planted in dry areas like rocks and deserts with a 100% success rate.
The document describes the Agua, Vida y Naturaleza Project (AVNP) that started in Ecuador in 2012. It is funded by the Dutch COmON Foundation to help small farmers in dry areas by introducing the Groasis Technology, which allows planting in deserts and eroded lands. The technology mimics nature by improving soil, maintaining capillary structures, and using a waterboxx device. The project aims to address issues small farmers face like lack of water, capital, and farming knowledge, in order to help alleviate world hunger and prevent farmers from migrating to cities.
Groasis Technology is compared to drip irrigation over a 50-year project for a 500-hectare tree plantation. Key financial indicators show that using Groasis Waterboxes results in a higher net present value (NPV) of €26.62 million compared to €21.15 million for drip irrigation, and a slightly higher internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.1% versus 23.4% for drip irrigation. Waterboxx also has a longer payback period of 7 years compared to 5 years for drip irrigation. The document provides assumptions and calculations for costs and revenues for both systems over the 50-year period.
A new technology called the Groasis Waterboxx shows promise for reclaiming desert landscapes and increasing plant survival rates. The simple device regulates temperature and moisture levels around young plants, allowing trees and crops to grow with little watering even in dry conditions. Initial trials in Africa found tree survival rates increased to 88% with the Waterboxx compared to only 10% without it. Researchers in Kenya are optimistic this technology could significantly reduce desertification and help transform the country's deserts into productive, economic areas through increased vegetation.
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Organic Vegetable Gardening Techniques ~ University of Missouri
1. ■
■
■
■
AGRICULTURE
Organic Vegetable Gardening Techniques
I
n agriculture, the word organic has come to mean
“foodstuff grown or raised without synthetic fertilizers
or pesticides or hormones.” According to the USDA
National Organic Standard Board, organic agriculture:
• is an ecological production management system that
promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles,
and soil biological activity;
• is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on
management practices that restore, maintain or
enhance ecological harmony;
• has a primary goal of optimizing the health and
productivity of interdependent communities of soil
life, plants, animals and people.
Organic vegetable gardening
As a component of organic agriculture, organic vegetable
gardening promotes and enhances natural diversity and
biological cycles on the farm. Rather than relying on
synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, organic gardening is
based on making the garden self-sufficient and sustainable.
The National Organic Program (NOP), http://www.ams.
usda.gov/AMSv1.0/NOP, defines the organic standards.
Growers must be certified in order to claim their products
are grown organically. A conventional grower can become
certified organic over a three-year transition period.
During this period, organic practices need to be used but
the produce cannot be claimed as organic. Organic growers
or gardeners with less than $5,000 in sales per year do not
Revised by
Sanjun Gu, Vegetable State Specialist, Lincoln University Cooperative
Extension
extension.missouri.edu > agriculture > horticulture > vegetables > g6220
need to be certified but their practice has to follow the
NOP standard and is subject to audit.
Most home gardeners grow vegetables naturally and
do not sell produce so they do not have to strictly follow
the NOP standard if the word organic is not used for their
produce. For a product to be called organic, it must contain
at least 95 percent USDA-certified organic ingredients.
This guide focuses on organic vegetable gardening
techniques applicable to organic home or community
gardeners. Commercial organic vegetable growers,
however, may also find this information useful.
Transitioning to organic gardening
Producing vegetables organically is a long-term process
carried out in stages rather than a single production
practice adopted within one growing season. Adopting
organic production techniques involves a transition from
conventional to organic gardening. The first step in this
transition is improving and maintaining soil fertility or
quality. Healthy, fertile soils are the base of successful
organic vegetable production.
The soil is a biologically active and dynamic resource,
providing plants with mineral nutrients, water and oxygen.
Organic matter — living organisms, fresh residues and
decomposed residues — is an essential ingredient in
fertile and healthy soils. Organic matter improves soil
tilth while preventing soil compaction and crusting. Soils
low in organic matter often crust or seal over after a heavy
rain, which prevents water and oxygen infiltration to the
root system of growing vegetables. Organic matter slows
soil erosion and provides a favorable environment for
earthworms and beneficial microorganisms. Carbon dioxide
2. Successful organic gardening begins with healthy soils.
Buckwheat is an excellent summer annual green manure.
from decaying organic matter brings minerals of the soil
into solution, making them available to growing plants.
The target level for organic matter in healthy soil is 3 to
5 percent. Potential crop yield could increase by about 12
percent for every 1 percent increase in organic matter.
stabilizes nitrogen and kills pathogens and weed seeds,
and enables the use of materials, such as raw manure and
sawdust, that should not be applied directly to growing
vegetables.
Adding compost to garden soils improves soil structure,
increases the population of beneficial microbes, increases
soil moisture retention, reduces nutrient loss, boosts pH
and can suppress certain diseases. Most compost contains
1 to 3 percent nitrogen. Generally, compost is applied 4
to 8 tons per acre in field vegetable production, and 10 to
20 tons per acre (1 to 2 pounds per square foot) in gardens
for soil development, with 0.5 to 1 pound per square
foot applied for soil fertility maintenance. For detailed
information on making compost, see MU Extension
publication G6956, Making and Using Compost.
Cover crops and green manures. Cover crops and
green manures help build soil quality. Cover crops add
organic matter, reduce soil erosion, provide habitat for
beneficial insects and spiders, provide nitrogen, suppress
weeds and loosen the subsoil. Green manures are cover
crops that are plowed into the soil to provide nitrogen to
the succeeding vegetable crop.
Cover crops are usually established in the fall (September
to October) in Missouri and allowed to grow during the
winter and early spring before being plowed in. Cover crops
can be interseeded with a fall vegetable crop toward the end
of the growing season, which allows the cover crop to get
Sources of organic matter
Animal manures. Animal manures are an excellent
source of organic matter and nutrients for the soil. Ideally,
manure should be composted according to NOP’s
composting standard. Composting manure stabilizes the
nitrogen and reduces the viability of weed seeds and disease
pathogens that may be in the manure. Organically
composted manures can be applied anytime. If fresh
manure is used, apply it in the fall to fallow land and
immediately plow or incorporate it into the soil to provide
adequate time for breakdown and ammonia release before
crops are planted. Fresh manures should not be applied
directly to growing vegetable plants and should not be
applied within 120 days of harvest of vegetables whose
edible part touches ground, or 90 days if the edible part
does not touch the ground.
The fertility of manures varies widely (Table 1). For
example, poultry manure is typically higher in nitrogen and
phosphorus relative to other manures. Both poultry and
dairy manure have fewer weed seeds that could carryover
in the garden. To interpret Table 1, note
Table 1. Major constituents of animal manures (%).
that each 100 pounds of fresh cattle
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium
Organic
Water
manure contains 0.5 pound of available
Manure type
(N)
(P2O5)
(K 2O)
(Ca)
matter (%) content (%)
nitrogen and each 100 pounds of dried
Undried
cattle manure contains about 2 pounds of
available nitrogen.
Cattle
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
17
80
Successful gardeners do not overapply
Sheep
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.2
30
65
manure. Similar to any fertilizer, manure
Poultry
0.9
0.5
0.8
0.4
30
65
can leach and pollute groundwater and
Horse
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.3
27
69
streams. Also, too much nitrogen from
Swine
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
16
78
overapplying manures can reduce the
Dried
yield and quality of many vegetables.
Cattle
2.0
1.5
2.2
2.9
70
8
Compost. If manure is not readily
Sheep
1.9
1.4
2.9
3.3
54
11
available, compost can be made from
Poultry
4.5
2.7
1.4
2.9
59
9
lawn clippings, leaves and other plant
materials. Composting organic matter
g6220
page 2
University of Missouri Extension
3. established during the fall vegetable crop harvest. Popular
winter cover crops include annual ryegrass, winter rye,
winter pea, wheat, oats, triticale, clovers and hairy vetch.
Fast-growing cover crops such as buckwheat, soybean,
cowpeas and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid can be established
during the summer (periods of one to two months between
harvest of early planted spring crops and planting of fall
crops) to suppress weeds and add organic matter to the soil.
Legume cover crops, such as hairy vetch and clovers, fix
nitrogen from the air and transform it for use by vegetable
crops. As much as 120 pounds per acre of actual nitrogen
can be fixed by certain legume cover crops one to two weeks
before planting vegetable crops. Mixed seeding of grass and
legume cover crops is commonly done by using one-third
the normal seeding rate for the grass cover crop and
two-thirds of the normal seeding rate for the legume (Table
2). Most legumes should be seeded in early fall, whereas
grass cover crops can be seeded up to mid-October in
Missouri. The following spring, mow or roll the cover
crops. Most cereals can be incorporated into the soil when
they are 24 inches tall, before head formation. Legumes
should be plowed or incorporated into the soil just before
full flowering for maximal nitrogen content.
Brassica and mustard cover crops are known for their
rapid fall growth, great biomass production and nutrient
scavenging ability. They also have potential in pest
management as most Brassica species release chemical
compounds that may be toxic to soil-borne pathogens and
pests. Although research results are still inconsistent, these
cover crops may be worth trying on a small plot for organic
pest management
Table 2. Seeding rate for select cover crop species.
Species
Seeding rate
Depth
Drilled
lb/acre
inches
Legumes
Annual ryegrass
Broadcast
lb/acre
oz/100 ft 2
0–½
10–20
Barley
¾–2
50–100
80–125
3–5
Oats
½–1½
80–110
110–140
4–6
Rye
¾–2
60–120
90–160
4–6
Wheat
½–1½
60–120
60–150
3–6
Buckwheat
½–1½
48–70
50–90
3–4
Sorghum-sudangrass
½–1½
35
40–50
2
½–¾
5–12
10–15
1
Brassicas
Mustards
20–30
1
Radish
¼–½
8–13
10–20
1
Rapeseed
¼–¾
5–10
8–14
1
8–12
15–20
2
30–90
70–120
5
Legumes
Berseem clover
¼–½
Cowpeas
1–1½
Crimson clover
¼–½
15–20
22–30
2–3
1½–3
Field peas
50–80
90–100
4
Hairy vetch
½–1½
15–20
25–40
2
Medics
¼–½
8–22
12–26
2/3
Red clover
¼–½
8–10
10–12
3
Subterranean clover
¼–½
10–20
20–30
3
Sweetclovers
¼–1
6–10
10–20
1½
White clover
¼–½
3–9
5–14
1½
Woollypod vetch
½–1
10–30
30–60
2–3
Source: Managing cover crops profitably (3rd edition). 2007. Sustainable Agriculture Network. A. Clarke (ed.).
Organic fertilizers
The amount of fertilizer applied to any vegetable crop
depends on soil type and characteristics (pH, organic matter
and cation exchange capacity), previous cropping history
and nutrient uptake by the vegetable. For example, heavyfeeding vegetables like tomatoes can remove as much as 120
pounds of nitrogen per acre each year. Soil should be tested
every two years to determine total nutrients within the soil.
Table 3 lists various types of organic fertilizers that can be
used to supply nutrients.
Table 3. Nutrient content of select organic fertilizers.
K
(%)
Other
nutrients
Relative
availability of
nutrients
Rock phosphate
0
25
0
25% Ca
Slow
Greensand
0
0
9
Alfalfa pellets
3
0.5
3
2
15
0
20% Ca
Fish emulsion
4
2
2
1% Ca
Blood meal
13
0
0
Wood ashes
0
2
5
Soybean meal
7
2
2
Material
Organic disease management
g6220
P 2O5
(%)
Bone meal (raw)
Plant diseases may seriously stunt or kill vegetable plants.
Diseases often appear as leaf spots, wilts, stunts, rusts or
lesions. The causal agents may be fungi, bacteria, viruses
or mycoplasms, or a stressful environment. For example,
many vegetable plants will wilt not only from too little
water but also from excessive water in the root zone. The
key to successful organic disease management is prevention.
The following strategies can be used to prevent diseases on
vegetable crops.
Resistance or tolerance. Whenever possible, choose
disease-resistant vegetable varieties. Disease resistance means
that although a plant may occasionally contract the disease,
N
(%)
Cottonseed meal
Slow
Slow
Slow
Fast
Slow
20% Ca
Fast
Medium
7
2
2
1.5
1
1.5
2% Ca
Epsom salts
0
0
0
10% Mg
Fast
Gypsum
0
0
0
22%Ca;
16% S
Medium
9.5
0.5
0.5
Compost
Corn gluten
Slow
Slow
Medium
Adapted from: Ferro, D.N., ed., 1998–1999 New England Vege able Management
t
Guide, University of Connecticut, University of New Hampshire, University of Maine,
University of Rhode Island, University of Massachusetts and University of Vermont.
page 3
University of Missouri Extension
4. it will not be seriously affected. Tolerance to a disease means
that the plant usually contracts the disease when present but
is able to survive despite the infection. The seed package
usually lists disease resistance information of the variety,
especially for hybrid (F1) varieties.
Disease-free transplants. Many vegetables can be
established as transplants. Carefully inspect transplants for
any spots or lesions on the stems or leaves. Remove a few
transplants from the planting container and inspect their
root systems. Healthy roots are white or light in color, and
show no signs of decay or excessive wrapping of the fibrous
roots around the root ball. Avoid buying plants that have
already set fruit.
Site selection. Always choose a well-drained soil for
growing vegetables. Root rots and other soil-borne diseases
thrive in wet soils. Low spots in the field also are pockets
of high humidity in the plant canopy, creating a favorable
environment for diseases. Avoid planting close to trees or
buildings that may reduce air circulation or the intensity
or duration of sunlight. Use raised beds to promote soil
aeration and drainage whenever possible.
Crop rotation. Crop rotation is a long-established,
successful agricultural practice. Continuous cropping of
plants in the same botanical family allows for buildup of
disease organisms. Vegetables that are in the same botanical
family should not be grown in the same area for at least
three years. For example, watermelon, cucumber, squash,
cantaloupe and pumpkins are in the Cucurbitaceae family
and often are attacked by the same disease organisms.
Rotating curcurbits with vegetables in the Solanaceae
family such as peppers, tomatoes, eggplants or potatoes can
potentially lower the incidence of diseases.
Plant spacing and training. Dense plantings can often
increase susceptibility to diseases. By increasing the spacing
between plants, air circulation and light intensity are
enhanced, creating a less favorable environment for disease
development. Always stake or cage tomato plants to keep
the plants and fruit from touching the soil. Remove suckers
(lateral buds) up to the node below the first fruit cluster on
a tomato plant to increase air circulation and light exposure
and thus reduce disease incidence.
Mulching. Organic mulches such as straw, hay,
compost, newspaper or wood shavings will aid in disease
prevention by reducing direct contact between soil and
the plant. Mulch thickness should be 4 to 6 inches. Many
soil-borne diseases infect the plant from rain-splashed
soil on the lower leaves. Organic mulches usually lower
soil temperatures. Thus, warm-season vegetables such
as tomatoes and peppers should be mulched only after
the soil has warmed. Plastic mulches also can be used by
organic growers. Plastic mulches are available in a variety
of colors and are particularly effective in warming the soil.
Black plastic is the most commonly used plastic mulch for
spring and early summer vegetables in Missouri. Infraredtransmitting (IRT) plastic mulch allows certain wavelengths
to penetrate the plastic, increasing the soil temperature
significantly more than black plastic mulch. Growers
wishing to plant later in the summer can use white plastic to
g6220
keep the soil cooler. When plastic mulch is used, water must
be supplied by a drip tube or soaker hose under the plastic.
Rogue infected plants. Root out and destroy any plant
showing severe disease symptoms to prevent the spread
to adjacent plants. Plants infected by viruses should be
removed from the garden immediately.
Sanitation. To prevent carryover of plant diseases from
one growing season to the next, clean all planting trays and
growing supplies such as wooden tomato stakes, planting
trays and harvest containers. Most materials can be soaked
in a hydrogen peroxide solution or steam sterilized. Plant
residues in a garden should be cleaned and removed. Do not
compost diseased plant residue. Eliminate weeds around
the perimeter of the garden because these can serve as hosts
for plant diseases.
Seed saving. Many diseases are seed borne. Some
organic gardeners save seed from favorite varieties. When
saving seed, make sure the plants from which the seeds were
harvested have no disease ymptoms. Do not save seeds
s
from a hybrid variety because the plants from those seeds
usually segregate and thus produce a mixed crop.
Organic pesticides. Organic fungicides for vegetables
include copper (Bordeaux mixtures or sulfates), hydrogen
peroxide, and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). When
using baking soda, gardeners need to watch for the
buildup of sodium, which can be toxic to plants. High
concentration (70 percent) of Neem oil can be used to
kill powdery mildew spores. Biological fungicides, which
are beneficial bacteria or fungi, are available to organic
gardeners. Most organic fungicides are applied to prevent
the development of a disease. The Organic Materials
Review Institute (OMRI), http://www.omri.org, reviews
and approves materials to be used in organic production
and continually updates its lists of approved and disqualified
organic materials. Organic growers should check the
OMRI list or consult the certifier before applying any new
chemical.
Protected crop culture. High tunnels, or hoop houses,
are plastic-covered, solar greenhouses that lengthen
the traditional growing season and protect the growing
vegetable crop from rain, wind, hail and erratic temperatures. High tunnels also exclude many pests that routinely
Raised beds and plastic mulch reduce disease incidence and control weeds.
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University of Missouri Extension
5. attack vegetable plants in the Midwest. Most diseases need
free moisture to become activated. Diseases are less likely to
develop in a high tunnel because drip irrigation is used and
the plant canopy is kept dry. More information about high
tunnels is available in MU Extension publication M170,
High Tunnel Tomato Production, and online at http://www.
hightunnels.org.
Vegetable grafting. Grafted vegetables (tomato,
watermelon, melon, cucumber, pepper and eggplant)
usually have better resistance to soil-borne diseases,
more vigor and higher yield than non-grafted ones. The
advantages come from the rootstock. Growers who prefer
growing heirloom varieties, have limited garden space, or
produce vegetables in a high tunnel or greenhouse should
consider this emerging technique.
Organic weed management
Weeds are plants that compete with vegetables for light,
water and nutrients. Weeds also interfere with harvesting
and can harbor many diseases. Although completely
eliminating weeds in the garden is not realistically
possible or necessary, several strategies in addition to
hoeing or hand-weeding can be employed to reduce weed
competition.
Reduce the weed seed bank. Raw manure, immature
compost, hay or straw may contain weed seeds. Clean tillage
or harvesting equipment after use to prevent contamination
from adjacent fields. Do not allow weeds to form seed
heads.
Mulches. Mulches shade the soil to prevent weed seed
germination and smother the growth of weeds. Both
organic and plastic mulches are available to gardeners.
Mulches can be added to the crop throughout the growing
season, or the crop can be seeded or transplanted into an
established mulch, a practice called conservation tillage.
Cover crops can be grown during the summer to suppress
weeds for the fall garden.
Rotation. Rotating the garden with cover crops or
different types of vegetables may prevent the buildup of a
single weed species.
Plant spacing. The critical weed-free period for
most warm-season vegetable crops is about 45 days after
planting. After that, plant canopy will be big enough to
shade the weeds and inhibit their growth. Thus, earlyseason weed control is critical. Reasonably decreasing the
spacing between plants or between rows so that the crop
shades the soil rapidly can aid in weed management.
Cultivation. Till garden soil three or four weeks before
planting, and allow weeds to germinate and emerge. The
weeds can be tilled into the soil several times before the
crop is established. This technique, called a stale seedbed
method, reduces the weed population by breaking their
natural cycle of emergence in the vegetable garden.
Vegetable type. Certain vegetables are relatively more
competitive with weeds. For example, Irish and sweet
potatoes, winter squash, sweet corn and tomatoes can
effectively compete with weeds.
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Transplanting. Use transplants if possible. They enable
a uniform stand of the crop and give the vegetable plants a
head start over any weeds that emerge.
Flame weeding. Flame weeding, or using a hot flame
to kill weeds, is effective for stale seedbed weed removal
or weeds that emerge before the vegetable crop. Flame
weeding is effective for weed control in slow-germinating
vegetables such as onions, parsnips and carrots. Some
growers have successfully used flame weeding on
transplanted onions that were 8 to 10 inches tall. Sweet
corn that has just emerged and potatoes up to 2 inches tall
can be flame weeded.
Drip irrigation. Drip irrigation reduces weed emergence
by reducing the soil area that receives water.
Solarization. Clear plastic spread across an area where
crops will be planted can kill weeds, weed seeds and even
some plant pathogens. Apply the plastic close to the ground
during the hot part of the year and leave it in place for four
to six weeks.
Organic herbicides. Organic gardeners can use various
organic herbicides, including acetic acid (vinegar), citric
acid and corn gluten meal to control weeds.
Organic insect management
Organic management of insect pests is based on avoiding
a pest outbreak rather than dealing with the pest after it has
acquired a foothold in the garden. The following are a few
techniques that can be used to control insects organically:
Inspect plants. Scout the garden often, specifically the
border or outside rows. Physically remove any harmful
insects found to prevent the population from spreading to
adjacent plants.
Habitat for beneficial insects. Create an environment
favorable for natural enemies of harmful insects. More
than 100 families of insects, spiders and mites contain
species that are natural enemies of harmful insects. Plant
the borders of the garden in native flowers or plants such
as clover or alfalfa to attract beneficial insects such as lady
beetles.
High tunnels can extend the growing season, protect vegetables from
stressful environments and prevent pest infestation.
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University of Missouri Extension
6. Row covers protect vegetables from frost and pest invasion.
Intercropping prevents build-up of insect pest population.
Row covers. Row covers are lightweight, spunbonded
fabrics that can be suspended or draped over vegetables
to protect them from invasive insects. Row covers are
particularly effective in reducing damage by flea beetles and
cucumber beetles. Applying row cover to parthenocarpic
cucumbers, zucchinis or other vegetables that do not need
pollination to fruit can greatly reduce insect damage.
Trap crops. Plant a less desirable plant close to
the garden to attract insects away from the important
vegetables in the garden. Destroy the trap crop after it
becomes infested with insects.
Resistant crops. Some varieties or types of vegetables
are less attractive to insects. For example, County Fair
pickling cucumber is much less attractive to cucumber
beetles than most other cucumber varieties.
Date of planting. Many vegetable insects will have peak
populations throughout the growing season. Avoid high
populations of insects by adjusting the planting date. For
example, early-planted sweet corn will have much less corn
earworm infestation than late-planted corn.
Intercropping. Intercropping is the practice of growing
two or more vegetables in the same area during the same
growing season. Avoid planting large blocks of any single
vegetable in the garden. Mixing vegetables prevents spread
and buildup of harmful insects.
Keep plants healthy. Healthy plants are less attractive
to insects, and if attacked, are better able to survive and
produce a marketable crop. This is also true for organic
disease management.
Sanitation. Remove plants after harvest to prevent them
from becoming reservoirs for harmful insects.
Fall plowing. Plowing the vegetable garden after fall
harvest exposes insects and insect eggs to birds or to
desiccation during winter freezing and thawing.
Organic insecticides. Several organic insecticides
are available for use by vegetable gardeners, including Bt
(Bacillus thuringiensis), pyrethrums, rotenone, insecticidal
soaps, diatomaceous earth, neem and horticultural oils.
Check the labels and consult your certifying agency before
using any insecticides.
Also from MU Extension Publications
G6956
M170
Making and Using Compost
High Tunnel Tomato Production
extension.missouri.edu | 800-292-0969
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Revised 5/10; Reprinted 1/12/2M