This document defines key concepts related to programming languages. It discusses programs, programming, and programming languages. It describes different types of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level languages like procedural, problem-oriented, and natural languages. It provides details on machine language, assembly language, procedural languages like COBOL and C, and problem-oriented languages like Visual Basic. It also defines language translators like assemblers, compilers, and interpreters.

1. Prepared by:
Harihar Paudel

2. Program, Programming and
Programming Language
 Program: The set of instructions which instructs the
computer to perform certain particular operations is
called a program.
 Programming: It is the process of writing a program
following the grammar of the programming language.
 Programming Language: It is simply the coded
language used by programmers to write instructions
that a computer can understand to do what the
programmer wants.

3. Types of Programming Language
 Low level language:
 Machine level language
 Assembly level language
 High level language:
 Procedural oriented language
 Problem oriented language
 Natural language

4. Machine Level Language
 Machine language consist of string of binary numbers
and it is the only one language, the processor directly
understand.
 Language translator is not required.
 Execution speed of the program developed in this
language is faster.
 It is difficult and time consuming to develop and
debug program.
 It is machine dependent language, so program
developed for a system may not be used in another
without modification.

5. Assembly Level Language
 Assembly language use mnemonics code(symbolic
operation code like ADD, SUB) in place of 0 and 1.
 The program is converted into machine code by
assembler.
 It is easier to develop and debug program compared to
machine language.
 Execution speed of the program developed in this
language is faster than high level language.

6. Procedural Oriented Language
 This language uses simple English and mathematical
statements to develop program.
 It is easier to develop and debug program compared to low
level language.
 More advance and user friendly software can be developed.
 An additional software compiler or interpreter is required
to translate program
 Program execution will be slower
 It includes languages such as Pascal, COBOL, C, FORTAN
etc.

7. Problem Oriented language
 It allows the users to specify what the output should be, without
describing all the details of how the data should be manipulated
to produce the result
 Programmer need not to think about the procedure of the
program. So, programming is much easier.
 Increase the speed of developing programs.
 Minimize user’s effort to obtain information from computer.
 Reduce errors while writing programs.
 It is easier but needs higher processor and larger memory.
 It needs to be translated therefore its execution time is more.
 Eg: Visual Basic, C#, PHP, etc.

8. Natural Language
 Natural language are still in developing stage where we
could write statements that would look like normal
sentences.
 Easy to program.
 Since, the program uses normal sentences, they are
easy to understand.
 The programs designed using 5GL will have artificial
intelligence (AI).

9. Language Translator
 The translator is a programming language processor
that converts a high-level or assembly language
program to machine-understandable low-level
machine language without sacrificing the code's
functionality.
 Different type of language translators are:
 Assembler
 Compiler
 Interpreter

10. Language Translator
 Assembler: It is a translator that converts code of
assembly language into the machine language.
 Compiler: It is a translator which translates high level
program into machine instruction at once. It provides
fastest method of translating a program. Programming
languages like C, C++, Java use a compiler.
 Interpreter: It translates one line or single statement of
a program at a time. The translating process is slower.
Example of interpreter based programming language
are BASIC, Visual Basic, C#, PHP etc.

11. THE END