The document summarizes key concepts about American government and civic engagement. It discusses how the right to vote is an important part of the US system and how citizens can participate in government at various levels. It also defines different forms of government such as democracy, monarchy, and totalitarian systems. It notes that civic engagement, through activities like voting, protesting, or joining groups, is important for a thriving republic.
The chapter discusses states and democracy. It covers why states should be studied despite their declining power relative to other actors. States remain the dominant form of political organization globally. The chapter also examines the rise of democratic states and their relationship to citizenship rights, elections, and accountability. Finally, it analyzes theories about the relationship between states and society, including state supremacy, dependency, interdependency, and separation of the two.
The document discusses how democracies can yield non-democratic outcomes when preconditions for democracy are missing or manipulated. It analyzes theories of democracy and compares the US and India. Regarding the US, it summarizes research arguing the US has become a "plutonomy" dominated by wealthy elites who use wealth to influence politics through campaign donations and media. Engineered consent and "Astroturf" groups are discussed as tools used to shape public opinion and policy debates, such as labeling the Affordable Care Act as "Obamacare".
This document summarizes key aspects of American political culture and beliefs. It discusses the concepts of political culture, democratic values like majority rule and minority rights, and the process of political socialization where citizens develop political identities. It also outlines the major agents of socialization like family, schools, media and demographic factors. Finally, it compares aspects of the American political and economic systems to other nations like Sweden.
This chapter aims to help students learn to identify and evaluate the foundations of the American legal and political system. It discusses social contract theory and how it influenced the development of the US political system. In particular, it examines how social contract theory holds that people accept a government's authority in exchange for protection of their natural rights like freedom of speech. The chapter also outlines the three branches of government established by the US Constitution: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and their various powers and functions.
The document discusses different political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism as well as the two-party system in the United States. It examines core beliefs of each ideology around the role of government and economics. The political landscape in the U.S. is also analyzed by looking at how states tend to vote more liberally or conservatively based on regional differences and the populations in urban versus rural areas.
Overview Chapter 1Political Thinking and Political Culture B.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview: Chapter 1
Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen
Chapter Goals
The chapter addresses the following goals:
· Describe the importance of political thinking in a democracy and the current barriers to political thinking among the public.
· Describe the discipline of political science and how it can contribute to political thinking.
· Explain the nature of politics in the U.S. and how it is a struggle for power among competing groups and interests.
· Discuss America’s cultural ideals of liberty, individualism, equality and self-government and how they have affected some public issues like taxation or social welfare policy.
· Discuss the major rules of American politics: democracy, constitutionalism, and the free market system, and why rules are necessary in politics.
· Explain differing theories of political power, including majoritarianism, pluralism, corporate power, and elitism, and how they may undercut the ideals of democracy in the U.S.
· Discuss the nature of the free market system in the U.S. and how it compares to European and other economic systems.
Focus and Main Points
Contemporary American government is placed in historical perspective in this chapter. The value of political science in examining the development of American politics since the country’s earliest years is examined briefly, and concepts such as power, pluralism, and constitutionalism that are central to the study of government and politics are also assessed. In addition, the value of political thinking and the ability of political science to help develop political thinking are discussed. Several comparisons between the cultural development of political institutions and financial systems of the United States and Europe are made to help illustrate the different forms of government and economic organization.
The main points of this chapter are as follows:
· The development of political thinking is important for functioning democracies, which rely on the informed choices of citizens for the formation of government. There are powerful barriers to political thinking, such as individual unwillingness to develop it, changing patterns of media consumption, and “spin” by political leaders. Political science is a discipline that can help develop political thinking among students and also lead to a fuller understanding of political phenomena.
· Every country has a distinctive political culture, a widely shared and deep-seated belief system. National identity in many countries is taken from the common ancestry and kinship they share. Americans are linked not by a shared ancestry but by the country’s political culture as the foundation of its national identity.
· Politics is the process through which a society settles its conflicts. Those who win, in political conflict, are said to have power, and those leaders that have gained the legitimacy to use that power have authority. The play of politics in the United States takes place in the con.
The chapter discusses states and democracy. It covers why states should be studied despite their declining power relative to other actors. States remain the dominant form of political organization globally. The chapter also examines the rise of democratic states and their relationship to citizenship rights, elections, and accountability. Finally, it analyzes theories about the relationship between states and society, including state supremacy, dependency, interdependency, and separation of the two.
The document discusses how democracies can yield non-democratic outcomes when preconditions for democracy are missing or manipulated. It analyzes theories of democracy and compares the US and India. Regarding the US, it summarizes research arguing the US has become a "plutonomy" dominated by wealthy elites who use wealth to influence politics through campaign donations and media. Engineered consent and "Astroturf" groups are discussed as tools used to shape public opinion and policy debates, such as labeling the Affordable Care Act as "Obamacare".
This document summarizes key aspects of American political culture and beliefs. It discusses the concepts of political culture, democratic values like majority rule and minority rights, and the process of political socialization where citizens develop political identities. It also outlines the major agents of socialization like family, schools, media and demographic factors. Finally, it compares aspects of the American political and economic systems to other nations like Sweden.
This chapter aims to help students learn to identify and evaluate the foundations of the American legal and political system. It discusses social contract theory and how it influenced the development of the US political system. In particular, it examines how social contract theory holds that people accept a government's authority in exchange for protection of their natural rights like freedom of speech. The chapter also outlines the three branches of government established by the US Constitution: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and their various powers and functions.
The document discusses different political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism as well as the two-party system in the United States. It examines core beliefs of each ideology around the role of government and economics. The political landscape in the U.S. is also analyzed by looking at how states tend to vote more liberally or conservatively based on regional differences and the populations in urban versus rural areas.
Overview Chapter 1Political Thinking and Political Culture B.docxalfred4lewis58146
Overview: Chapter 1
Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen
Chapter Goals
The chapter addresses the following goals:
· Describe the importance of political thinking in a democracy and the current barriers to political thinking among the public.
· Describe the discipline of political science and how it can contribute to political thinking.
· Explain the nature of politics in the U.S. and how it is a struggle for power among competing groups and interests.
· Discuss America’s cultural ideals of liberty, individualism, equality and self-government and how they have affected some public issues like taxation or social welfare policy.
· Discuss the major rules of American politics: democracy, constitutionalism, and the free market system, and why rules are necessary in politics.
· Explain differing theories of political power, including majoritarianism, pluralism, corporate power, and elitism, and how they may undercut the ideals of democracy in the U.S.
· Discuss the nature of the free market system in the U.S. and how it compares to European and other economic systems.
Focus and Main Points
Contemporary American government is placed in historical perspective in this chapter. The value of political science in examining the development of American politics since the country’s earliest years is examined briefly, and concepts such as power, pluralism, and constitutionalism that are central to the study of government and politics are also assessed. In addition, the value of political thinking and the ability of political science to help develop political thinking are discussed. Several comparisons between the cultural development of political institutions and financial systems of the United States and Europe are made to help illustrate the different forms of government and economic organization.
The main points of this chapter are as follows:
· The development of political thinking is important for functioning democracies, which rely on the informed choices of citizens for the formation of government. There are powerful barriers to political thinking, such as individual unwillingness to develop it, changing patterns of media consumption, and “spin” by political leaders. Political science is a discipline that can help develop political thinking among students and also lead to a fuller understanding of political phenomena.
· Every country has a distinctive political culture, a widely shared and deep-seated belief system. National identity in many countries is taken from the common ancestry and kinship they share. Americans are linked not by a shared ancestry but by the country’s political culture as the foundation of its national identity.
· Politics is the process through which a society settles its conflicts. Those who win, in political conflict, are said to have power, and those leaders that have gained the legitimacy to use that power have authority. The play of politics in the United States takes place in the con.
This document discusses strategies for sustaining civic engagement. It identifies barriers to participation such as lack of civics education and voter suppression. It describes a spectrum of civic actions from lightweight to heavyweight. Tactical actions are reactive while strategic actions work to implement long-term policy goals. Sustaining engagement requires countering fatigue, recognition for contributions, gamification, civic education, connecting actions to daily life, building community, and empowerment.
This chapter discusses key concepts in American democracy such as deliberation, citizenship, and different theories of democracy. It outlines principles from the Declaration of Independence like equality, natural rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Representative democracy was chosen to allow for deliberation and include diverse interests. Direct democracy tools like initiatives and referendums empower citizens. Liberal democracies protect individual rights through principles like rule of law. An educated citizenry is important for democratic deliberation and decision making.
Week 1 politics and power history fair start representation and political pro...Wayne Williams
First week of PowerPoint lecture notes for Politics and Power in America course. Examines what politics is, differences in democracies, contrasted with the meaning of a Constitutional Republic, such as that of the United States.
This document discusses political participation and trends in democracies. It notes that while voting is crucial, there are also unconventional forms of participation like protests. Recent trends show declines in voting and trust in political institutions. However, this civic malaise may not signify that democracies are in crisis. Democracies are adapting to changing interests and ways citizens get informed and participate, through new forms like interest groups and media. Overall, democracies may be revitalizing rather than declining.
Essay on Democracy in America
A Democratic Society Essay
Essay about Digital Democracy
Democracy Essay examples
Forms Of Democracy
Essay about Democracy
Democracy: An Analysis Essay
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
This document provides an overview of a study on democratic governance. It discusses democracy from theoretical, research, and application perspectives. The objectives are to examine democratic governance and discuss democracy theoretically, review contemporary research, and analyze applications. It aims to create a knowledge area module on theories of democratic governance and research.
The document discusses different approaches to democratic institutions in divided societies, specifically comparing the views of Lijphart and Horowitz. Lijphart focuses on inclusion through consociational democracy, while Horowitz advocates for moderation through incentives-based approaches. The author argues that both inclusion and moderation are needed to address the fundamental issue of representation. Pure deliberative democracy may not be practical or inclusive enough in deeply divided post-conflict societies.
The document discusses the significance of democracy. It argues that democracy has become the most acceptable and normal form of government. However, achieving democracy has not been easy and has involved struggle. The document examines how well democracy has worked in India, noting that India has survived despite huge diversity and differences through smooth political transitions and adherence to democratic principles. It also discusses debates around the relationship between democracy and economic development. While some argue authoritarian governments may promote growth better, the document asserts democracy supports growth through healthy policymaking enabled by open discussion and debate. Overall, it argues democracy is valuable both intrinsically and instrumentally for societies.
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document discusses strategies for sustaining civic engagement. It identifies barriers to participation such as lack of civics education and voter suppression. It describes a spectrum of civic actions from lightweight to heavyweight. Tactical actions are reactive while strategic actions work to implement long-term policy goals. Sustaining engagement requires countering fatigue, recognition for contributions, gamification, civic education, connecting actions to daily life, building community, and empowerment.
This chapter discusses key concepts in American democracy such as deliberation, citizenship, and different theories of democracy. It outlines principles from the Declaration of Independence like equality, natural rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Representative democracy was chosen to allow for deliberation and include diverse interests. Direct democracy tools like initiatives and referendums empower citizens. Liberal democracies protect individual rights through principles like rule of law. An educated citizenry is important for democratic deliberation and decision making.
Week 1 politics and power history fair start representation and political pro...Wayne Williams
First week of PowerPoint lecture notes for Politics and Power in America course. Examines what politics is, differences in democracies, contrasted with the meaning of a Constitutional Republic, such as that of the United States.
This document discusses political participation and trends in democracies. It notes that while voting is crucial, there are also unconventional forms of participation like protests. Recent trends show declines in voting and trust in political institutions. However, this civic malaise may not signify that democracies are in crisis. Democracies are adapting to changing interests and ways citizens get informed and participate, through new forms like interest groups and media. Overall, democracies may be revitalizing rather than declining.
Essay on Democracy in America
A Democratic Society Essay
Essay about Digital Democracy
Democracy Essay examples
Forms Of Democracy
Essay about Democracy
Democracy: An Analysis Essay
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
This document provides an overview of a study on democratic governance. It discusses democracy from theoretical, research, and application perspectives. The objectives are to examine democratic governance and discuss democracy theoretically, review contemporary research, and analyze applications. It aims to create a knowledge area module on theories of democratic governance and research.
The document discusses different approaches to democratic institutions in divided societies, specifically comparing the views of Lijphart and Horowitz. Lijphart focuses on inclusion through consociational democracy, while Horowitz advocates for moderation through incentives-based approaches. The author argues that both inclusion and moderation are needed to address the fundamental issue of representation. Pure deliberative democracy may not be practical or inclusive enough in deeply divided post-conflict societies.
The document discusses the significance of democracy. It argues that democracy has become the most acceptable and normal form of government. However, achieving democracy has not been easy and has involved struggle. The document examines how well democracy has worked in India, noting that India has survived despite huge diversity and differences through smooth political transitions and adherence to democratic principles. It also discusses debates around the relationship between democracy and economic development. While some argue authoritarian governments may promote growth better, the document asserts democracy supports growth through healthy policymaking enabled by open discussion and debate. Overall, it argues democracy is valuable both intrinsically and instrumentally for societies.
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
Similar to OS_AmGov_3e_Ch01_LectureSlides.pptx (11)
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. In the United States, the right to vote is an important feature of the nation’s system of
government, and over the years many people have fought and sacrificed to obtain it. Today,
many people face challenges in exercising this important means of civic engagement. (credit:
modification of work by the National Archives and Records Administration)
Figure 1.1
3. 3
Introduction
• American citizens have the opportunity to participate
in government at the federal, state, and local level.
• Civic engagement—whether through voting,
demonstrating, speaking out on important issues, or
other means—is vital to a thriving and effective
republic.
4. Defining government and politics
4
• A government is the system by which a society
organizes itself and allocates authority in order to
accomplish collective goals and provide benefits to
that society.
• Politics refers to the process of gaining or exercising
control within a government by an association of
persons with shared goals or objectives for society.
5. Government and economic systems
5
Certain forms of government are often, though not always,
linked to particular economic systems:
• Democracy, government by citizens, is often associated
with capitalism, an economic system in which the means of
production are controlled by individuals who invest in
business and industry.
• Socialism advocates public or government control, whether
directly or through regulation, over the means of
production.
• Oligarchy is a form of government in which a small class of
political and economic elites control the government.
6. Goods in a capitalist economic system
6
• In the United States, our representative democracy generally
adheres to a capitalist economic system.
• In a capitalist system, private businesses produce and sell
most consumer goods and services, earning a profit on these
private goods.
• Some goods or services, such as public safety and education,
cannot be produced in sufficient quantities or for a profit; the
government provides these public goods.
• Governments also protect common goods such as water and
other natural resources that are used by individuals but must
be protected for the benefit of all.
7. Figure 1.2
A fire department ambulance rushes to the rescue in Chicago. Emergency medical
services, fire departments, and police departments are all paid for by government
through the tax base, and they provide their services without an additional charge.
(credit: Tony Webster)
8. Figure 1.3
One can distinguish between different types of goods by considering who has access to the goods
(excludable/non-excludable) and how many people can access the good at the same time
(rivalrous/non-rivalrous).2
9. Types of government: democracy
9
A democracy is a form of government in which political power–
influence over institutions, leaders, and policies–is controlled by
the people.
• In a representative democracy, such as the United States,
citizens do not govern directly; government institutions and
policy are determined by elected representatives.
Representative democracies, however, often have a check on
the power of citizens in order to protect the rights of
minorities.
• In a direct democracy, people participate directly in
government decisions, instead of relying on elected
representatives.
10. Figure 1.5
Residents of Boxborough, Massachusetts, gather in a local hotel to discuss issues
affecting their town. New England town meetings provide an opportunity for people to
experience direct democracy. This tradition has lasted for hundreds of years. (credit:
modification of work by Liz West)
11. Types of government: monarchy & totalitarian
11
• In an absolute monarchy, a single, usually hereditary,
ruler holds political power.
– Many modern monarchies limit the monarch’s power
with some form of representative government, such
as a parliament.
• Under totalitarian governments, the state, usually
controlled by a single leader or small group of elites,
controls virtually every aspect of citizens’ lives.
12. Elitism vs. pluralism
12
• Within a representative democracy, the elite theory of
government holds that a small group of elites controls
power while other citizens have little or no influence.
• The pluralist theory of government holds that
competing interest groups influence the government
and hold political power.
– Citizens may influence the government by becoming
involved with groups that share similar interests and
engaging with their representatives at a local, state,
or national level.
13. Figure 1.7
The four most recent U.S. presidents have all graduated from an Ivy League university.
14. The tradeoffs perspective
14
• The tradeoffs perspective acknowledges that
competing interests, whether elitist or pluralist, vie
for government influence.
• These competing interests produce government
actions and public policies that are influenced by a
series of tradeoffs or compromises.
15. Figure 1.8
A person in Ohio protests fracking (a). An announcement of a public meeting regarding
fracking illustrates what some of the tradeoffs involved with the practice might be (b).
(credit a: modification of work by “ProgressOhio/Flickr”; credit b: modification of work by
Martin Thomas)
16. Changes in involvement
16
• Traditionally, citizens engaged in democracy through
membership in and advocacy on behalf of small groups,
such as churches, local labor unions, and other groups.
• Today, changes in society and technology leave many
citizens with less time to be active members of a civic
organization; instead, citizens join larger national
organizations in which each individual typically plays a
small role.
17. Why get involved?
17
• Social capital is the collective value of all social networks
and the willingness of these networks to work together
toward a common goal
• Civic engagement increases the power of an individual
to influence government policies and actions
• A representative democracy requires an informed
citizenry to vote for candidates and advocate for desired
policies, along with other forms of civic engagement
18. Pathways to engagement
18
• Civic engagement may be undertaken individually or as a
member of a group.
• Forms of individual civic engagement include staying
informed about current events, voting, giving to a political
campaign, and contacting elected representatives about
issues.
• Forms of civic engagement through groups include
discussing issues, working for a political campaign,
volunteering or fundraising for an organization that shares
one’s goals, registering people to vote, joining protests or
marches, boycotting businesses that do not support one’s
views, and many others.
19. Figure 1.9
The print above, published in 1870, celebrates the extension of the right to vote to
African American men. The various scenes show legal rights black slaves did not have.
20. Factors of engagement: presidential elections
20
Approximately two-thirds of Americans engaged in
some form of political action in 2008, a presidential
election year.
These activities typically included some form of
impersonal action, such as signing petitions or
contributing to a political campaign.
21. Figure 1.10
Voters line up to vote early outside an Ohio polling station in 2008. Many who had
never voted before did so because of the presidential candidacy of then-senator Barack
Obama. (credit: Dean Beeler)
22. Factors of engagement: age
22
Americans under the age of 30 are less likely to engage in
partisan politics.
• In a 2015 survey by the Harvard University Institute of
Politics, more young Americans claimed affiliation with
independents (40 percent) than Democrats (36
percent) or Republicans (21 percent).
• Americans under 30 are less likely to participate in
political action, but many engage in civic activities,
such as volunteering to provide community services.
23. Figure 1.11
After the Southern California wildfires in 2003, sailors from the USS Ronald Reagan
helped volunteers rebuild houses in San Pasqual as part of Habitat for Humanity.
Habitat for Humanity builds homes for low-income people. (credit: Johansen Laurel,
U. S. Navy)
24. Figure 1.12
Volunteers fed people at New York’s Zuccotti Park during the Occupy Wall Street
protest in September 2011. (credit: David Shankbone)
25. Factors of engagement: wealth and education
25
In addition to age, civic engagement is also greatly
influenced by wealth and education: wealthier and more
educated citizens are more likely to vote.
26. Figure 1.12
Ritchie Torres (a) served alongside his mentor, James Vacca (b), on the New York City
Council from 2014 to 2017, both representing the Bronx.
27. Figure 1.13
The latest data show that more younger voters are now choosing to affiliate and identify
with one of the two major parties, especially the Democratic party, rather than choosing
to be independent.
28. 2e Figure 1.6
The map of the world shows the different forms of government that currently exist. Countries
that are colored blue have some form of representative democracy, although the people may
not have as much political power as they do in the United States. Countries that are colored
red, like China, Vietnam, and Cuba, have an oligarchic form of government. Countries that
are colored yellow are monarchies where the people play little part in governing.
29. 29
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are Copyright 2021, Rice University, and also provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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