Orthodontic archwires are a major component of fixed orthodontic therapy and come in various materials and designs. The document discusses the definition and requirements of archwires. It describes common wire types including precious metal alloys, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium, beta-titanium, and nickel-titanium. Placement techniques and a basic treatment plan approach are also outlined. Selection of the proper wire involves considering its mechanical properties and how they relate to the treatment goals and phase.
Archwires /orthodontic courses /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Newer wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Archwires /orthodontic courses /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Newer wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Archwires are the active force applying elements in orthodontic treatment. This presentation covers the important properties of archwires, their evolution and their recent advancements.
Orthodontic arch wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Materials in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontics wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Ortho wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Titanium and its alloy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodotnic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Wires in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Properties of orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Archwires are the active force applying elements in orthodontic treatment. This presentation covers the important properties of archwires, their evolution and their recent advancements.
Orthodontic arch wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Materials in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontics wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Ortho wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Titanium and its alloy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodotnic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Wires in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Properties of orthodontic wires /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Orthodontic wires are used to carry out the necessary tooth movements as part of orthodontic treatment. A variety of materials are used to produce orthodontic wires. The archwire has been an integral part of the orthodontic appliance, and the high esthetic demand by the patient, along with the introduction of composite and ceramic brackets initiated research for esthetic archwires to go with these brackets. Esthetic archwires available are composite, optiflex and coated archwires. Appropriate use of all the available wire types may enhance patient comfort and reduce chairside time as well as the duration of treatment. The individual clinician must always know and understand the needs and options at every stage of therapy
The art of orthodontics involves correction of the position of teeth and the relation of craniofacial structures.
The Teeth are moved by the use of forces and moments, which are delivered through the use of various types of wires.
From the beginning of the profession, different types of wires have been introduced to provide forces to move teeth.
Light and Continuous Forces have always been sought, and operators have tried to achieve this in a variety of ways.
Alignment and Leveling of teeth is usually the fundamental and the most important objective of orthodontics during initial phase of fixed orthodontic treatment.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Introduction:
A successful orthodontic therapy depends
not only on manual skills and knowledge
but also on choice of materials used.
One of the major components of fixed
orthodontic therapy is the choice of wires.
Orthodontic wires are defined as devices
conforming to the dental arch, which is
used as an anchorage for correcting
irregularities in the position of teeth.
3. Defintion:
• Orthodontic wires are used to carry out
the necessary tooth movements as part
of orthodontic treatment.
• A variety of materials like metals, alloys,
polymers and composites are used to
produce orthodontic wires.
• The properties of orthodontic wires are
evaluated by various laboratory tests like
tensile, torsional, and bending tests.
4. Requirments:
Biological: nontoxic.
Chemical: resistant to corrosion and tarnish.
Mechanical: Modulus of elasticity, Formability, Spring
back (elastic deflection) and Resilience should be
high, Ductility should be sufficient to allow
fabrication of appliance, Stiffness should be lower,
and least friction at bracket – wire interface.
Other: Should maintain the desirable properties for
extended period of time after manufacture,
inexpensive and easy to handle.
6. PRECIOUS METAL
• Used in the first half of twentieth
centaury
• Gold alloy with platinum, palladium,
copper were used
Advantage: High ductility, Inert nature
and corrosion resistance, Variable
stiffness- by heat treatment, High
resilience and Ease of soldering.
Disadvantages: Less Elastic force delivery,
Greater cost, Have minimal use currently
after introduce SS.
7. Stainless Steel
(SS) Wires
• Stiff wire It can be bent to any desirable shape.
• The austenitic 18-8 stainless steel type is most commonly used. of
approximately It contains chromium and nickel content 18% and 8%,
respectively.
• its high resistance to corrosion, but releases nickel and chromium in
fewer amounts and may induce hypersensitivity reactions.
• Stainless steel wires produce higher forces applied during shorter time.
• lower bracket-wire friction so it ideal for space closure.
• Its moldability and strength make it a material of choice to fabricate
appliances such as a Nance or Forsus.
• Recently, super stainless steels have been developed with a lower
nickel content, higher corrosion resistance, and improved mechanical
properties.
8. Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) wires
• Also known as Nitinol (Nickel-Titanium naval ordinance laboratory)
• introduced in 1972.
• Usually used in the initial stages of treatment
• Types:
• NeoSent alloy wires and Copper-Nickel-Titanium alloy (Cu-Ni-Ti) wires
were developed in early 1990s.
• Nitinol SE (Nitinol Super Elastic) wires are superplastic.
• The Advantage:
• its high resiliency, shape memory, pseudoelasticity or superelasticity( This
wire generates almost the same amount of force regardless of the
amount of deflection), low forces, and their corrosion resistance.
• The disadvantages:
• low formability Cannot be bent or welded easily, they are expensive, The
friction develops at bracket-wire interface is more with Nitinol wires.
• Nitinol wires are more likely to fail due to normal wear.
9. Cobalt-
chromium
wires
• known as elgiloy
• Similar to NiTi wires, but with the addition of Copper in the alloy makes the wire
react to different temperatures.
• It's easier to place in the brackets on severely crowded teeth.
• available in wire and band forms.
• usually color-coded, High spring tempers (red), semispring temper (green), soft or
ductile tempers (yellow).
• They are easy to bend.
• They can be heat hardened at 482° C for about 7 minutes after manipulation to
increase hardness (strength).
• These wires have excellent resistance to tarnish and corrosion.
• It is inexpensive and can be soldered (fluoride fluxes are used) and welded.
10. Beta-titanium wires
• These wires are also known as titanium-molybdenium alloy (TMA) or Titanium-Niobium
• It introduced in 1979.
• properties between Stainless Steel and NiTi.
• It has the highest friction with braces that makes it the last choice for space closure.
• Modulus of elasticity of these wires is lower than half of stainless steel wires and almost
twice that of Nitinol. It can be bent easier than stainless steel wire, but should not be
strongly bent for there is a risk of breaking.
• Resistance to corrosion.
• biocompatible material due to the absence of nickel. So, It can be used in patient known
as nickel allergy.
• Alpha-beta titanium alloy has been introduced recently. also called as TiMolium, it has
stiffness and other characteristics (such as elasticity and yield strength) are between the
values set for stainless steel and beta-titanium wires.
13. Multistranded wires
• Multistranded wires are made of a varying number of stainless-steel wire strands coaxially
placed or coiled around each other in different configurations.
• The important characteristics of these wires are development of low forces, low stiffness
and a resilience, and these wires are inexpensive. They develop higher friction at bracket-
wire interface.
• Can be used during initial leveling aligning.
14. Size:
It usually refers to the dimension of the cross section.
The measurement unit is in inches.
Round wires are measured by their radius, so one number
represents their size .014, .018, .020 are common sizes.
Rectangular wires are represented by two sets of numbers,
one for length and one for width .016 x .022, .019 x .025 are
common sizes.
15. Simple Technique for Choosing
the Right Arch Form
1. After initial alignment, total the collective mesio-distal
widths of the upper anterior six teeth.
2. Using the reference diagram, select the appropriate
upper arch form radius for the patient gradation (R28,
R26 or R24). -Based on the upper arch form radius,
select the appropriate lower archwire.
16. Example:
This case displays a consolidated width
of 44.8 mm, indicating consideration of
arch forms R26 upper and R24 lower.
Consolidated width 3 2 1 1 2 3 indicates arch form size:
- Less than 40 mm = Customize R24
- 40 mm - 45 mm = R26 Upper and R24 Lower
- 45 mm - 50 mm = R28 Upper and R26 Lower
- More than 50 mm = Customize R28
21. Treatment
plan
• Initial Phase(Getting
Organized)
leveling, tipping, rotating
• Necessary Wire Criteria
- low forces
- long working range
- low modulus
- low friction
• Intermediate
Phase(Working the Big
Picture)
space closure, arch form
correction, occlusal plane
leveling
• Necessary Wire Criteria
- medium forces
- medium working range
- medium modulus
- medium malleability
- low friction
• Finishing Phase(Getting
Down to Details)
vertical detailing, space
closure, refine interdigitation,
retention
• Necessary Wire Criteria
- medium forces
- short working range
- high modulus
- high malleability
23. Conclusion
Metals, alloys, polymers and composites are
the materials used for producing orthodontic
wires, Each type of material has its advantages
over the other.
However, the practitioner should have a
thorough knowledge of the mechanical and
physical properties of wires to determine their
clinical behavior and to achieve a satisfactory
and predictable outcome.
24. Refrences:
• Ravichandra S et al, Rama K et al, An
Overview of Orthodontic Wires,
research gate online, Trends Biomater.
Artif. Organs, 28(1), 32-36 (2014).
• William R et al, Proffit, contemporary
orthodontics, fifth edition,
eElsevier,canada, 2013.
• Chaconas SJ, Caputo AA, Harvey K.
Orthodontic force characteristics of
open coil springs. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 1984;85(4):494-97.
Editor's Notes
Therefore, the aim of the present review was to focus on the differences in the features of wires as well as their working sequence according to the treatment plan.
However, oral conditions may influence their behaviour and it is important for the clinician to understand the properties of orthodontic wires as well as their clinical implications to turn out optimal results.
Modulus of elasticity should be high. It enables the wire to apply more force for tooth movement.
Formability should be high so as to bend the wire into desired configuration without fracture. Spring back should be high which results in an increase in its range of action. Spring back is the measure of how far a wire can be deflected without causing permanent deformation. It is also called elastic deflection. Resilience should be high. It increases the working range. Stiffness should be lower. It provides the ability to apply lower forces constantly for a lower time. Should provide least friction at bracket – wire interface. Otherwise it leads to undue strain إجهاد لا مبرر له, which limits the tooth movement
so did not form toxic products with saliva
3- by the formation of a passivated oxide layer, which blocks the further oxygen diffusion to the underlying mass.
In a study, Kolokitha et al., concluded that orthodontic treatment is not related to an increased likelihood of hypersensitivity reactions to nickel unless there is a history of skin piercing
5-and this friction can be further reduced by using nanotechnology applications.
Australian wires are a kind of stainless steel wires available in different grades with gradually increasing stored energy values (resiliency). These wires contain more amount of carbon content that is up to 10 times higher than that in a standard stainless steel orthodontic wire and this results in increased surface roughness, hardness, porosity, and susceptibility for breakage during clinical bending, particularly for higher grades
These properties have made these wires to be chosen instead of titanium wires since titanium wires are expensive.
Nitinol wires are more likely to fail due to normal wear. if they remain in the oral cavity for many days. This kind of wear is more with larger or rectangular section wires than smaller section wires
High formability combined with increased elasticity and yield strength following heat treatment by 10% and 20- 30%, respectively, have made Blue Elgiloy, a cobalt- chromium wire type, popular in clinical practice.
It is not as stiff as stainless steel and not as flexible as NiTi
Their resistance to corrosion is due to the formation of a surface passivation oxide layer, but exposure to fluoride agents leads to the degradation, subsequent corrosion, and qualitative alteration of the wire’s surface. The duration of wire exposure to fluoride agents appears to
play a major role.
These wires are highly expensive
(rounded to nearest 1/10th of a millimeter)
Posterior band removing pliers: Long, narrow chisel-tip beak facilitates posterior band removal.
Universal :provide easy access to difficultto- reach areas.
Mathieu:Very useful for placing AlastiK Force Modules. Can also be used with metal ligatures.
Buccal tube :the archwire cinched back distal to buccal tube
Ligature wire:keep the metal archwire securely tied into the bracket slot.
Wire insertion:single tip on one end or the double tip on the other end, archwires are engaged into Brackets with a roll of the hand.
Wire disengagement: Archwires are removed from Brackets by sliding the instrument’s hooks beneath the archwire and lifting it away from the bracket with a squeeze.
Arch bending pliers:
Bracket:placing the bracket onto the tooth. seat brackets,
Bracket debonding: May be used with or without the archwire engaged in the bracket slot.
Weingart utility pliers: Securely holds wire or auxiliary at any convenient working angle. Rounded surfaces for patient comfort. Seratted grip
How ultity : same but Matching serrated tips.
End cutter: 72° angle for very close cut to buccal tube.
Universal cutter: (Safety Hold) Holds loose distal ends. Shear-cuts hard wire.
Open coil: to open spaces to accommodate certain teeth.
Cllose : close the spaces
Power chain: help close space
O ring:single rubber colors we put around the brackets to hold the wire in place
Often, the clinical examination has to be supplemented with further analyses using extra- and intra oral photographs, study casts (model analysis) and radiographs. The results from the interview, clinical examination and the supplementary analyses will constitute a solid basis for a comprehensive orthodontic diagnosis, which in turn forms a cornerstone for the treatment plan.