y

1. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 1
Defining and
Classifying Groups
Formal
Formal
Command Groups
Command Groups
Task Groups
Task Groups
Interest Groups
Interest Groups
Friendship Groups
Friendship Groups
Informal
Informal

2. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 2
1. FORMING
Member Questions - What is expected of me?
- What are our goals and why?
- Who are these other people?
- How do I fit in?
- How much work will this involve?
Interpersonal Issues Uncertainty, self-consciousness,
Silence, Dependence
Task Issues orient members, establish trust,
establish clear purpose
Leader Behaviors - Make introductions
- Establish foundation of trust
- Model expected behaviors
- Clarify goals and expectations

3. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 3
2. STORMING
Member Questions - How will disagreements be handled?
- How will negative info. be communicated?
- Can team members (leader) be changed?
- How can we make decisions?
- Do I want to stay on team?
Interpersonal Issues Disagreements & competition among members,
Cliques being formed,
Task Issues Manage conflict, overcome group think,
Examine key work processes
Leader Behaviors - Be an effective mediator
- Identify a common goal
- Provide individual & team recognition
- Foster win-win thinking

4. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 4
3. NORMING
Member Questions - What are the expectations?
- What role is best for me?
- Will I be supported?
- How much should I conform?
- How much should I invest?
Interpersonal Issues Cooperation, conformity to norms,
Commitment to team vision
Task Issues Maintain unity and cohesion,
Clarify and differentiate roles
Leader Behaviors - Facilitate role differentiation
- Support team members
- Provide feedback
- Articulate vision
- Generate commitment to vision

5. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 5
4. PERFORMING
Member Questions - How can we continuously improve?
- How can we be more creative?
- How can we build on our competencies?
- How can we maintain our energy &
commitment to the team?
Interpersonal Issues High mutual trust & commitment to team,
Support of team members
Task Issues Capitalize on competencies, improve speed
Encourage creative problem-solving
Leader Behaviors - Foster creativity & continuous improvement
- Support team members in their roles
- Provide ongonig feedback on team performance
- Help team avoid reverting to earlier stages
- Advance the quality culture of the team

6. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 6
Team Development
1. FORMING break the ice ; facilitate
2. STORMING conflict, disagreement ; resolve differences
3. NORMING order ; clarify roles and values
4. Performing cooperation, problem-solving ;
task accomplishment
5. Adjourning group disbands when goals are met

7. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 7
Who Should be on Team?
Questions to be Asked?
What are we trying to accomplish?
Task vs. Growth & Development
Need for Functional Expertise
- Engineering types
- Operations / manufacturing
- Marketing / sales
- Finance / accounting
When are people needed?

8. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 8
Punctuated-Equilibrium Model
Time
(Low)
(High)
First
Meeting
Phase 1
Phase 2
Transition
Completion
A B
(A+B)/2
Performance

9. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 9
Sociometry and Analyzing
Sociometry and Analyzing
Group Interaction
Group Interaction
• Social networks
• Clusters
• Isolates
• Coalitions
• Emergent clusters
• Cliques
• Stars
• Liaisons
• Bridges
• Prescribed clusters

10. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 10
Group Behavior Model
Group Behavior Model
External
External
Conditions
Conditions
Performance
Performance
and
and
Satisfaction
Satisfaction
Group
Group
Task
Task
Group
Group
Structure
Structure
Group
Group
Member
Member
Resources
Resources
Group
Group
Processes
Processes

11. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 11
External Conditions
External Conditions
Imposed on the Group
Imposed on the Group
• Overall strategy
• Authority structures
• Formal regulations
• Resources
• Employee selection
• Evaluation-rewards
• Culture
• Work setting

12. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 12
The Resources
The Resources
of Group Members
of Group Members
Knowledge,
Knowledge,
Skills, and
Skills, and
Abilities
Abilities
Personality
Personality
Characteristics
Characteristics

13. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 13
Identity
Identity
Group
Roles
Expectations
Expectations
Conflict
Conflict Perception
Perception

14. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 14
Performance
Performance
Group
Norms
Appearance
Appearance
Resources
Resources Arrangement
Arrangement

15. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 15
Size of the Group
Size of the Group
• Small groups
• Large groups
• Social loafing
• Individual effort

16. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 16
The Composition
The Composition
of the Group
of the Group
Diversity
Diversity Cohorts
Cohorts
Demography
Demography

17. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 17
High
Productivity
Moderate
Productivity
Moderate to Low
Productivity
Low
Productivity
Cohesiveness
Performance
Norms
High Low
Cohesiveness-Productivity Relationship
Cohesiveness-Productivity Relationship
High
Low

18. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 18
Effects of Group Processes
Effects of Group Processes
Potential
Group
Effectiveness
Potential
Group
Effectiveness
Process Losses
Social Loafing
Process Gains
Synergy

19. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 19
Group Decision Making
Group Decision Making
Advantages
Advantages
 More Diversity of Views
 Increased information
 Higher-quality decisions
 Improved Commitment
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
 Dominant Individuals
 Unclear Responsibility
 Time and money costs
 Conformity pressures

20. ©Prentice Hall, 2001 Chapter 8 20
Group Effectiveness
and Efficiency
Accuracy Creativity
Acceptance
Speed