This document provides an overview of organisational leadership and leadership theories. It discusses definitions of leadership, approaches to leadership including trait, behavioural, situational, and transformational theories. It also examines leadership styles, competencies, and emerging perspectives such as authentic, distributed, and implicit leadership. The document is a lecture on organisational behaviour and leadership developed by two authors and academics.

1. Organisations and Leadership
Organisational Behaviour
Developed by Dr. Ruth Barton
&
Dr. Margaret Heffernan, OAM
1
Aims of the lecture
RMIT University©2013
2
2
What is leadership?
Define leadership
Approaches to leadership
Mainstream and emerging theories

2. Leadership styles and behaviours
Competencies of leadership
What is Leadership?
RMIT University©2013
3
3
Leadership
‘A social process in which one individual influences the
behaviour of others without the use or threat of violence’
(Buchanan & Huczynsci, 1985 in Thompson & McHugh, 2009)
‘The acid test of leadership must be its ability to improve
organisational leadership’ (Fiedler, 1967, in Thompson
and McHugh, 2009)
Shared leadership

3. Leadership is broadly distributed, rather than assigned to one
person, such that people in the tram and organisation lead each
other.
(McShane et al. 2013: 382)
Approaches to Leadership
RMIT University©2013
4
Fairhurst (2007)
4
LEADERSHIP
Individualism
Essence of leadership
Dualistic views of power and influence

4. Untheorised / exaggerated agency
Competency (Trait) Perspective of Leadership
RMIT University©2013
5
Skills, knowledge, aptitudes
and other
personal characteristics
that lead
to superior performance
5
Self-concept
Drive

5. Personality
Integrity
Competency
Cognitive ability
Knowledge of the business
Emotional intelligence

6. RMIT University©2013
Traits and Characteristics
eg Stodgill (1974), Handy (1980)
Limitations:
Assumes that all effective leaders have the same personal
characteristics that are equallyimportant in all situations.
Alternative combinations of competencies may be equally
successful
Views leadership as something within a person
Indicates leadership potential, not leadership performance
6
6
Leadership Styles and Behaviours
McGregor (1960)
Theory X
Theory Y
RMIT University©2013
7
7
Types and Roles
Lewin, Lippitt and White (1939)
Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez –faire
Benne and Sheats (1948)
Task maintenance act

7. Group maintenance act
RMIT University©2013
8
8
Types and Styles
Blake and Mouton’s (1978) Leadership Grid
RMIT University©2013
9
9
Authentic leadership
RMIT University©2013
Emotional intelligence
Effective
leaders need to act
consistently
with their values,
personality, and
self-concept

8. Source: McShane et al 2013: 384-385
10
10
Develop own style
Receive feed-back
Being yourself
Reflect
Contingency (Situational) Perspective of Leadership
RMIT University©2013
11
The most appropriate leadership style depends
on the
situation.
Leaders

9. must be
insightful and flexible,
and adapt behaviours and styles
to the
immediate situation.
11
Leadership substitutes
Path-goal theory
Situational leadership
Fiedler’s Contingency model
Servant leadership

10. Contingent Leadership
Fiedler’s (1974) Contingency Model
RMIT University©2013
Favourable Unfavourable
12
12
Charismatic Leadership
Applied to a certain quality of an individual
considered extraordinary
treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, specifically
exceptional powers or qualities.
qualities are not accessible to the ordinary person
regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary , and the individual
concerned is treated as a “leader”’
(Weber,1968: 241)
RMIT University©2013
13
13
Transformational Leadership
Visioning the new corporate future

11. Communicating the vision
Implementing the vision
Popular in 1980s and 1990s
(Dunphy and Stace, 1990)
RMIT University©2013
Source: McShane et al. 2013: 393
14
14
Elements
Create a strategic vision
Communicate the vision
Model the vision
Build commitment towards the vision

12. Paternal Leadership Style
RMIT University©2013
Source: Fulop, L and Linstead, S (2009) : 525
15
15
Paternalism
Dependence on the leader
Personal relationships
Moral leadership
Harmony building
Conflict diffusion
Social distance
Didactic leadership

13. Subtle, dialogue
Paternal Leadership Tactics
RMIT University©2013
Source: Fulop, L and Linstead, S (2009) : 526
16
16
Paternalism
Centralisation

14. Non-specific intentions
Secrecy
Protect authority
Selective favours
Non-emotional ties
Differential treatment
Reputation building

15. Narcissistic Leader
Narcissism
They must be more than they are
Their value as people is dependent upon the image they project
People are objects to be manipulated to get the validation
narcissists need
RMIT University©2013
Source: Fulop and Linstead, 2009
17
17
Post Heroic Leadership
Associated with transformational leadership but with a greater
emphasis on developing subordinates
(Bradford and Cohen, 1984)
Distributed or collective leadership
Heifetz and Laurie (1997)
RMIT University©2013
18
18

16. Followership
Followership is the role of the group member in supporting (or
not) the leadership role
Leadership prototypicality
(Hogg, 2001)
Social identity and leadership
(Haslam , 2001)
RMIT University©2013
19
19
Implicit Leadership Perspective
RMIT University©2013
People evaluate a leader’s effectiveness in terms of how well
that person fits preconceived beliefs about the features and
behaviours of effective leaders (leadership prototypes)
People tend to inflate the influence of leaders on organisational
events
Followers perceptions about the characteristics and influence of
people they call leaders
Source: McShane et al. 2013: 395- 396
20
20

17. The Three Levels of Leadership
RMIT University©2013
Source: Scouller, J. (2011)
21
21
Public
Private
Personal
RMIT University©2013
Source: Fulop and Linstead, 2009: 530
Leadership is very much a relational product of the societies in
which organisations operate.
Cultural variables will affect how leaders from different
cultural backgrounds manage in foreign cultures and with
culturally diverse groups.

18. 22
22
RMIT University©2013
References
Fulop, L and Linstead, S (2009) ‘Leadership and Leading’ [Ch.
10], in Linstead, S, Fulop, L and Lilley, S 9eds) Management
and Organization: A critical text, 2nd ed, Palgrave, Houndmills.
McShane, S Olekalns, M and Travaglione, T (2013)
Organisational Behaviour: Emerging knowledge. Global
insights. McGraw Hill, Sydney
Rollinson, D (2005) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An
integrated approach, Prentice Hall, Harlow .
Scouller, J. (2011). The Three Levels of Leadership: How to
Develop Your Leadership Presence, Knowhow and Skill,
Management Books
Cirencester: Thompson, P and McHugh, D (2009) Work
Organisations: A critical approach, Palgrave, Houndmills.
23
23
The berlo’s model follows the smcr model this model is not
specific to any particular communication.
Berlo’s model lives a number of factors under each of the
elements :

19. Source: The source is were the message originates.
Communication skills – It is the individual’s skill to
communicate (ability to read, write, speak, listen etc…)
Attitudes – The attitude towards the audience, subject and
towards one self for e.g. for the student the attitude is to learn
more and for teachers wants to help teach.
Knowledge- The knowledge about the subject one is going to
communicate for e.g. whatever the teacher communicates in the
class about the subject so having knowledge in what you are
communicating.
Note: It is not talking about the general knowledge it is all
about the knowledge of the subject, so it is the familiarity of
what you are communicating.
Social system – The Social system includes the various aspects
in society like values, beliefs, culture, religion and general
understanding of society. It is were the communication takes
place.
For e.g. class room differs from country to country like
behaviors, how we communicate etc.
Note: We can communicate only to the extent that the social
system allows, when we communicate take social system into
account.
Culture: Culture of the particular society also comes under
social system.
All to this model, only if you have the above in the proper or
adequate proportion v can communicate.

20. Encoder: The sender of the message (message originates) is
referred as encoder, so the source is encoding the message
here.
Message
Content – The beginning to the end of a message comprises its
content for e.g. From beginning to end whatever the class
teacher speaks in the class is the content of the message.
Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures,
body language etc, so these are all the elements of the particular
message. Content is accompanied by some elements.
Treatment – It refers to the packing of the message. The way in
which the message is conveyed or the way in which the message
is passed on or deliver it.
Note: When it is too much treatment also the communication
will not happen properly.
Structure- The structure of the message how it is arranged, the
way you structure the message into various parts.
Note: Message is the same but if the structure is not properly
arranged then the message will not get to the receiver.
Code- The code of the message means how it is sent in what
form it could be e.g. language, body language, gestures, music
and even culture is a code. Through this you get/give the
message or through which the communication takes place or
being reached.
Note: Only when the code is proper, the message will be clear,
improper use may lead to misinterpretation.

21. Channel- It is nothing but the five senses through this only we
do. The following are the five senses which we use
Hearing
Seeing
Touching
Smelling
Tasting
Whatever communication we do it is there either of these
channels.
Hearing: The use of ears to get the message for e.g. oral
messages, interpersonal etc.
Seeing: Visual channels for e.g. TV can be seen and the
message is delivered.
Touching: The sense of touch can be used as a channel to
communicate for e.g. we touch and buy food, hugging etc.
Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate for e.g.
perfumes, food, charred smell communicates something is
burning, we can find out about which food is being cooked etc.
Tasting : The tongue also can be used to decipher e.g. Food can
be tasted and communication can happen.
Note: Despite not mentioning a medium we need to assume that
as communication is taking place channels can be any of the 5
senses or combination.
Decoder : Who receives the message and decodes it is referred
to as decoder.
Receiver: The receiver needs to have all the thinks like the

22. source.
This model believes that for an effective communication to take
place the source and the receiver needs to be in the same level,
only if the source and receiver are on the same level
communication will happen or take place properly. So source
and receiver should be similar
For e.g. Communication skills on source side is good then the
receiver should equally have good listening skills.
We cannot say the entire message passed doesn’t reaches the
receiver has it is because the receiver may not good in listening,
so only for the effective communication the source and the
receiver to be in the same level.
Note: Self image differs from person to person, for
communicating the person should consider the receiver. Keep
the receiver in mind, speak accordingly and give them what they
need.
Criticism of berlo’s smcr model of communication:
No feedback / don’t know about the effect
Does not mention barriers to communication
No room for noise
Complex model
It is a linear model of communication
Needs people to be on same level for communication to occur
but not true in real life
Main drawback of the model is that the model omits the
usage of sixth sense as a channel which is actually a gift to the
human beings (thinking, understanding, analyzing etc).

23. Harvard Citation Style Examples for UWA
Material Types:
Books and eBooks Multimedia
Journal Articles Standards and patents
Internet/ Websites CMO
Cases and legislation Lecture notes
Company information Theses
Conference papers and proceedings Personal Communication
Newspapers Citing information someone else has cited
Books & eBooks
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Book: Single
Author
(Holt 1997) or
Holt (1997)
wrote that...

24. Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice-
Hall, Sydney.
Book: 2 or 3
Authors
(McCarthy,
William &
Pascale 1997)
McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, Basic
marketing, Irwin,
Sydney.
Book: More
Than 3
Authors
(Bond et al.
1996)
Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996,
Management of small
firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
Book: No
Author
(A history of
Greece 1994)
A history of Greece 1994, Irwin, Sydney.
Book: Editor (ed. Jones 1998) Jones, MD (ed.) 1998,
Management in Australia, Academic Press, London.

25. Book: 2 or
More Editors
(eds Bullinger &
Warnecke 1985)
Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, Toward the factory of
the future,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Book:
Translator &
Author
(trans. Smith
2006)
Colorado, JA 2006, Economic theory in the Mexican context:
recent
developments on the ground, trans. K Smith, Oxford University
Press, Oxford.
Book:
Organisation
as Author
(Australian
Bureau of
Agricultural and
Resource
Economics
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics
2001, Aquaculture
development in Australia: a review of key economic issues,

26. ABARE, Canberra.
2001)
Book:
Chapter or
Article in
Edited Book
A number of
disturbing facts
intrude'
(Milkman 1998,
p. 25)
Milkman, R 1998, 'The new American workplace:high road or
low road?' in
Workplaces of the future, eds P Thompson & C Warhurst,
Macmillan Press,
London, pp. 22-34.
Book, edition
other than
first.
(Drafke, 2009)
Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organizations, 10th edn,
Pearson/Prentice
Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J
E-book
(Aghion &
Durlauf 2005)

27. Aghion, P & Durlauf, S (eds.) 2005, Handbook of economic
growth, Elsevier,
Amsterdam. Available from: Elsevier books. [4 November
2004].
E-book:
Chapter or
Article in an
Edited E-
book
'Historical
thinking is
actually a
Western
perspective'
(White 2002, p.
112)
White, H 2002, 'The westernization of world history' in Western
historical
thinking: an intercultural debate, ed J Rusen, Berghahn Books,
New York pp.
111-119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E-Book. [14 May
2009].
Book:
Different
Works by
Same Author
in Same Year
(Bond 1991a)
(Bond 1991b)
Bond, G 1991a, Business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.

28. Bond, G 1991b, Corporate governance, Irwin, London.
Journal Articles
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Journal
Article: Print
(Conley &
Galeson 1998)
Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, 'Nativity and wealth in mid-
nineteenth
century cities', Journal of Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp.
468-493.
Journal
Article:
Electronic
Database
(Liveris 2011)
Liveris, A 2011, 'Ethics as a strategy', Leadership Excellence,
vol. 28, no. 2,
pp.17-18. Available from: Proquest [23 June 2011].
Internet/Websites

29. Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Webpage: No
Author
(Improve
indigenous
housing 2007)
Use first few
words of the
page title
Improve indigenous housing now, government told, 2007.
Available from:
<http://www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=10220> . [8
February 2009].
Webpage: No
Date
(Jones, n.d.)
Jones, MD n.d., Commentary on indigenous housing initiatives.
Available
from: <http://www.architecture.com.au>. [6 June 2009].
Web
Document

30. (Department of
Industry,
Tourism and
Resources 2006)
Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources 2006, Being
Prepared for an
Influenza Pandemic: a Kit for Small Businesses, Government of
Australia,
Available from: <http://www.innovation.gov.au>. [28 February
2009].
Website
(Australian
Securities
Exchange 2009)
Australian Securities Exchange 2009, Market Information.
Available from:
<http://www.asx.com.au/professionals/market_information/inde
x.htm>. [5
July 2009].
Blog (Newton 2007)
Newton, A. 2007, Newcastle toolkit. 16 January 2007. Angela
Newton: Blog.
Available from: <https://elgg.leeds.ac.uk/libajn/weblog/>. [23
February
2007].
Computer
Software
(OpenOffice.org
2005)

31. OpenOffice.org, computer software 2005. Available from:
<http://www.openoffice.org>. [11 January 2005].
Web Based
Image / table
/ figure
(The Lunar
Interior 2000)
The Lunar Interior, 2000. Available from:
<http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg>
. [28
November 2000].
Cases and Legislation
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Cases
(R v Tang (2008)
237 CLR 1)
R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR.
Acts of
Parliament
(Corporations

32. Act 2001 (Cth) s
3)
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth).
Delegated
Legislation
(Police
Regulations
2003 (Vic) reg 6.
Police Regulations 2003 (Vic) reg 6.
Bills
(Corporations
Amendment Bill
(No 1) 2005
(Cth)
Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth).
Company Information
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Company
Report

33. (Aspect Huntley
2009)
Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis 2009, National Australia Bank
Limited Company
Report. Available from: Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis. [20 May
2009].
Company
Profile
(Datamonitor
2009)
Datamonitor 2009, Wesfarmers Limited Company Profile.
Available from:
Business Source Premier. [20 May 2009].
Financial
Data
(Datastream
2009)
Datastream, 2009, S&PASX200 daily index data 2000-2009.
Available from:
Datastream. [20 May 2009].
Conference Papers & Proceedings
Material
Type
In-Text

34. Example
Reference List Example
Conference
Proceeding
Paper: Print
(Riley 1992)
Riley, D 1992, 'Industrial relations in Australian education', in
Contemporary
Australasian industrial relations: proceedings of the sixth
AIRAANZ
conference, ed. D. Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, pp. 124-140.
Conference
Proceeding
Paper:
Electronic
(Fan, Gordon &
Pathak 2000)
Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, 'Personalization of
search engine
services for effective retrieval and knowledge management',
Proceedings of
the twenty-first international conference on information
systems, pp. 20-34.
Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library. [24 June
2004].
Conference
Proceeding
Paper:
Unpublished

35. (Brown & Caste
1990)
Brown, S & Caste, V 2004, 'Integrated obstacle detection
framework'. Paper
presented at the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IEEE,
Detroit MI.
Newspapers
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Newspaper:
Print
(Ionesco 2001)
Ionesco, J 2001, 'Federal election: new Chip in politics', The
Advertiser 23
October, p. 10.
Newspaper:
Electronic
Database
(Meryment
2006)
Meryment, E 2006, 'Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their
own to their

36. own', The Australian, 7 October, p. 5. Available from: Factiva.
[2 February
2007].
Newspaper:
From a
Website
(Hilts 1999)
Hilts, PJ 1999, 'In forcasting their emotions, most people flunk
out', The New
York Times 16 February. Available from
<http://www.nytimes.com>. [19
February 2000].
Newspaper:
No Author
(The Sydney
Morning Herald
7 January 2011,
p. 12)
Not required.
Multimedia
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Video (Effective Effective performance appraisals 1994, (video

37. recording), Melbourne,
performance
appraisals 1994)
Educational Media Australia.
Television
Programme
(Crystal 1993)
Crystal, L (executive producer) 1993, The MacNeil/Lehrer news
hour
(television broadcast) 11 October 1993, New York and
Washington DC, Public
Broadcasting Service.
Audio
Podcast
(Van Nuys 2007)
Van Nuys, D (producer) 2007, 'The anatomy of a lobotomist
[Show 84]',
Shrink Rap Radio (podcast). Available from:
<http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/>. [11 April 2007].
Video
Podcast
(Kloft 2006)
Kloft, M (producer/director) 2006, The Nuremberg trials
(motion picture), in
M.Sameuls (executive producer), American experience

38. (podcast). Available
from: <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xml>. [4
March
2006].
Music Track
from an
Album
(Shocked 1992)
Shocked, M 1992, 'Over the waterfall', on Arkansas Traveller
(CD). New York,
Polygram Music.
Video Blog
Post
(Norton 2006)
Norton, R 2006, 'How to train a cat to operate a light switch'
(video file).
Available from:
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs>. [4
November 2006].
Standards & Patents
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Patent (Cookson 1985)
Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated

39. transmission
systems, US Patent 4554399.
Standard:
Retrieved
From a
Database
(Standards
Australia 2008)
Standards Australia 2008, Personal floatation devices - General
requirements.
AS 4758.1-2008. Available from: Standards Australia Online. [1
December
2008].
Standard:
Published
(Standards
Australia/New
Zealand
Standard 1994)
Standards Australia 1994, Information processing - text and
office systems -
office document architecture (ODA) and interchange format:
part 10: formal
specifications, AS/NZS 3951.10:1994, Standards Australia,
NSW.
CMO
Material
Type

40. In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
CMO Article (Jennings 1997)
Jennings, P 1997, 'The performance and competitive advantage
of small
firms: a management perspective', International Small Business
Journal, vol.
15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available from: The University of Western
Australia
Library Course Materials Online. [1 September 2004].
Lecture Notes
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Lecture
Notes
(Foster 2004)
Foster, T 2004, Balance sheets, lecture notes distributed in
Financial
Accounting 101 at The University of Western Australia,
Crawley on 2

41. November 2005.
Theses
Material
Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Thesis:
Unpublished
(Hos 2005)
Hos, JP 2005, Mechanochemically synthesized nanomaterials
for intermediate
temperature solid oxide fuel cell membranes. Ph.D thesis,
University of
Western Australia.
Thesis:
Published
(May 2007)
May, B 2007, A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust
cloud. Bristol
UK, Canopus Publishing.
Thesis:
Retrieved
From a
Database
(Baril 2006)

42. Baril, M 2006, A distributed conceptual model for stream
salinity generation
processes: a systematic data-based approach. WU2006.0058.
Available from:
Australasian Digital Theses Program. [12 August 2008].
Personal Communication
Material
Type
In-Text Example
Telephone
Call,
Interview, e-
mail, etc.
If the information you are referencing was obtained by a
personal communication such as a
telephone call, an interview or an email that fact is usually
documented in the text and are not
added to the reference list. If desired you can add the
abbreviation pers.comm. to the reference.
2008.
middle of next year (Mr M
Ward, 2008, pers. comm., 6 June).
Citing Information Someone else has Cited
Material

43. Type
In-Text
Example
Reference List Example
Citing
Information
that
Someone
Else has
Cited
(O'Reilly, cited in
Byrne 2008)
In the reference list provide the details of the author who has
done the citing.