The document provides an overview of key concepts in operating systems including process management, memory management, storage management, and system protection. It discusses how an operating system manages computer hardware and software resources, acts as an interface between the user and computer, and how a computer would be useless without an operating system. The document also summarizes several core operating system functions like process creation and scheduling, different types of memory management techniques, organizing storage on physical disks, and protecting systems from unauthorized access.

1. PROFICIENCY PRESENTATION
SUBMITTED BY :
KRISHNA PRAJAPATI
SUBMITTED TO :
GAURAV KHARE
ENROLLMENT NO : 0901EO221036

2. An operating system is a collection of the
software , that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides common
services for computer program . “ The operating
system acts as a interface between the user and
computer hardware “ . Without a computer
operating system , a computer would be useless .
USER
APPLECATION
SOFTWARE
OS SOFTWARE
HARDWARE
SYSTEM

3. GENERATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM  SERVICES  STRUCTURE
 SERVICES  SYSTEM CALLS  SYSTEM BOOTS
 SYSTEM PROGRAM  PROTECTION & SECURITY
 PROCESS MANAGEMENT : Process management
involves various tasks like creation, scheduling,
termination of processes, and a dead lock. Process
is a program that is under execution, which is an
important part of modern-day operating systems.
The OS must allocate resources that enable
processes to share and exchange information.

4.  PROCESS SYNCHRONIZATION : Process Synchronization is the coordination of execution of multiple
processes in a multi-process system to ensure that they access shared resources in a controlled and
predictable manner. The main objective of process synchronization is to ensure that multiple
processes access shared resources without interfering with each other .
On the basis of synchronization, processes are categorized in two types:
•Independent Process: The execution of one process does not affect the execution of other processes.
•Cooperative Process: A process that can affect or be affected by other processes executing in the system
A deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a
resource and waiting for another resource acquired by some other process.
Consider an example when two trains are coming toward each other on the same track and there is only
one track, none of the trains can move once they are in front of each other. A similar situation occurs in
operating systems when there are two or more processes that hold some resources and wait for
resources held by other
System Model, Deadlock Characterization, Deadlock Prevention, Detection andAvoidance, Recovery
form Deadlock.
Background, Critical-Section Problem, Peterson's Solution, Synchronization Hardware, Semaphores, Classic Problems
of Synchronization, Monitors.

5.  MEMORY MANAGEMENT: In a multiprogramming computer, the Operating System resides in a part
of memory and the rest is used by multiple processes. The task of subdividing the memory among
different processes is called Memory Management. Memory management is a method in the
operating system to manage operations between main memory and disk during process execution.
The main aim of memory management is to achieve efficient utilization of memory.
Why Memory Management is Required?
•Allocate and de-allocate memory before and after process execution.
•To keep track of used memory space by processes.
•To minimize fragmentation issues.
•To proper utilization of main memory.
•To maintain data integrity while executing of process.
Main Memory, Swapping, Contiguous Memory Allocation, Paging,Structure of Page Table, Segmentation, Virtual
Memory, Demand Paging, Page ReplacementAlgorithms, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing.

6.  STORAGE MANAGEMENT: Storage management in an operating system refers to the management
and organization of computer storage resources. It involves handling the physical and logical storage
devices, allocating and deallocating storage space, and providing efficient and reliable access to
stored data.
Mass-Storage Structure: The mass-storage structure refers to the overall organization and
management of large amounts of data on secondary storage devices, such as hard drives, solid-state
drives (SSDs), and tape drives.
Disk Structure: Disk structure refers to the organization and layout of data on a physical hard disk or
SSD. It involves understanding how data is stored and accessed on the disk at a low level.
Disk Attachment: Disk attachment refers to the method by which a disk drive is connected to a computer
system.
Disk Scheduling: Disk scheduling is the process of determining the order in which read and write
requests are serviced by the disk subsystem.
RAID Structure: RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a technology that combines multiple
physical disk drives into a single logical unit for improved performance, fault tolerance, or both

7.  FILE SYSTEM : file system is the most visible aspect of an operating system. It provides the
mechanism for on-line storage of and access to both data and programs of the operating system and
all the users of the computer system.
File Concept, Access Methods, Directory Structure, File System Structure, Allocation Methods,
and Free-Space Management.
 SYSTEM PROTECTION: file system is the most visible aspect of an operating system. It provides the
mechanism for on-line storage of and access to both data and programs of the operating system and
all the users of the computer system.
Goals, Principles, Domain of Protection, Access Matrix, Access Control.

8. THANK YOU