This document provides guidance for boards of health on managing public beaches in Ontario. It outlines procedures for environmental surveys, water sampling, laboratory testing, signage, and responding to adverse events. Boards of health are responsible for conducting routine surveillance of beaches, including collecting a minimum of 5 water samples per week from each beach. They must also respond quickly to reports of issues like spills or algae blooms that could impact water quality. Decisions around beach postings, advisories, and closures should be based on an assessment of risks to public health.
This document provides an update on Ireland's implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and water quality monitoring efforts in Fingal. It outlines the goals of the WFD to protect water resources and achieve good water status. Monitoring data from Fingal's rivers shows phosphorus and other pollutants above limits. The data is analyzed to identify seasonal and spatial trends in order to determine pressures from sectors like agriculture and inform enforcement and mitigation strategies to improve water quality as required under the WFD.
Bioassessment Approach to MS4 Evaluation and AssessmentJPoore
Jesse Poore presented logic and background information that supports integration of stream bioassessments into MS4 evaluation and assessment procedures.
The Environmental Auditing: Federal Compliance Guide is a tool for assessing a facility's compliance with federal environmental regulations. Environmental audit checklists address auditing requirements for manufacturing and service industry facilities, as well as utilities, exploration, oil and gas, chemical companies, and regulatory agencies.
Environmental Auditing is an invaluable resource for environmental and occupational health and safety professionals, attorneys, and corporate counsel.
Day 1 4. andreas scheidleder european commissiongroundwatercop
The document discusses the key elements and implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) as it relates to groundwater management. It outlines the WFD's requirements for delineating groundwater bodies, initially characterizing them, assessing risks to groundwater status, establishing monitoring programs, and developing programs of measures to achieve good groundwater status by 2015. It also discusses the cyclic planning process and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in managing transboundary groundwater bodies, as demonstrated by experiences in the Danube River Basin.
Evaluating and Developing of Water Resources Quality Monitoring Program Imple...IJERD Editor
Evaluating effectiveness of monitoring program is important element in reviewing loop to improve
program performance and program development. In this study, the water resource monitoring program
implemented by ministry of environment have been evaluated to address strengthens and weakness points.
Program has evaluated against monitoring objectives, monitoring parameters, regulatory compliance, data
product, and institutional and human competence. Evolving monitoring program has been required to overcome
some hampered such as unclear objectives, limited parameters, Lacks in quality control procedures and quality
assurance procedures, absence of data analysis and management, and shortage of specialized expertise. The
program have many of the strengths factors that can be built on such as it have institutional structure and good
hierarchy, the human resources, a lot of equipment and laboratory facilities with good capabilities, accumulated
experience, historical data on general water quality parameters which gives an overview of the pollution sources
and water quality. It's important to develop water resources monitoring program in the light of the national
strategy of environment adopted by ministry of environment and based on principle concepts and approaches
such as integrated water resource quality management, design on catchment context, inclusion of biotic
indicator, aquatic ecological health approach, and data product to support decision making.
The World Health Organization's Water Quality and Health Strategy for 2013-2020 has five strategic objectives:
1) Obtain rigorous evidence on water quality and health issues.
2) Provide updated, harmonized water quality guidelines and resources.
3) Strengthen Member States' capacity to manage water quality.
4) Facilitate implementation through partnerships and support to Member States.
5) Monitor the impact of activities on policies and practice.
The strategy aims to reduce waterborne and water-related diseases by providing evidence-based guidance, coordination and support for water interventions.
This document provides direction to boards of health on delivering recreational water programs to prevent waterborne illness and injury. It outlines requirements for boards of health regarding surveillance and inspection of recreational water facilities, public beaches, and camp waterfronts. It also addresses management and response, promoting public awareness, and reporting requirements. The purpose is to standardize implementation of recreational water safety programs across Ontario.
This document provides an update on Ireland's implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and water quality monitoring efforts in Fingal. It outlines the goals of the WFD to protect water resources and achieve good water status. Monitoring data from Fingal's rivers shows phosphorus and other pollutants above limits. The data is analyzed to identify seasonal and spatial trends in order to determine pressures from sectors like agriculture and inform enforcement and mitigation strategies to improve water quality as required under the WFD.
Bioassessment Approach to MS4 Evaluation and AssessmentJPoore
Jesse Poore presented logic and background information that supports integration of stream bioassessments into MS4 evaluation and assessment procedures.
The Environmental Auditing: Federal Compliance Guide is a tool for assessing a facility's compliance with federal environmental regulations. Environmental audit checklists address auditing requirements for manufacturing and service industry facilities, as well as utilities, exploration, oil and gas, chemical companies, and regulatory agencies.
Environmental Auditing is an invaluable resource for environmental and occupational health and safety professionals, attorneys, and corporate counsel.
Day 1 4. andreas scheidleder european commissiongroundwatercop
The document discusses the key elements and implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) as it relates to groundwater management. It outlines the WFD's requirements for delineating groundwater bodies, initially characterizing them, assessing risks to groundwater status, establishing monitoring programs, and developing programs of measures to achieve good groundwater status by 2015. It also discusses the cyclic planning process and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in managing transboundary groundwater bodies, as demonstrated by experiences in the Danube River Basin.
Evaluating and Developing of Water Resources Quality Monitoring Program Imple...IJERD Editor
Evaluating effectiveness of monitoring program is important element in reviewing loop to improve
program performance and program development. In this study, the water resource monitoring program
implemented by ministry of environment have been evaluated to address strengthens and weakness points.
Program has evaluated against monitoring objectives, monitoring parameters, regulatory compliance, data
product, and institutional and human competence. Evolving monitoring program has been required to overcome
some hampered such as unclear objectives, limited parameters, Lacks in quality control procedures and quality
assurance procedures, absence of data analysis and management, and shortage of specialized expertise. The
program have many of the strengths factors that can be built on such as it have institutional structure and good
hierarchy, the human resources, a lot of equipment and laboratory facilities with good capabilities, accumulated
experience, historical data on general water quality parameters which gives an overview of the pollution sources
and water quality. It's important to develop water resources monitoring program in the light of the national
strategy of environment adopted by ministry of environment and based on principle concepts and approaches
such as integrated water resource quality management, design on catchment context, inclusion of biotic
indicator, aquatic ecological health approach, and data product to support decision making.
The World Health Organization's Water Quality and Health Strategy for 2013-2020 has five strategic objectives:
1) Obtain rigorous evidence on water quality and health issues.
2) Provide updated, harmonized water quality guidelines and resources.
3) Strengthen Member States' capacity to manage water quality.
4) Facilitate implementation through partnerships and support to Member States.
5) Monitor the impact of activities on policies and practice.
The strategy aims to reduce waterborne and water-related diseases by providing evidence-based guidance, coordination and support for water interventions.
This document provides direction to boards of health on delivering recreational water programs to prevent waterborne illness and injury. It outlines requirements for boards of health regarding surveillance and inspection of recreational water facilities, public beaches, and camp waterfronts. It also addresses management and response, promoting public awareness, and reporting requirements. The purpose is to standardize implementation of recreational water safety programs across Ontario.
The document summarizes the goals and objectives of the Negros Water Summit held in February 2020 in Bacolod City, Negros Oriental. The summit focused on sanitation, health, drinking water safety and diseases related to water. Key goals included decreasing water and sanitation-related diseases, ensuring safe drinking water, and promoting proper human waste and wastewater management. The summit covered policies and programs related to water quality monitoring, sanitation facilities, septage management and achieving sustainable sanitation through community-led approaches.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
The document discusses India's efforts to provide safe drinking water to its population. It notes that in 1975, over 1 billion people globally lacked access to safe water. In response, India developed various five-year plans from 1980-1997 to expand access, with the goal of supplying safe water to all rural villages. Key aspects of ensuring water safety discussed include water quality standards, testing for contaminants, monitoring programs, and strategies like water treatment and sanitation inspections. The document also examines health impacts of contaminated water and international targets for access to improved water sources.
WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE AT INSTITUTIONOrechSam
The document discusses water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) management in various settings. It covers WASH in healthcare facilities, schools, and peri-urban/urban areas. For healthcare facilities, it describes the need for safe water supply, sanitation facilities, hand hygiene, and waste disposal. It also discusses managing WASH at schools to promote student health and attendance. For peri-urban/urban areas, it addresses challenges of density and outlines water, sanitation, hygiene promotion and infrastructure management strategies.
The document outlines the process for designating water quality management areas (WQMAs) in the Philippines. It discusses:
1. Applicability of WQMA designations to surface waters but not groundwater and only classified water bodies.
2. Requirements for designation including a common water quality problem and four supporting conditions related to appropriate physiographic units, similar hydrological/geological factors, shared development interests, and potential non-attainment areas.
3. A 12-step process involving gathering relevant data, evaluating the data, conducting consultations, and finalizing the designation. Proposals can come from DENR or other groups who must coordinate with DENR.
Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan ImplementationIRC
The Water Development Commission shared the experience with the Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan (CR WSP) implementation approach in Ethiopia during a learning workshop. This workshop was held in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
The two countries in southern Africa have classic configuration of being located in transboundary basins. There are many similarities as regards their interdependence on riparians. The presentation summarises possible complementarity and consistency in transboundary water management. The findings are based on almost 30 months of work in the region.
The document summarizes the process of developing and piloting water safety plans (WSPs) in Bangladesh. Model WSPs were developed for various rural water supply technologies through expert workshops. These plans and accompanying community monitoring tools were then piloted by several organizations, including NGOs and DPHE. The results of the pilots showed improvements in water quality and sanitation. Communities responded positively and saw benefits. Based on the success, WSPs are being scaled up nationally in Bangladesh to improve water safety.
The document discusses the environmental obligations and requirements for contractors conducting exploration activities for marine minerals in the international seabed area. It outlines 7 key study areas that must be addressed in baseline environmental studies to gather oceanographic and environmental data: physical oceanography, geology, chemical oceanography, sediment properties, biological communities, bioturbation, and fluxes to sediment. It also discusses the requirements for an environmental impact assessment, environmental impact statement, and environmental management and monitoring plan that must be submitted to obtain exploitation contracts and mitigate environmental impacts.
This document provides a water operations plan for the Town of Virden. It establishes drinking water policy and quality objectives. It designates roles and responsibilities for water quality and emergency management representation, including designating the Utilities Manager as the Incident Commander in the event of a water emergency or crisis. It also outlines the responsibilities of the Incident Commander/Water Crisis Coordinator to classify emergencies, determine response levels, and ensure training and regulatory compliance for emergency response.
This document provides guidance for developing and implementing water safety plans for small community water supplies. It aims to help communities strengthen their capacity to cost-effectively manage their water supplies and ensure the safety and quality of the water. The guidance is presented in six tasks: 1) engaging the community and assembling a team, 2) describing the water supply, 3) identifying and assessing hazards, 4) developing an improvement plan, 5) monitoring control measures, and 6) documenting and reviewing implementation. The goal is to establish a continuous improvement cycle to maintain a reliable, safe water supply for the community.
Indicators are data or combinations of data used to measure and communicate complex phenomena for policy purposes. They simplify complex issues and provide early warnings. Developing good indicators requires defining policy goals, identifying available data sources, selecting appropriate indicators, and testing them. Biodiversity, socioeconomic, and governance indicators are needed at local and regional scales. Key steps in developing indicators include defining goals, identifying data sources, selecting indicators, and ensuring communication and agreement across countries and scales. Sources of uncertainty can arise from assumptions, models, linking evaluation to action, implementation, and mismatches across temporal and spatial scales.
This document summarizes the rationalization of the surface water quality monitoring program under the Hydrology Project in India. It discusses that various agencies were monitoring water quality with different objectives and no coordination, resulting in duplication of efforts. The Hydrology Project aims to design a unified monitoring network and methodology. Key points discussed include:
- Monitoring objectives of establishing baseline quality, observing trends, and calculating pollutant flux.
- Frequency of sampling every 2 months at baseline stations and monthly at trend stations to represent all seasons.
- Parameters to include general, nutrients, organic, and microbiological parameters depending on station type.
- Emphasis on representative sampling and sample collection/transport procedures.
This document summarizes the rationalization of India's surface water quality monitoring program under the Hydrology Project. It discusses that while different agencies have historically monitored water quality, their objectives and methods were inconsistent. The Hydrology Project aims to design a unified monitoring network and methodology. Key points include:
- Monitoring objectives of establishing baseline quality, observing trends, and calculating pollutant fluxes.
- Stations will initially be classified as baseline, trend, or flux stations based on 3 years of data.
- Samples will be collected every 2 months at minimum to represent all seasons. Monitoring frequency may increase at some stations.
- Recommended parameters include general, nutrient, organic, and microbiological parameters depending on the station type.
This document provides guidelines for assessing water needs and establishing water supply systems for refugee camps. It discusses:
1) Conducting an immediate assessment of local water sources involving government authorities and technical experts to understand water availability and quality.
2) Developing water supply infrastructure with simple, reliable technology appropriate to the local area. The system should be designed for long-term, cost-effective operation and maintenance by refugees with support from local experts.
3) Minimum water needs for refugee camps are 15 liters per person per day, plus additional amounts for communal and livestock use. Water must be tested to ensure it is safe to drink.
This document summarizes the progress and preliminary results of a research project studying water quality and flows in the Lower Suwannee/Santa Fe River Basin in Florida. The research is using a hydrological model to evaluate conservation measures, surveying agricultural landowners about adoption of practices, surveying recreational users of springs to value water quality improvements, and developing educational outreach programs. Preliminary analysis of the recreational user survey found most participated in swimming and other activities, spent on average $99 on visits, and higher entrance fees would significantly decrease visit frequency.
CITIZEN SCORECARD: Consumer perceptions on water, hygiene and sanitation serv...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
Consumer perceptions on water, hygiene and sanitation service
delivery in Kamwokya Parish, Kampala Central Division and
Kansanga Parish, Makindye Division.
The document discusses water safety plans (WSPs). A WSP comprises three essential actions: 1) a system assessment, 2) effective operational monitoring, and 3) management. The goal is to ensure drinking water is safe through minimizing contamination, reducing or removing contamination through treatment, and preventing contamination during storage, distribution and handling. Key steps in developing a WSP include forming a team to understand the water system, assessing risks and hazards, identifying control measures, monitoring controls, taking corrective actions, and verifying water quality.
Integrated municipal stormwater and wastewater planning approach frameworkThe Texas Network, LLC
This document provides a framework for developing and implementing integrated municipal stormwater and wastewater plans under the Clean Water Act. It outlines six elements that should be addressed in an integrated plan, including describing water quality issues, existing systems, identifying and evaluating alternatives, implementation schedules, measuring success, and improving the plan over time. The framework also discusses principles for integrated planning and how integrated plans can be incorporated into NPDES permits and enforcement actions issued by EPA and states.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
The document summarizes the goals and objectives of the Negros Water Summit held in February 2020 in Bacolod City, Negros Oriental. The summit focused on sanitation, health, drinking water safety and diseases related to water. Key goals included decreasing water and sanitation-related diseases, ensuring safe drinking water, and promoting proper human waste and wastewater management. The summit covered policies and programs related to water quality monitoring, sanitation facilities, septage management and achieving sustainable sanitation through community-led approaches.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
The document discusses India's efforts to provide safe drinking water to its population. It notes that in 1975, over 1 billion people globally lacked access to safe water. In response, India developed various five-year plans from 1980-1997 to expand access, with the goal of supplying safe water to all rural villages. Key aspects of ensuring water safety discussed include water quality standards, testing for contaminants, monitoring programs, and strategies like water treatment and sanitation inspections. The document also examines health impacts of contaminated water and international targets for access to improved water sources.
WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE AT INSTITUTIONOrechSam
The document discusses water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) management in various settings. It covers WASH in healthcare facilities, schools, and peri-urban/urban areas. For healthcare facilities, it describes the need for safe water supply, sanitation facilities, hand hygiene, and waste disposal. It also discusses managing WASH at schools to promote student health and attendance. For peri-urban/urban areas, it addresses challenges of density and outlines water, sanitation, hygiene promotion and infrastructure management strategies.
The document outlines the process for designating water quality management areas (WQMAs) in the Philippines. It discusses:
1. Applicability of WQMA designations to surface waters but not groundwater and only classified water bodies.
2. Requirements for designation including a common water quality problem and four supporting conditions related to appropriate physiographic units, similar hydrological/geological factors, shared development interests, and potential non-attainment areas.
3. A 12-step process involving gathering relevant data, evaluating the data, conducting consultations, and finalizing the designation. Proposals can come from DENR or other groups who must coordinate with DENR.
Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan ImplementationIRC
The Water Development Commission shared the experience with the Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan (CR WSP) implementation approach in Ethiopia during a learning workshop. This workshop was held in Adama, Ethiopia, on 23 September 2021.
The two countries in southern Africa have classic configuration of being located in transboundary basins. There are many similarities as regards their interdependence on riparians. The presentation summarises possible complementarity and consistency in transboundary water management. The findings are based on almost 30 months of work in the region.
The document summarizes the process of developing and piloting water safety plans (WSPs) in Bangladesh. Model WSPs were developed for various rural water supply technologies through expert workshops. These plans and accompanying community monitoring tools were then piloted by several organizations, including NGOs and DPHE. The results of the pilots showed improvements in water quality and sanitation. Communities responded positively and saw benefits. Based on the success, WSPs are being scaled up nationally in Bangladesh to improve water safety.
The document discusses the environmental obligations and requirements for contractors conducting exploration activities for marine minerals in the international seabed area. It outlines 7 key study areas that must be addressed in baseline environmental studies to gather oceanographic and environmental data: physical oceanography, geology, chemical oceanography, sediment properties, biological communities, bioturbation, and fluxes to sediment. It also discusses the requirements for an environmental impact assessment, environmental impact statement, and environmental management and monitoring plan that must be submitted to obtain exploitation contracts and mitigate environmental impacts.
This document provides a water operations plan for the Town of Virden. It establishes drinking water policy and quality objectives. It designates roles and responsibilities for water quality and emergency management representation, including designating the Utilities Manager as the Incident Commander in the event of a water emergency or crisis. It also outlines the responsibilities of the Incident Commander/Water Crisis Coordinator to classify emergencies, determine response levels, and ensure training and regulatory compliance for emergency response.
This document provides guidance for developing and implementing water safety plans for small community water supplies. It aims to help communities strengthen their capacity to cost-effectively manage their water supplies and ensure the safety and quality of the water. The guidance is presented in six tasks: 1) engaging the community and assembling a team, 2) describing the water supply, 3) identifying and assessing hazards, 4) developing an improvement plan, 5) monitoring control measures, and 6) documenting and reviewing implementation. The goal is to establish a continuous improvement cycle to maintain a reliable, safe water supply for the community.
Indicators are data or combinations of data used to measure and communicate complex phenomena for policy purposes. They simplify complex issues and provide early warnings. Developing good indicators requires defining policy goals, identifying available data sources, selecting appropriate indicators, and testing them. Biodiversity, socioeconomic, and governance indicators are needed at local and regional scales. Key steps in developing indicators include defining goals, identifying data sources, selecting indicators, and ensuring communication and agreement across countries and scales. Sources of uncertainty can arise from assumptions, models, linking evaluation to action, implementation, and mismatches across temporal and spatial scales.
This document summarizes the rationalization of the surface water quality monitoring program under the Hydrology Project in India. It discusses that various agencies were monitoring water quality with different objectives and no coordination, resulting in duplication of efforts. The Hydrology Project aims to design a unified monitoring network and methodology. Key points discussed include:
- Monitoring objectives of establishing baseline quality, observing trends, and calculating pollutant flux.
- Frequency of sampling every 2 months at baseline stations and monthly at trend stations to represent all seasons.
- Parameters to include general, nutrients, organic, and microbiological parameters depending on station type.
- Emphasis on representative sampling and sample collection/transport procedures.
This document summarizes the rationalization of India's surface water quality monitoring program under the Hydrology Project. It discusses that while different agencies have historically monitored water quality, their objectives and methods were inconsistent. The Hydrology Project aims to design a unified monitoring network and methodology. Key points include:
- Monitoring objectives of establishing baseline quality, observing trends, and calculating pollutant fluxes.
- Stations will initially be classified as baseline, trend, or flux stations based on 3 years of data.
- Samples will be collected every 2 months at minimum to represent all seasons. Monitoring frequency may increase at some stations.
- Recommended parameters include general, nutrient, organic, and microbiological parameters depending on the station type.
This document provides guidelines for assessing water needs and establishing water supply systems for refugee camps. It discusses:
1) Conducting an immediate assessment of local water sources involving government authorities and technical experts to understand water availability and quality.
2) Developing water supply infrastructure with simple, reliable technology appropriate to the local area. The system should be designed for long-term, cost-effective operation and maintenance by refugees with support from local experts.
3) Minimum water needs for refugee camps are 15 liters per person per day, plus additional amounts for communal and livestock use. Water must be tested to ensure it is safe to drink.
This document summarizes the progress and preliminary results of a research project studying water quality and flows in the Lower Suwannee/Santa Fe River Basin in Florida. The research is using a hydrological model to evaluate conservation measures, surveying agricultural landowners about adoption of practices, surveying recreational users of springs to value water quality improvements, and developing educational outreach programs. Preliminary analysis of the recreational user survey found most participated in swimming and other activities, spent on average $99 on visits, and higher entrance fees would significantly decrease visit frequency.
CITIZEN SCORECARD: Consumer perceptions on water, hygiene and sanitation serv...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
Consumer perceptions on water, hygiene and sanitation service
delivery in Kamwokya Parish, Kampala Central Division and
Kansanga Parish, Makindye Division.
The document discusses water safety plans (WSPs). A WSP comprises three essential actions: 1) a system assessment, 2) effective operational monitoring, and 3) management. The goal is to ensure drinking water is safe through minimizing contamination, reducing or removing contamination through treatment, and preventing contamination during storage, distribution and handling. Key steps in developing a WSP include forming a team to understand the water system, assessing risks and hazards, identifying control measures, monitoring controls, taking corrective actions, and verifying water quality.
Integrated municipal stormwater and wastewater planning approach frameworkThe Texas Network, LLC
This document provides a framework for developing and implementing integrated municipal stormwater and wastewater plans under the Clean Water Act. It outlines six elements that should be addressed in an integrated plan, including describing water quality issues, existing systems, identifying and evaluating alternatives, implementation schedules, measuring success, and improving the plan over time. The framework also discusses principles for integrated planning and how integrated plans can be incorporated into NPDES permits and enforcement actions issued by EPA and states.
Similar to Ontario Beach guidance document 2014 (20)
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Ontario Beach guidance document 2014
1. Beach Management
Guidance Document, 2014
This document is in support of the Recreational Water Protocol, 2014
(or as current) under the Ontario Public Health Standards
Public Health Policy and Programs Branch
Public Health Division
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
September 2014
2. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
2
Table of Contents
Preamble .............................................................................................................................3
Purpose ...............................................................................................................................3
Guidance for Board of Health Staff....................................................................................3
Data Collection and Methodology for Recreational Water Sampling ..........................................................3
Laboratory Services ...................................................................................................................................4
Sampling Points .........................................................................................................................................4
Sampling Frequency ..................................................................................................................................5
Water Sample Collection ...........................................................................................................................5
Water Sample Preservation and Transport to Laboratory..........................................................................6
Routine Public Beach Surveillance Report................................................................................................6
Predictive Modeling...................................................................................................................................6
Geometric Mean for Recreational Water Samples........................................................................................7
Responding to Adverse Events at Public Beaches........................................................................................7
Beach Posting.............................................................................................................................................8
Swimming Advisory ..................................................................................................................................8
Beach Closure ............................................................................................................................................8
Beach Signage............................................................................................................................................8
Communication..........................................................................................................................................9
Adverse Event Examples ...........................................................................................................................9
Chemical, Oil, Manure or Sewage Spill..................................................................................................9
Waste Water Treatment Plant Bypass (unintentional or controlled).......................................................9
Blue-Green Algae Bloom (confirmed by visual observation or laboratory test) ..................................10
Heavy Algae Growth or Accumulation.................................................................................................10
Fish or Other Wildlife Die-off at the Beach..........................................................................................10
Visible Debris, Metal or Sharp Objects in Water or Beach Area..........................................................10
Exceedance of Bacterial Recreational Water Standard.........................................................................11
Other Situations.....................................................................................................................................11
Glossary ............................................................................................................................11
References ........................................................................................................................12
Appendix A: Sample Report.............................................................................................13
Appendix B: Calculating the Geometic Mean..................................................................15
3. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
3
Preamble
This guidance document supports implementation of the Recreational Water Protocol, 2008 (or
as current)1
of the Safe Water Program, developed as part of the Ontario Public Health
Standards.2
Under the Safe Water Program, Boards of Health (BOHs) are required to conduct
surveillance of public beaches and assess associated risk factors and emerging trends related to
illnesses and injuries in order to reduce the risk of illness or injury to the public. BOHs are also
required to respond to complaints and reports of adverse events related to recreational water use
at public beaches. This response is required within 24 hours of notification and includes
determining the level of potential impact and the appropriate corrective response.
Purpose
The purpose of this guidance document is to support the BOH in meeting the minimum
expectations of the Safe Water Program’s Recreational Water Protocol, 2008 (or as current),
to reduce the risk of water-borne illness and injury related to recreational water use at public
beaches.
Specifically, this guidance document will assist BOHs to:
• Collect and assess relevant information about environmental conditions that may
influence recreational water quality;
• Apply appropriate methods for collecting water samples reflective of the conditions at
the time of sampling;
• Calculate the geometric mean for assessing recreational water quality and guiding public
health actions, including communicating risk to the public; and,
• Effectively respond to adverse events at public beaches.
Guidance for Board of Health Staff
Data Collection and Methodology for Recreational Water Sampling
Prior to the bathing season, as defined in the Recreational Water Protocol, 2008 (or as
current), boards of health shall conduct and complete an environmental survey of all public
beaches in their area, and review local historical and epidemiological data. BOHs can adapt
the Environmental Survey – Field Data Report (Appendix A) to assist in field data collection.
During an environmental survey, BOHs are to:
• Confirm the inventory of public beaches that require monitoring by determining if the
site meets the definition of a public beach;
• Determine the suitability of the site for public recreational use supported by a water
sampling program and appropriate level of surveillance, in collaboration with the
owner/operator;
• Analyze previous years’ data on public bathing area water conditions and bacterial
quality, and where appropriate, use other surveillance tools to assist in identifying
predictive influences on water quality (e.g., predictive modeling); and,
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• Identify possible contaminant sources, and where appropriate, collaborate with local
stakeholders, municipalities, and other surrounding landowners, to reduce or eliminate
any potential impact on the quality and safety of the water for public recreational use.
Water samples should be collected to assess water quality prior to commencement
of the bathing season, or can be taken during the environmental survey.
The BOH should take immediate action to address any hazardous condition
observed during the course of the environmental survey or routine beach
surveillance.
During the course of the bathing season, additional environmental surveys may be
carried out if:
• Subsequent bacterial testing of the water demonstrates a significant, unexpected
deterioration in water quality;
• Historical and/or epidemiological evidence demonstrates a possible association
between the public beach and a water-borne illness; or
• There are reports or evidence of chemical, biological, physical contamination,
including fish/bird die off, or other contaminants that may affect public beach water
quality.
The duration of the recreational water quality sampling program may vary by health unit,
depending on local operations and weather conditions.
Laboratory Services
It is important that BOHs consult with Ontario Public Health Laboratories prior to
commencement of the water quality sampling program. BOHs are to follow the Ontario
Public Health Laboratories’ procedures and protocols for the submission of samples and the
communication of lab results. Samples submitted should be identified as a public beach so
the appropriate analytical method is used, and may be submitted as part of an environmental
survey or for routine beach surveillance.
Sampling Points
During the bathing season, as defined in the Recreational Water Protocol, 2008 (or as
current), the BOH shall conduct a minimum of one set of five samples per week. Where
possible, the samples should be collected on the same day of the week, at approximately the
same time of day, for consistency of data collection.
Water samples and any subsequent resamples for routine surveillance should be collected
from the same general locations at the public beach which represent the water conditions for
the majority of the bathing area. This practice will support consistency for analyzing trends
in water quality.
To determine and record sampling points, BOHs should prepare a diagram of the public
beach area and include:
• Approximate length of the beach;
• Approximate depth of the water in the public beach area;
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• Possible sources of pollution and the distances to the bathing area, where applicable; and
• Numbered sampling points and the sequence in which the samples should be collected.
Water sampling points are determined by length of the bathing area as follows:
Table 1: Water sampling points
Length of beach Number of sampling points
1000 meters or less 5 points
Over 1000 meters 1 point per 200 meters
Over 5000 meters 1 point per 500 meters
Sampling Frequency
Based on a risk assessment, more frequent sampling may be carried out for public beaches
that are prone to changes due to variations in environmental conditions. Routine sampling
may be reduced to once per month where historical data of the geometric mean and
environmental surveys indicate that water quality has been consistently within water quality
limits for an entire bathing season.
The frequency of water sampling may also be reduced to once per month for public beaches
that consistently fail to meet water quality limits for an entire bathing season. In this case, the
medical officer of health should implement a communication strategy to minimize its use by
the public (e.g., permanent posting).
Water Sample Collection
When collecting recreational water samples at public beaches, staff should be trained and
adhere to all health and safety precautions to prevent injury or illness.
Where the depth of water is 1 to 1.5 meters, samples for bacteriological analysis must be
obtained 15 to 30 centimeters below the water surface. When the depth of water is less than 1
meter, samples should be obtained as far off shore as possible within the bathing area.
Water samples for bacteriological analysis are collected using sterile bottles approved by and
available through Ontario Public Health Laboratories.
Procedure for Collecting Recreational Water Samples at Public Beaches:
The sampling bottle is to be kept unopened until the time at which it is required for filling.
1. Complete the required information on the requisition form.
2. Remove one barcode from the bottle and apply it to the top copy of the requisition in the
“barcode” field.
3. Examine the lid of the bottle.
4. Remove cap and ensure it is kept away from sources of contamination.
5. Plunge bottle downward into water to 30cm – turn bottle in direction point of current.
6. Remove bottle from the water. If the bottle is filled to the top, remove some of the water
so it is filled to 200mL line.
7. Replace cap immediately.
8. Store and transport samples between 1º
C and 10 º
C (preferably 4 º
C) within one calendar
day of collection.
6. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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Samples must be collected in a manner that ensures that they are representative of the water
being tested and have not been contaminated during collection.
Water Sample Preservation and Transport to Laboratory
Immediately after collection, water samples should be properly labelled and stored in an
insulated or refrigerated cooler for delivery to the nearest Ontario Public Health Laboratory,
preferably on the day of collection. Samples must reach the laboratory and be analyzed
within one calendar day of sample collection. Samples submitted must meet Ontario Public
Health Laboratories acceptance criteria or they will not be accepted by the laboratory for
analysis. For further guidance on sample collection and submission, refer to Public Health
Ontario’s Public Health Inspector’s Guide to the Principles and Practices of Environmental
Microbiology.3
Routine Public Beach Surveillance Report
A Routine Public Beach Surveillance Report may be modeled after the Environmental
Survey – Field Data Report (Appendix A) to document observations and data when
recreational water quality samples are collected throughout the bathing season. The report
documents conditions at the beach that may be observed and recorded during routine public
beach sampling. These include:
• Water and ambient air temperature;
• Rainfall;
• Rain intensity;
• Sky conditions (e.g. cloudy, sunny);
• Wind speed and direction;
• Water clarity/turbidity;
• Wave height; and,
• Pollution sources, such as: waterfowl, industrial waste discharges, storm water outflows,
septic system discharges, algal blooms and agricultural run-off.
These factors can contribute to microbiological quality of recreational water at public
beaches. The list above captures the minimum parameters that should be observed and/or
measured and recorded at the time of sampling. The parameters listed are not exhaustive and
BOHs should document other factors that may be locally significant. Data collected should
be analyzed to determine factors that may be influencing water quality, in order to inform
decisions about communications, posting of beaches, and other actions that may be
warranted to protect public health.
Predictive Modeling
Predictive modeling is a statistical equation tool that BOHs may use to predict E. coli
levels within public beach water, based upon factors such as turbidity, rainfall, wave
height, wind speed, and air and water temperature, and may be used to make same day
predictions about microbiological water quality.
7. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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The predictive modelling approach is currently being used by some BOHs on a pilot basis
and requires many prerequisites in order to be effective. Not all beaches are successful
candidates for this method. For further details, refer to the Feasibility of Predictive
Modeling for Beach Management in Ontario.4
Geometric Mean for Recreational Water Samples
Assessment of the bacterial quality of recreational water requires more than a single result.
Due to the uneven distribution of bacteria throughout a liquid medium, the count of
microorganisms in a single "grab sample" does not represent the average concentration in a
particular body of water. A random sample may demonstrate a concentration that is far
above or below the average. In obtaining an accurate assessment of the quality of
recreational water, the results of a number of samples must be combined in such a way that a
random, unrepresentative sample will not unduly influence the average. For this reason,
scientific publications setting bacterial standards for water quality usually require either that
a large proportion of the readings fall below a certain maximum permissible value, or that
the geometric mean of all samples falls below such a maximum value. The Recreational
Water Protocol, 2008 (or as current) uses the latter approach with respect to public beaches
in Ontario. The BOH must review the bacterial test results, as calculated using the geometric
mean, along with other environmental factors of the particular public beach, to determine the
appropriate course of action.
BOHs monitoring public beaches must test for and report E. coli bacteria concentrations.
The data must be calculated as a geometric mean of all the test results obtained during the
reporting period. The geometric mean, rather than the arithmetic average, is used in these
calculations, because it tends to minimize the effect of very high or low values on the
average. For example, the arithmetic average of five counts of <10, > 1000, <10, 30, and
240 is 258, while the geometric mean is 59. For sample calculations on how to calculate the
geometric mean refer to Appendix B. The single high reading may indicate an error or
sporadic occurrence, the cause of which should be investigated. However, use of the
arithmetic average, when incorporating an uncommon high reading, results in an
exaggerated or inaccurate estimate of average conditions.
Use of the geometric mean which is a log-transformation of data permits more
meaningful statistical evaluations.
Responding to Adverse Events at Public Beaches
The BOH must establish communication strategies with partner agencies to provide clear
and timely information to the public regarding potential risks associated with the use of
public beaches. Communication may include, but is not limited to, posting information on
the BOH website, disseminating written materials, issuing media releases to the local media,
and informing local stakeholders, including municipalities.
This section assists BOHs to establish local operating procedures for responding to and
reporting potentially hazardous spills and adverse events (e.g., suspected microbiological,
chemical, physical or radiological agents) at public beaches.
Response may involve posting beach signage for a swimming advisory or a beach closure.
8. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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Beach Posting
Posting of a beach means to communicate advisories and/or place signs in response to a
swimming advisory or beach closure. Postings are typically communicated through an
update on the local health unit’s website or through local media/newspapers. Beach postings
inform the public about potential risks to health and safety, based on an assessment of those
risks. The owner/operator of the beach is primarily responsible for posting and removing the
advisory/signs as conditions warrant.
Swimming Advisory
A Swimming Advisory may be issued when beach water quality is not suitable for
recreational use. For example, exceedance of the recreational water accepted value for E.
coli bacteria.
Beach Closure
A Beach Closure may be ordered under Section 13 of the Health Protection and Promotion
Act (HPPA)3
in circumstances that present a serious and immediate health risk for bathers.
Beach closures should be issued when the level of bacterial contaminants in recreational
water far exceeds acceptable values (e.g., a sewage or manure spill) or when other
conditions occur that render public beaches unsafe or unsuitable for use by the public.
Beach Signage
Where there is evidence that a public beach is potentially dangerous to the health of bathers,
the BOH must ensure that signs are displayed in prominent locations at the public beach,
indicating the nature of the risk. The signs should be clear, concise, and recommend a course
of action to the public based on specific risk. Considerations with respect to sign posting
should include:
• Evidence to support the posting of signs may be based on bacteriological analysis,
assessment of historical, environmental and epidemiological data, or the physical quality
of the water;
• Signs placed at conspicuous locations along the affected public beach or shoreline;
• Signs containing universal symbols that are easily identifiable, and correspond to the
results indicating safe or unsafe swimming conditions; and,
• Signs left in place for as long as deemed necessary and promptly removed when the
adverse condition no longer exists.
The duration of the beach posting should:
• Take into account any available evidence and historical data related to the public beach in
question;
• Continue until surveillance of the water quality demonstrates that any risk to a bather is at
a level considered acceptable by the BOH; and,
• Remain in effect until additional tests conducted show satisfactory results or the
observations leading to the action are no longer present or have been satisfactorily
addressed.
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Where beach water contamination follows heavy rainfall or other environmental factors
known to influence recreation water quality, beach postings may be removed when previous
experience suggests that sufficient time has elapsed for water quality to have recovered.
Signage may be permanently posted at the beach where historical data shows that the
bacterial counts consistently either exceed or fluctuate above the limits set for
recreational use. Monthly sampling to provide background data may be continued at the
discretion of the BOH. After any remedial work is completed that may affect water
quality, regular weekly sampling should resume, to re-assess the posting requirement.
Communication
The BOH is responsible for communicating to the owner/operator (e.g. the municipality)
of a public beach about:
• Water sample test results and recommended actions;
• Placement and removal of signs about potential risks to health or safety; and,
• Set-up and dismantle of barriers/barricades when a beach should be closed or re-opened.
BOHs that receive complaints or reports of adverse events related to recreational water
use at public beaches should conduct a preliminary assessment, based on available
information, within 24 hours of notification, to determine the level of potential impact
and the appropriate response required.
Adverse Event Examples
Chemical, Oil, Manure or Sewage Spill
A public beach posting should be issued until the public beach is determined to be
acceptable for public use.
BOH staff should collaborate with the local office of the Ministry of Environment
(MOE), the conservation authority, the municipality, and any other relevant agencies
where applicable, to investigate the issue. The nature and extent of the potential adverse
effect will determine the appropriate response. An action plan to resolve the issue and
assess any other potential environmental impacts should be developed, in collaboration
with the MOE, the municipality and the conservation authority, and any other relevant
agencies. In some cases, re-opening of the public beach will be contingent on testing and
obtaining satisfactory results for the spilled materials or residues, in addition to
considering other observations.
Waste Water Treatment Plant Bypass (unintentional or controlled)
A public beach posting should be issued, depending on the nature and extent of the
potential adverse effect, if there is sufficient evidence that the bypass or overflow may
have adversely affected the bacterial quality of the public beach.
Considerations should include:
• Proximity of the bypass or overflow to the public beach;
• Volume, dilution and level of treatment of effluent (secondary or tertiary bypass);
• Circumstances surrounding release (e.g., heavy rain event, plant failure, overload); and,
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• Location of the outflow in relation to the beach.
The preliminary assessment can be based on telephone communications with the
owner/operator. BOH staff should collaborate with the local public works department,
local office of the MOE, and the conservation authority, where applicable, to investigate,
develop an action plan to resolve the issue, and assess other potential environmental
impacts. Further assessment may require a site visit by BOH staff that includes water
sampling to verify the bacterial quality of the recreational water.
Blue-Green Algae Bloom (confirmed by visual observation or laboratory test)
Blue-green algae are a natural phenomenon that may persist for a significant part of the
bathing season.
A public beach posting should be issued until a complete risk assessment can determine
the acceptability of using the beach for bathing.
MOE, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), the conservation authority and the local
municipality should be involved in investigating and managing the adverse event. A
swimming advisory is sufficient if the presence of blue-green algae is confirmed by
visual observation.
A beach closure may be warranted if the presence of cyanobacteria toxin is confirmed by
laboratory tests, depending on the type and level of cyanobacteria toxin found.
Heavy Algae Growth or Accumulation
A public beach posting should be issued if the growth of plant life at the bathing area
could cause entanglement or could prevent the ability to see someone in distress.
If the problem is extreme, a beach closure should be considered by the beach owner,
depending on the location and extent of the plant life or dead and decaying accumulated
algae. Although the presence of the material, in and of itself, may not be considered a
health hazard, an assessment may be needed to determine if it is of sufficient quantity and
in a location that may directly affect the health and safety of swimmers. Heavy
accumulation of dead and decaying algae usually accompanied by odour, typically deters
beach use.
Fish or Other Wildlife Die-off at the Beach
A public beach posting should be issued indicating that the water is unsuitable for
swimming or wading.
MNR should be notified to determine any action it may deem necessary. MOE, MNR, the
conservation authority, and the local municipality should be involved in investigating and
managing the clean-up operation.
Visible Debris, Metal or Sharp Objects in Water or Beach Area
A public beach posting should be issued depending on the extent and risk of the debris or
objects to users.
11. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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The beach owner/operator should be contacted and the material removed from the beach
area by the owner/operator before the postings are removed.
Exceedance of Bacterial Recreational Water Standard
A public beach posting should be issued if water sample test results exceed the
recreational water level for E. coli when calculated using the geometric mean and an
assessment of other environmental factors supports such action.
Beach postings may occur anytime during the bathing season. As part of the routine
monitoring program of public beaches, beach postings may be required where
exceedance of recreational water quality levels and other environmental data supports the
need for posting. Gathering environmental data using the Routine Public Beach
Surveillance-Field Data Report will provide important information to predict possible
bacterial levels under certain conditions (e.g., heavy rainfall, wave action).
Other Situations
A variety of other situations may arise at public beaches that require an assessment by the
BOH, and subsequent action. In determining the most appropriate action, BOHs must
meet the applicable requirements under the HPPA and the Recreational Water Protocol,
2008 (or as current) and should take this guidance document into account.
Notification systems should be established with local public works, parks and recreation,
MOE, MNR, and conservation authorities, and any other relevant agencies in order to
effectively respond to and manage adverse events in a timely manner.
Glossary
Adverse Condition: a situation that may be potentially harmful to the health and safety of
beach and recreational water users.
Advisory: a precautionary notice that informs members of the public about specific risks to
health and safety to allow them to take measures to protect themselves.
Bathing Area: the area at a public beach used for bathing. The bathing area should be
determined in collaboration with the beach owner/operator.
Bathing Season: the period of time each year that a public beach is used for bathing.
Bathing season generally begins in June and ends the first weekend of September. The
duration of the recreational water quality sampling program may vary by health unit,
depending on local operations.
Beach Closure: to cause restriction/elimination of public access to a beach or specific beach
areas where a significant risk to health and safety has been identified. The BOH will direct the
owner/operator of the beach to post signage and/or erect barriers/barricades at appropriate
locations to reduce the risk of public exposure to the health hazard.
Environmental Survey: an inspection of the physical beach area to identify changes to existing
structures, installation of new structures (e.g., drainage lines, storm water outfalls, signs, etc.),
changes in beach landscape that affects runoff, potential pollution sources, garbage or debris
12. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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collection, and any other environmental factor that has the potential to impact water quality,
water safety, and/or public health.
Geometric Mean Calculation: for the purposes of this guidance document, the geometric
mean is a calculation used to average the bacterial levels of E. coli in samples collected from
recreational water.
Beach Posting: posting of a beach means to communicate advisories and/or place signs in
response to a swimming advisory or beach closure. Postings are typically communicated
through an update on the local health unit’s website or through local media/newspapers. Beach
postings inform the public about potential risks to health and safety, based on an assessment of
those risks. The owner/operator of the beach is primarily responsible for posting and removing
the advisory/signs as conditions warrant.
Public Beach: includes any public bathing area owned/operated by a municipality to which the
general public has access, and where there is reason to believe that there is recreational use of the
water (e.g., beach signage, sectioned off swimming area, water safety/rescue equipment,
lifeguard chairs, etc.), which may result in waterborne illness or injury as determined by the local
medical officer of health.
References
1. Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Public Health Division. Recreational
Water Protocol. Toronto: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2014. Available from:
http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/publichealth/oph_standards/docs/recreation
al_water.pdf
2. Ontario. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Ontario Public Health Standards.
Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2008 [revised 2014 May 1; cited 2014 May 1].
Available from:
http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/publichealth/oph_standards/docs/ophs_200
8.pdf
3. Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario). Public
Health Inspector’s Guide to the Principles and Practices of Environmental Microbiology.
4th
ed. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; 2013. Available from:
http://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/eRepository/Public_Health_Inspectors_Guide_201
3.pdf
4. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. The Feasibility of Predictive Modeling
for Beach Management in Ontario. October 2013.
5. Health Protection and Promotion Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.7. Available from:
http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90h07_e.htm
13. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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Appendix A: Sample Report
Table 2: Sample Report
Environmental Survey - Field Data Report
Name of Beach: Beach ID Number:
Surveyor Name: Posted at time of sampling: Yes No
Address/Location: Latitude: Longitude:
Date of Sampling: Time at Sampling:
Name of Water Body: Length of Bathing Area (m):
Are maps of the beach area attached? Yes No
Are maps of the watershed attached? Yes No
Owner/Operator:
Part I: General Beach Conditions
Air Temperature:_________ °C °F Water Temperature:______ °C °F
Rain Intensity:
Light (<2.5mm/hr.) Medium (2.6-7.5mm/hr.)
Heavy (>7mm/hr.) None
Rainfall:
<24 hrs. ____cm rainfall
measured/reported
<48 hrs. ____cm rainfall
measured/reported
<72 hrs. ____cm rainfall
measured/reported
>72 hrs. cm rainfall
Water Clarity (Turbidity):
<100 cm >100 cm Value (NTU):
Wave Height (cm):__________
Sky Conditions:
Sunny Mostly Sunny Partly Cloudy Mostly Cloudy Cloudy
Wind Direction:
None Away from Shore Toward Shore Parallel to Shore
Wind Speed:_______________
Beach Materials/Sediments:
Sandy Mucky Rocky Other (specify) __________________
Subsurface Conditions:
Does the bottom consist of material that is easily stirred up? Yes No
Are the slopes gentle? Yes No
Is the bottom free of large rocks, sharp objects and other obstructions? Yes No
Is the bottom free of weeds? Yes No
Is the beach susceptible to undertows or rip currents? Yes No
Comments/Observations:
14. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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Part II: Use of Beach
Type: Residential Industrial Commercial Agricultural Other (specify)_______________
Water Body Uses: Boating Fishing Windsurfing Bathing/S wimming Recreational Camp
Aquatic Classes Scuba Diving Other (specify)____________
Approximate number of people observed
in the water:____________
Approximate number of people using the beach
but not in the water at time of
observation:__________
Part III: Potential Pollutants
Type of Source Concern
Describe how this source might contribute
to beach pollution and its frequency of
contribution
Wildlife/Waterfowl Yes No
Domestic Animals Yes No
Waterwaste Discharges Yes No
Sewage Overflows Yes No
Septic Systems Yes No
Stormwater/Natural Outfalls Yes No
Agricultural/Urban Runoff Yes No
Watercraft Access/Boat
Dockage
Yes No
Seasonal Watercourse Yes No
Chemical Hazards Yes No
Prone to Algal blooms Yes No
Part IV: Water Quality
Sample Number Sample Point
Parameter:
E. coli Other (specify)
Comments
Geometric Mean:
Surveyor Signature:
Part V: Diagram of Sampling Location and Pollution Sources
Include location of: sample points, pollution sources, marinas, boat dockage, fishing, bathing/swimming,
jetty, sanitary facilities, restaurants/bars, playground, parking lot(s), etc.
*Remember to show North
15. Beach Management Guidance Document, 2014
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Appendix B: Calculating the Geometic Mean
Definition of Geometric Mean: An averaging method used to reduce the effect of a single high
reading.
Mathematical Definition: the nth
root of the product of n values.
Practical Definition: the average of the logarithmic values of a data set, converted back to a
base 10 number.
The geometric mean could be thought of as the average of the logarithmic values, converted
back to a base 10 number.
The formula for the geometric mean is:
Geometric Mean = ((X1)(X2)(X3)........(Xn))1/n
where X1, X2, etc. represent the individual data points and n is the total number of data points
used in the calculation.
Calculating the Geometric Mean
To calculate a geometric mean:
1. Compute the natural logarithm (ln) of each sample result.
2. Add the logarithm of each sample result together.
3. Divide the result by the number of samples.
4. Convert this product (logarithm of the geometric mean) back to an arithmetic value by
computing the antilog of the product.
The formula for the logarithm of the geometric mean is:
Logarithm of Geometric Mean = ((lnX1) + (lnX2) + (lnX3) +........+ (lnXN))/n
The following example illustrates how this is done:
Where <10, >1000, <10, 30, and 240 are sample data results of colony-forming units (cfu) per
100 ml of water, calculate the geometric mean. This calculation can be performed on a scientific
calculator using the “log” key. For example, enter “10” on the calculator and then press the “log”
key.
Table 3: Example Geometric Mean Calculation
Sample # Sample Result Logarithms
Sample 1 <10 ln(10) = 2.303
Sample 2 >1000 ln(1000) = 6.908
Sample 3 <10 ln(10) = 2.303
Sample 4 30 ln(30) = 3.401
Sample 5 240 ln(240) = 5.481
Average of logarithms = 4.079
Antilog of average = 59
In this example, the geometric mean for the data is 59 cfu/100ml of water. Public health
inspectors would use this value in addition to other public health factors to determine the
necessity for posting or other advisory actions.