This document discusses socializing and self-representation on Facebook. It begins by defining key concepts like mediation and representation. It then explores how Facebook facilitates both socializing and self-representation. Regarding socializing, Facebook blurs distinctions between online and offline interactions and private vs public sharing. It also combines features of mass media and personal communication. For self-representation, users strategically choose what aspects of themselves to portray through profile information and posts. The document analyzes how technological and institutional factors of Facebook shape both socializing and self-representation.
Social Media and the Disciplining of VisibilityJakob Svensson
This document summarizes a research paper about how social media usage relates to power dynamics and participation among activists in Stockholm, Sweden. The researcher conducted ethnographic and online observations of activists fighting to save a local public bathhouse. While social media made it easier to spread information and mobilize support, it also disciplined activists by pushing them to constantly update their online presence and participate in both online and offline events. The constant connectivity inherent in social media led activists to feel obligated to respond immediately to posted information. Therefore, social media both enabled participation but also exerted a new form of social power by disciplining activists through demands of constant online visibility and responsiveness.
This document provides an overview of a study using an (n)ethnographic method to examine political participation on social media. It discusses three studies: 1) a case study of a politician, Nina Larsson, using social media for her campaign; 2) studying activists' use of social media; and 3) examining popular cultural participation on forums. The method involves both traditional ethnography (observation, interviews) and netnography of online spaces. Two problems are discussed: 1) issues analyzing Nina as a case study since she is an outlier in her social media use; and 2) ethical considerations around studying non-public online communities.
The document analyzes the 2010 student occupation at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. It argues that student occupations form around resistant discourses and diffuse values through new media across borders in a translocal manner. The SOAS occupation utilized mobile phones, email, social media and other tools to organize activities and communicate both within the occupation and with other student groups. The use of new communication technologies helped create an open, fluid political space that challenged traditional power structures.
The document summarizes a research study examining reader comments on online opinion journalism. The researchers developed an operational definition of public deliberation based on previous literature. They then conducted a content analysis of reader comments on the opinion pages of two major regional American newspapers. The analysis provided insight into how elements of public deliberation, such as the sharing of diverse perspectives and personal experiences, are present in reader comments. It also identified dimensions of deliberation that are more common in comments and directions for further research. The study aims to understand the potential for reader comments to serve as a space for public deliberation.
We make the Future - Communications CampMaija Viherä
The document describes Communication Camps, which are week-long camps that aim to inspire future orientation through hands-on media production and interaction. Key aspects include:
- Camps have been held since 1987 and involve participants producing a daily newspaper, video, radio program, and staffing an information desk through rotating roles.
- They aim to teach communication skills and meet basic human needs of organization, belonging, and having a meaningful role through the collaborative media production and community experience.
- Technology is used to enhance interaction and self-expression, with the goal of preparing participants for an envisioned future "Interaction Society" with widespread communication abilities.
The document provides an overview of media ecology theory. Some key points:
1) Media ecology theory studies how media environments influence society and individuals. It asserts that media profoundly shapes culture, attitudes, and behaviors.
2) The theory was first conceptualized by Marshall McLuhan, who coined the phrase "the medium is the message" to describe how the medium used to deliver a message influences how the message is received.
3) Media ecology theory examines how different eras or "ages" of media like oral, print, and electronic media have impacted communication and culture over time.
This paper analyzes the political participation of activists in southern Stockholm who were engaged in efforts to save a local bathhouse. The activists formed a network and used social media like Facebook, Twitter, and blogs to coordinate their activities. The paper finds that these new media practices both made participation easier and seemed to encourage constant updates and self-disclosure, disciplining activists to stay connected and engaged in the network's actions. While some argue new media empower citizens, this paper takes a more critical view, arguing that network logic imposes behavioral patterns that can exert a new form of non-transparent power over participants.
Social Media and the Disciplining of VisibilityJakob Svensson
This document summarizes a research paper about how social media usage relates to power dynamics and participation among activists in Stockholm, Sweden. The researcher conducted ethnographic and online observations of activists fighting to save a local public bathhouse. While social media made it easier to spread information and mobilize support, it also disciplined activists by pushing them to constantly update their online presence and participate in both online and offline events. The constant connectivity inherent in social media led activists to feel obligated to respond immediately to posted information. Therefore, social media both enabled participation but also exerted a new form of social power by disciplining activists through demands of constant online visibility and responsiveness.
This document provides an overview of a study using an (n)ethnographic method to examine political participation on social media. It discusses three studies: 1) a case study of a politician, Nina Larsson, using social media for her campaign; 2) studying activists' use of social media; and 3) examining popular cultural participation on forums. The method involves both traditional ethnography (observation, interviews) and netnography of online spaces. Two problems are discussed: 1) issues analyzing Nina as a case study since she is an outlier in her social media use; and 2) ethical considerations around studying non-public online communities.
The document analyzes the 2010 student occupation at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. It argues that student occupations form around resistant discourses and diffuse values through new media across borders in a translocal manner. The SOAS occupation utilized mobile phones, email, social media and other tools to organize activities and communicate both within the occupation and with other student groups. The use of new communication technologies helped create an open, fluid political space that challenged traditional power structures.
The document summarizes a research study examining reader comments on online opinion journalism. The researchers developed an operational definition of public deliberation based on previous literature. They then conducted a content analysis of reader comments on the opinion pages of two major regional American newspapers. The analysis provided insight into how elements of public deliberation, such as the sharing of diverse perspectives and personal experiences, are present in reader comments. It also identified dimensions of deliberation that are more common in comments and directions for further research. The study aims to understand the potential for reader comments to serve as a space for public deliberation.
We make the Future - Communications CampMaija Viherä
The document describes Communication Camps, which are week-long camps that aim to inspire future orientation through hands-on media production and interaction. Key aspects include:
- Camps have been held since 1987 and involve participants producing a daily newspaper, video, radio program, and staffing an information desk through rotating roles.
- They aim to teach communication skills and meet basic human needs of organization, belonging, and having a meaningful role through the collaborative media production and community experience.
- Technology is used to enhance interaction and self-expression, with the goal of preparing participants for an envisioned future "Interaction Society" with widespread communication abilities.
The document provides an overview of media ecology theory. Some key points:
1) Media ecology theory studies how media environments influence society and individuals. It asserts that media profoundly shapes culture, attitudes, and behaviors.
2) The theory was first conceptualized by Marshall McLuhan, who coined the phrase "the medium is the message" to describe how the medium used to deliver a message influences how the message is received.
3) Media ecology theory examines how different eras or "ages" of media like oral, print, and electronic media have impacted communication and culture over time.
This paper analyzes the political participation of activists in southern Stockholm who were engaged in efforts to save a local bathhouse. The activists formed a network and used social media like Facebook, Twitter, and blogs to coordinate their activities. The paper finds that these new media practices both made participation easier and seemed to encourage constant updates and self-disclosure, disciplining activists to stay connected and engaged in the network's actions. While some argue new media empower citizens, this paper takes a more critical view, arguing that network logic imposes behavioral patterns that can exert a new form of non-transparent power over participants.
This document summarizes a research article about the effect of social media on identity construction. The article explores how social media platforms allow people to showcase their experiences and reflect various dimensions of their social lives. It analyzes how individuals feel the need to create virtual identities and experiment with identity expression online. The document also discusses how social networks and virtual communities emerging on these platforms take on social and cultural qualities.
This document introduces the key concepts and theories related to understanding new media. It begins by discussing Marshall McLuhan and Friedrich Kittler's views that media play a central role in shaping humanity and history. It then examines different terms used to describe new media - digital media, online media, and new media - and argues that "new media" is the most appropriate term as it encompasses technological, connectivity, and novelty aspects without prioritizing any single attribute. The document concludes by outlining debates around the relationship between media/technology and society, and whether media determine society or vice versa.
Varieties of capitalism, varieties of modernityMarcus Leaning
This document summarizes Dr. Marcus Leaning's analysis of Ulrich Beck's theory of secondary modernity and its relationship to varieties of capitalism. Beck argues that modernity has radicalized into a reflexive secondary modernity. However, critics argue that Beck presents a naive Eurocentric view and fails to account for non-Western experiences. Leaning proposes understanding modernity as having local configurations that are linked through global processes, representing varieties of modernity rather than being completely separate.
Theorizing Citizenship in Late Modern ICT SocietiesJakob Svensson
This document discusses theorizing citizenship in late modern information and communication technology (ICT) societies. It proposes understanding citizenship as participation and action upon shared meanings regarding societal organization. Citizenship is enacted in political communities that address societal organization and construct values and norms. The paper aims to define citizenship in networked and individualized societies by avoiding deterministic views of technology or society, and recognizing their mutual reinforcement. It explores how digital technologies and late modern societal changes interact and challenge conceptions of political participation and citizenship.
This proposal examines language use and identity management on Facebook through discourse analysis. The study will record Facebook interactions directly using screen recording software to analyze language in real time, including identity construction and repair. Both younger and older male and female participants will be recruited. Discourse analysis will be used to understand how participants discursively manage their identities and negotiate interactions through their language choices. Potential challenges around participant privacy during data collection will need to be addressed.
Paper presented at the International Political Science- Political Communication Conference. Loughborough, UK. November 1020.
Examines the idea that blogs have an impact upon politics and offer an alternate to mainstream media.
Influences of strong tie with opinion leaders in an interconnected network of...Myunggoon Choi
This document describes the research project "Influences of Strong Tie with Opinion Leaders in an Interconnected Network of Korea". The research questions examine the relationship between tie strength with opinion leaders and information exchange, and the relationship between strong ties with opinion leaders and their influence on peripheral network members. The literature review covers topics of information inequality, social network perspectives, opinion leaders hypotheses, tie strength, and influence. The methodology section outlines plans to measure opinion leaders and tie strength, influences of those with strong ties to opinion leaders, information exchange measurement, questionnaire design, sample, and data analysis. Preliminary findings identify four opinion leaders and present descriptive statistics on opinion leader tie strengths.
Online social movements and networked activism. Trends around researchJosé Manuel Noguera
This document discusses online social movements and networked activism in Spain. It focuses on two key Spanish political movements: Pásalo in 2004 and 15M in 2011.
It analyzes how these movements utilized social media and networked communication to organize and spread their messages outside of traditional media. Specifically, it looks at how 15M protesters coordinated on social networks and how analysis of Twitter data showed decentralized, non-hierarchical information flows.
The document also examines how mainstream media initially failed to adequately cover 15M in its early days, while discussion grew rapidly on social networks. It identifies open questions around the media logic of social networks and how they spread the messages of online social movements.
1. This document discusses the social value of social networking sites and how they facilitate identity construction and social interactions online. It explores how online identities are experimented with through different roles and subjects that together form a collective identity or "project identity."
2. Social networking sites allow users to articulate their social networks and connect with others, often familiar ties from offline life. They provide opportunities for identity experimentation and development of social skills through self-disclosure.
3. In an era where traditional sources of identity like institutions and social movements are weakening, social networking sites have become an important new platform for forming connections and finding meaning through one's online identity and social interactions. They represent a new form of "project
This document discusses identity construction through internet use and social media. It covers how identity was initially presented through static personal homepages but is now more fluid through dynamic social media which allows for multiple simultaneous presentations of self. Identity is negotiated through connections to others online and information sharing on social networking sites has blurred boundaries around attributes like gender, sexuality and race. While online identities can feel liberating, they also face challenges like maintaining authenticity and balancing online and offline social worlds.
Baym, nancy k. (2015). personal connections in the digital ageRAJU852744
This document summarizes Nancy Baym's book "Personal Connections in the Digital Age" which examines how people incorporate digital media like the internet and mobile phones into their relationships. The book identifies seven key concepts for differentiating digital media: interactivity, temporal structure, social cues, storage, replicability, reach, and mobility. It uses these concepts to compare different media and explore how capabilities of various digital platforms influence relationship formation and maintenance.
Hypermedia space in the Occupy movement: a sociological analysis Cortney Copeland
This document provides a sociological analysis of new media and its implications for established news media through a case study of the Occupy movement. It begins by describing how new media like Twitter played a key role in the Occupy movement and proposes a model to analyze the relationship between new and traditional media. The model views media as part of a larger social world and acknowledges that both technology and social forces shape how media are used. When applied to Occupy, the model shows how new and traditional media interacted in a "hypermedia space" to both document and spread information about the protests.
Influence of self presentation on bridging social capital in sn ssAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined how self-presentation on social networking sites influences bridging social capital. The study surveyed 199 students at a Chinese university. It found that effective self-presentation on social networking sites helps users build bridging social capital by connecting them to acquaintances and strangers who can provide useful information. Self-presentation had a strong moderating effect on the relationship between social networking site usage and bridging social capital. The document provides context on key concepts like self-presentation, social capital, and bridging versus bonding social capital.
The document discusses social media and its uses and abuses as a social space. It covers various topics around social media including utopian and dystopian myths of technology, the concept of a digital avatar, mixed reality paradigms, and calls for moving beyond outsider perspectives to understand social media through embedded participation and observation.
2. Brandtzæg, P.B. (2012). Social networking sites: their users and social implications – a longitudinal study. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17 (4), 467-488
The document discusses several topics related to ICT, social media, and their relationship to democratic participation and social change. It begins with defining ICT and social media, and then discusses how they enable new forms of expression and participation. It considers whether independent citizen media channels are still relevant, and if citizen media can meet the demands of social media. Other sections explore how social media is used in development, how it alters social change, and presents challenges to ICT and social media. The conclusion emphasizes social media's role in shaping social change and democratic participation through expression, collaboration and participation.
New Technologies, Challenges and Opportunities for Traditional Public Librari...Esin Sultan Oguz
This document discusses new technologies and opportunities for public libraries in the age of Web 2.0. It outlines how libraries can use tools like social networking, crowdsourcing, and user-generated content to enhance services and promote democratic values. Specifically, libraries have an opportunity to reduce digital divides, increase access to information, and serve as community hubs for public discourse. The emergence of collective intelligence on the web also presents a chance for libraries to take on a new "political" mission of supporting democratic participation and digital socialism.
The document provides an analysis of the trailer for the film "Jennifer's Body". It summarizes that the trailer uses common horror iconography like a full moon and sudden noises. It also notes that the trailer is divided into 13 sections with tone cards to build tension. Camera angles are used that put the viewer in the perspective of the murderer. The document also analyzes the film's portrayal of feminism and gender roles, with the main character being a demon woman who kills boys. It discusses how the film both supports and goes against feminism in its depiction of the female characters.
This document provides guidance for conducting research into the horror film genre. Students are asked to: 1) Research the development of the genre using primary and secondary sources; 2) Identify a horror subgenre for a film project; and 3) Evaluate their research findings. They must create interview and survey questions to answer what makes a film 'horror' and use sources like the internet, books and experts' opinions. The assessment will evaluate students' research process and ability to work independently to understand the genre and complete tasks like meeting deadlines.
The document summarizes the author's media evaluation of their music magazine project. Some key points:
1) The magazine's layout follows conventions of real music magazines with the masthead at the top.
2) The cover photo challenges conventions by having the model looking down at the camera from above.
3) Features on the side of the cover and web address develop conventions by informing readers of online content.
4) The color scheme and slang language used help attract the target 18-25 year old audience interested in grime and hip hop music.
This document summarizes a research article about the effect of social media on identity construction. The article explores how social media platforms allow people to showcase their experiences and reflect various dimensions of their social lives. It analyzes how individuals feel the need to create virtual identities and experiment with identity expression online. The document also discusses how social networks and virtual communities emerging on these platforms take on social and cultural qualities.
This document introduces the key concepts and theories related to understanding new media. It begins by discussing Marshall McLuhan and Friedrich Kittler's views that media play a central role in shaping humanity and history. It then examines different terms used to describe new media - digital media, online media, and new media - and argues that "new media" is the most appropriate term as it encompasses technological, connectivity, and novelty aspects without prioritizing any single attribute. The document concludes by outlining debates around the relationship between media/technology and society, and whether media determine society or vice versa.
Varieties of capitalism, varieties of modernityMarcus Leaning
This document summarizes Dr. Marcus Leaning's analysis of Ulrich Beck's theory of secondary modernity and its relationship to varieties of capitalism. Beck argues that modernity has radicalized into a reflexive secondary modernity. However, critics argue that Beck presents a naive Eurocentric view and fails to account for non-Western experiences. Leaning proposes understanding modernity as having local configurations that are linked through global processes, representing varieties of modernity rather than being completely separate.
Theorizing Citizenship in Late Modern ICT SocietiesJakob Svensson
This document discusses theorizing citizenship in late modern information and communication technology (ICT) societies. It proposes understanding citizenship as participation and action upon shared meanings regarding societal organization. Citizenship is enacted in political communities that address societal organization and construct values and norms. The paper aims to define citizenship in networked and individualized societies by avoiding deterministic views of technology or society, and recognizing their mutual reinforcement. It explores how digital technologies and late modern societal changes interact and challenge conceptions of political participation and citizenship.
This proposal examines language use and identity management on Facebook through discourse analysis. The study will record Facebook interactions directly using screen recording software to analyze language in real time, including identity construction and repair. Both younger and older male and female participants will be recruited. Discourse analysis will be used to understand how participants discursively manage their identities and negotiate interactions through their language choices. Potential challenges around participant privacy during data collection will need to be addressed.
Paper presented at the International Political Science- Political Communication Conference. Loughborough, UK. November 1020.
Examines the idea that blogs have an impact upon politics and offer an alternate to mainstream media.
Influences of strong tie with opinion leaders in an interconnected network of...Myunggoon Choi
This document describes the research project "Influences of Strong Tie with Opinion Leaders in an Interconnected Network of Korea". The research questions examine the relationship between tie strength with opinion leaders and information exchange, and the relationship between strong ties with opinion leaders and their influence on peripheral network members. The literature review covers topics of information inequality, social network perspectives, opinion leaders hypotheses, tie strength, and influence. The methodology section outlines plans to measure opinion leaders and tie strength, influences of those with strong ties to opinion leaders, information exchange measurement, questionnaire design, sample, and data analysis. Preliminary findings identify four opinion leaders and present descriptive statistics on opinion leader tie strengths.
Online social movements and networked activism. Trends around researchJosé Manuel Noguera
This document discusses online social movements and networked activism in Spain. It focuses on two key Spanish political movements: Pásalo in 2004 and 15M in 2011.
It analyzes how these movements utilized social media and networked communication to organize and spread their messages outside of traditional media. Specifically, it looks at how 15M protesters coordinated on social networks and how analysis of Twitter data showed decentralized, non-hierarchical information flows.
The document also examines how mainstream media initially failed to adequately cover 15M in its early days, while discussion grew rapidly on social networks. It identifies open questions around the media logic of social networks and how they spread the messages of online social movements.
1. This document discusses the social value of social networking sites and how they facilitate identity construction and social interactions online. It explores how online identities are experimented with through different roles and subjects that together form a collective identity or "project identity."
2. Social networking sites allow users to articulate their social networks and connect with others, often familiar ties from offline life. They provide opportunities for identity experimentation and development of social skills through self-disclosure.
3. In an era where traditional sources of identity like institutions and social movements are weakening, social networking sites have become an important new platform for forming connections and finding meaning through one's online identity and social interactions. They represent a new form of "project
This document discusses identity construction through internet use and social media. It covers how identity was initially presented through static personal homepages but is now more fluid through dynamic social media which allows for multiple simultaneous presentations of self. Identity is negotiated through connections to others online and information sharing on social networking sites has blurred boundaries around attributes like gender, sexuality and race. While online identities can feel liberating, they also face challenges like maintaining authenticity and balancing online and offline social worlds.
Baym, nancy k. (2015). personal connections in the digital ageRAJU852744
This document summarizes Nancy Baym's book "Personal Connections in the Digital Age" which examines how people incorporate digital media like the internet and mobile phones into their relationships. The book identifies seven key concepts for differentiating digital media: interactivity, temporal structure, social cues, storage, replicability, reach, and mobility. It uses these concepts to compare different media and explore how capabilities of various digital platforms influence relationship formation and maintenance.
Hypermedia space in the Occupy movement: a sociological analysis Cortney Copeland
This document provides a sociological analysis of new media and its implications for established news media through a case study of the Occupy movement. It begins by describing how new media like Twitter played a key role in the Occupy movement and proposes a model to analyze the relationship between new and traditional media. The model views media as part of a larger social world and acknowledges that both technology and social forces shape how media are used. When applied to Occupy, the model shows how new and traditional media interacted in a "hypermedia space" to both document and spread information about the protests.
Influence of self presentation on bridging social capital in sn ssAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined how self-presentation on social networking sites influences bridging social capital. The study surveyed 199 students at a Chinese university. It found that effective self-presentation on social networking sites helps users build bridging social capital by connecting them to acquaintances and strangers who can provide useful information. Self-presentation had a strong moderating effect on the relationship between social networking site usage and bridging social capital. The document provides context on key concepts like self-presentation, social capital, and bridging versus bonding social capital.
The document discusses social media and its uses and abuses as a social space. It covers various topics around social media including utopian and dystopian myths of technology, the concept of a digital avatar, mixed reality paradigms, and calls for moving beyond outsider perspectives to understand social media through embedded participation and observation.
2. Brandtzæg, P.B. (2012). Social networking sites: their users and social implications – a longitudinal study. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17 (4), 467-488
The document discusses several topics related to ICT, social media, and their relationship to democratic participation and social change. It begins with defining ICT and social media, and then discusses how they enable new forms of expression and participation. It considers whether independent citizen media channels are still relevant, and if citizen media can meet the demands of social media. Other sections explore how social media is used in development, how it alters social change, and presents challenges to ICT and social media. The conclusion emphasizes social media's role in shaping social change and democratic participation through expression, collaboration and participation.
New Technologies, Challenges and Opportunities for Traditional Public Librari...Esin Sultan Oguz
This document discusses new technologies and opportunities for public libraries in the age of Web 2.0. It outlines how libraries can use tools like social networking, crowdsourcing, and user-generated content to enhance services and promote democratic values. Specifically, libraries have an opportunity to reduce digital divides, increase access to information, and serve as community hubs for public discourse. The emergence of collective intelligence on the web also presents a chance for libraries to take on a new "political" mission of supporting democratic participation and digital socialism.
The document provides an analysis of the trailer for the film "Jennifer's Body". It summarizes that the trailer uses common horror iconography like a full moon and sudden noises. It also notes that the trailer is divided into 13 sections with tone cards to build tension. Camera angles are used that put the viewer in the perspective of the murderer. The document also analyzes the film's portrayal of feminism and gender roles, with the main character being a demon woman who kills boys. It discusses how the film both supports and goes against feminism in its depiction of the female characters.
This document provides guidance for conducting research into the horror film genre. Students are asked to: 1) Research the development of the genre using primary and secondary sources; 2) Identify a horror subgenre for a film project; and 3) Evaluate their research findings. They must create interview and survey questions to answer what makes a film 'horror' and use sources like the internet, books and experts' opinions. The assessment will evaluate students' research process and ability to work independently to understand the genre and complete tasks like meeting deadlines.
The document summarizes the author's media evaluation of their music magazine project. Some key points:
1) The magazine's layout follows conventions of real music magazines with the masthead at the top.
2) The cover photo challenges conventions by having the model looking down at the camera from above.
3) Features on the side of the cover and web address develop conventions by informing readers of online content.
4) The color scheme and slang language used help attract the target 18-25 year old audience interested in grime and hip hop music.
This document contains a collection of famous insults and witty remarks about various public figures delivered by other notable individuals such as Winston Churchill, Clarence Darrow, Ernest Hemingway, Abraham Lincoln, Groucho Marx, and Oscar Wilde. The quotes poke fun at people's personalities, character traits, work habits, and more in a clever, sarcastic manner.
The document summarizes and compares two horror films:
1) "Close Your Eyes For a Second And.. Sleep Forever" from 1982 which was intended to be feminist but portrayed women as inferior and upheld Freud's theory of male sadism and female voyeurism. It used conventions of the horror genre.
2) "Teeth" from 2008 which was a feminist horror-comedy with a female protagonist who could defend herself. It subverted expectations by having women receive gratification from male pain instead of the other way around.
Both films are analyzed based on psychological theory, direction, genre, and how they portray gender through camerawork, sound, and mise-en-scene.
- The document is a media magazine evaluation created by Orselina Pemaj that analyzes how their magazine product uses and challenges conventions of real music magazines.
- The evaluation discusses design elements like the masthead, images, color scheme, and layout that follow conventions from magazines like NME and Kerrang.
- It also analyzes the target audience as 14-25 year old males and females, and how the images, word choices, and price point were designed to attract this group.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to institutions and audiences in the film industry for an exam. It discusses production, distribution, marketing and technologies. It lists past exam questions focusing on these areas and how global institutions target national audiences. Case studies on specific media are emphasized to understand processes of production and distribution, and the impact of convergence and digital technologies on institutions and audiences. Key terms like audience, institution, and synergy are also defined.
The document contains a 16 question survey about music preferences and magazine reading habits. It asks respondents about their gender, age, hobbies, music news sources, R&B magazine reading habits, concert attendance, music spending, features looked for in magazines, magazine section preferences, clothing brands, how music is listened to, and factors that influence music likes. Font preferences for a potential magazine are also polled.
This document discusses Iranian painter Iman Maleki and his hyperrealistic paintings. It notes that at a young age he was fascinated by paintings and studied under master realist painter Morteza Katouzian. Maleki has had many successful exhibitions of his paintings in Iran, including a 1999 exhibition at the Contemporary Museum of Art in Tehran and group exhibitions in 1998 and 2003. The document describes Maleki as being considered the best realist painter in the world due to his unbelievable technique and talent in creating paintings that look exactly like photographs.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides information on four record labels within Sony Music Entertainment: Columbia focuses on pop music and has signed Miles Kane and Inhaler; De Construction Records specializes in jazz and dance and has signed Avril Lavigne; RCA covers multiple genres like pop, jazz, R&B, and hip hop and has signed Willow Smith; Sony Commercial Music Group handles rock, pop, soul, R&B, jazz, blues, classical, punk, metal, and funk but does not list any artists.
1) The document discusses a work-centric pre-vocational training program called Introduction to Basic Technologies (IBT) that is being implemented in high schools in India to address issues like rural unemployment, lack of technical skills, and disparity between education and industry needs.
2) Through IBT, students learn multiple practical skills like agriculture, dairy, sewing, electrical work, and more from local artisans. The school becomes a production center where students can apply their skills.
3) Over 75 schools implementing IBT have provided community services valued at over $135,000 through activities like fabrication, product making, and more. The goal is integrated and sustainable development through practical, multi-skill education.
This document provides a summary of the Unmanned Systems Roadmap 2007-2032. It outlines a vision for unmanned systems to project military power while reducing risks to human life over the next 25 years. Key points include:
- Unmanned aircraft, ground, and maritime systems have increased contributions to military operations and are highly desired by combatant commanders for missions like reconnaissance and surveillance.
- The roadmap establishes goals to improve effectiveness, interoperability, and cost control of unmanned systems through increased integration, common standards, and prioritizing validated capabilities.
- Top priority missions for unmanned systems are identified as reconnaissance and surveillance, target identification and designation, counter-mine warfare, and chemical
This document lists the past examination questions from Section B (Media and Collective Identity) of the A2 Media Studies exam for various years between 2010-2013. It provides a high-level overview of the topics covered in the critical perspectives section of the exam for several exam periods over a 3 year span.
The document discusses the decline of print music magazine sales and the rise of online access. It asks a series of questions about how much the NME magazine's sales have fallen from its peak, how many online users it now gets, and what this might suggest about the future of print magazine publishing. It explores why the internet has negatively impacted print sales and what magazines can do to improve their business models and sales in the new digital environment.
Unpacking the Social Media Phenomenon: Towards a Research AgendaIan McCarthy
In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges and opportunities that social media presents to researchers, and offer relevant theoretical avenues to be explored. To do this, we present a model that unpacks social media by using a honeycomb of seven functional building blocks. We then examine each of the seven building blocks and, through appropriate social and socio-technical theories, raise questions that warrant further in-depth research to advance the conceptualization of social media in public affairs research. Finally, we combine the individual research questions for each building block back into the honeycomb model to illustrate how the theories in combination provide a powerful macro-lens for research on social media dynamics.
Unpacking the social media phenomenon: towards a research agendaAndrey Markin
You can access PDF here http://busandadmin.uwinnipeg.ca/silvestrepdfs/PDF04.pdf
In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges and opportunities that social media presents to researchers, and
offer relevant theoretical avenues to be explored. To do this, we present a model that unpacks social media by using
a honeycomb of seven functional building blocks. We then examine each of the seven building blocks and, through
appropriate social and socio-technical theories, raise questions that warrant further in-depth research to advance
the conceptualization of social media in public affairs research. Finally, we combine the individual research questions
for each building block back into the honeycomb model to illustrate how the theories in combination provide a
powerful macro-lens for research on social media dynamics
Social presence theory classifies communication media based on the level of social presence or awareness of others. Face-to-face interaction has the highest social presence while text-based communication has the lowest. The theory was developed in 1976 but was described earlier in a 1956 science fiction novel. Social presence is important for effective communication and is influenced by factors like intimacy, immediacy, and interactivity. It is significant for online education as lack of social presence can inhibit learning, but incorporating synchronous components can increase social presence.
This document provides an overview of digital identity and presence in social media. It discusses how digital identity emerges from our interactions online and is shaped by the digital environment. Our identity is fragmented across different social media platforms, where we connect with networks of people and leave digital traces of our interactions. It also introduces several theoretical frameworks for understanding digital interactions, such as the notion of digital performance, rhizomatic digital networks, and the digital panopticon of visible online activities.
This document is a bachelor's thesis submitted to Durham University investigating young people's use of Facebook. It analyzes mediated actions and public discourses of youths aged 18-24 on the social networking site. The study uses a "nexus of practice" methodology, placing youths' words at the center. It identifies key themes that emerged: maintenance of friendship ties through social presence; changes in meanings of friendship, identity, and authenticity; contradictions between public discourses and local experiences of risk on Facebook. The thesis aims to provide an empirically grounded understanding of how Facebook shapes everyday social and individual lives of its young users.
In search of a better understanding of social presence: An investigation into...Patrick Lowenthal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed how researchers define social presence in highly cited social presence research. The study found that the most common definitions referred to social presence as being salient, being real, or being there. Specifically, 36% of definitions described social presence as the degree of salience between communicators, 38% defined it as the degree to which a person is perceived as real, and additional definitions focused on feelings of connection, belonging, or being present. While many definitions referenced the Community of Inquiry framework, the study found there is still variability in how social presence is conceptualized among researchers.
This document is a dissertation submitted to the University of Durham exploring men and women's representation and perception of themselves and others on dating apps and websites. It examines how heterosexual university students present themselves and view potential partners online. The dissertation utilizes theories of self-presentation, impression management, and computer-mediated communication to analyze how identities are constructed and relationships initiated in online dating platforms. It aims to fill a research gap in understanding how young adults aged 18-25 use and experience dating apps like Tinder and Bumble.
Social media? It's serious! Understanding the dark side of social mediaIan McCarthy
This document discusses the dark side of social media and its unintended negative consequences. It begins by noting that while research has focused on the benefits of social media, there are also significant risks to individuals, communities, firms, and society. Examples of these risks include cyberbullying, addiction, trolling, witch hunts, fake news, and privacy abuse.
The document then adapts an existing social media framework to explain how each of the seven functional building blocks of social media (conversations, sharing, presence, relationships, reputation, groups, identity) can have unintended negative consequences. For each building block, examples are given of how functions meant to connect and engage users can enable harmful behaviors like harassment, inaccurate information
New Visual Social Media for the Higher Education ClassroomRochell McWhorter
Authors: Julie A. Delello and Rochell R McWhorter
This chapter examines how next-generation visual social platforms motivate students to capture authentic evidence of their learning and achievements, publish digital artifacts, and share content across visual social media. Educators are facing the immediate task of integrating social media into their current practice to meet the needs of the twenty-first century learner. Using a case study, this chapter highlights through empirical work how nascent visual social media platforms such as Pinterest are being utilized in the college classroom and concludes with projections on ways visual networking platforms will transform traditional models of education.
This proposal examines language use and identity management on Facebook through discourse analysis. It will record Facebook interactions directly using screen recording software to analyze language in real time, beyond just final products. Both younger and older males and females will be recruited. Discourse analysis will be used to understand how identities are constructed rhetorically through language rather than just what identities are presented. Potential challenges around participant privacy during data collection will need to be addressed.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A CRITICAL STUDY OF DIGITAL NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IN INTERPERSONAL AND GROU...Susan Campos
This document summarizes a research paper about digital nonverbal communication through social media. It discusses how social media provides platforms for text-based communication using digital pictograms (emojis). The paper examines how digital nonverbal communication through emojis is changing interpersonal and group communication environments by taking the place of text and face-to-face communication. It explores how elements of nonverbal communication like kinesics, vocalics, and chronimics are represented through digital pictograms on social media platforms. The researcher aims to study this new form of digital nonverbal communication and its impact on social interactions.
In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges and opportunities that social media presents to researchers, and offer relevant theoretical avenues to be explored. To do this, we present a model that unpacks social media by using a honeycomb of seven functional building blocks. We then examine each of the seven building blocks and, through appropriate social and socio-technical theories, raise questions that warrant further in-depth research to advance the conceptualization of social media in public affairs research. Finally, we combine the individual research questions for each building block back into the honeycomb model to illustrate how the theories in combination provide a powerful macro-lens for research on social media dynamics.
Unpacking the social media phenomenon: towards a research agendaIan McCarthy
In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges and opportunities that social media presents to researchers, and offer relevant theoretical avenues to be explored. To do this, we present a model that unpacks social media by using a honeycomb of seven functional building blocks. We then examine each of the seven building blocks and, through appropriate social and socio-technical theories, raise questions that warrant further in-depth research to advance the conceptualization of social media in public affairs research. Finally, we combine the individual research questions for each building block back into the honeycomb model to illustrate how the theories in combination provide a powerful macro-lens for research on social media dynamics.
1. Media Ecology examines how media and communication technologies shape human culture, society, and the environment. It was coined by Marshall McLuhan and has evolved into a broader field of research.
2. Media Ecology theorists argue that media are not neutral tools but profoundly impact how we perceive the world, interact with each other, and structure societies.
3. Major theorists who contributed to Media Ecology include Marshall McLuhan, Lance Strate, and others who studied the interaction of communication, culture, and consciousness.
This document discusses how social media has become an important part of daily life and enabled new opportunities for communication and connection. It examines social media through the lens of social network theory, looking at how platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest allow for the formation of social networks and relationships. The document argues that social media played a key role in political uprisings like the Arab Spring by allowing people to organize protests and share information. It also suggests that women may have a slight advantage in social media environments because of their natural skills in relationship building and community formation. Overall, the document frames social media as a powerful tool that has changed how people interact and mobilize while also providing new economic opportunities for entrepreneurs.
Social Media and Social Media Marketing: A Literature Reviewiosrjce
Social media and social media marketing are sometimes used interchangeably, but two indeed are
different. The purpose of this research paper is to revisit the literature on both concepts and correlates them in
technical terminologies. We have studied the literature available on Social media first and identified the basic
functionalities of it. Then the literature available on social media marketing helped us in identifying its
dimensions. In conclusion section of the research paper we have correlated the two concepts and redefined
social media marketing in technical terms.
This document discusses the definitions and characteristics of social media, personal media, and mass media. It explores how digital culture has blurred the lines between these forms of media through participation, remediation, and bricolage. Users can now act as both producers and consumers of content through platforms that enable symmetrical communication and participation in content creation. This challenges traditional power structures and roles.
Digital and Social Media The Root of Our ExistenceAs the list.docxlynettearnold46882
Digital and Social Media: The Root of Our Existence
As the list of mediated technology continues to grow, some argue that the traditional definitions of mass media and mass communication are no longer relevant in our society. Where does digital and social media fit into the scheme of things? Before we engulf ourselves in answering that question, let’s consider the state of media and mass communication today.
New Media, New Considerations
New considerations of what mass media are and what mass communication entails began to take shape during that later half of the 20th century. As early as the late 1960s with the development of computers, government and businesses were reaping the benefits of communicating to large amounts of people using technology and these new ways of were gaining a lot of attention. During the 1970s, computers were introduced to the individual for their own personal use and thus the revolution into new media began (Computer History Museum, n.d.). New media are those systems that have two characteristics in common--digital and interactive. While legacy media provided one-to-many communication with little to no feedback, new media are delivered in a digital format allowing the audience member to respond, often times immediately to the mediated message. These new media systems include, but are not limited to computers, the Internet, CD and DVD technology, and interactive video games. Portable and handheld media such as cell phones, smart phones, and netbooks have joined the ranks of new media providing the ability to deliver a variety of mediated messages on the go.
New media provide us with the capability of interacting with media and with others in real time over large network systems. These systems have allowed us to advance personally and professionally and have even paved the way for some major accomplishments in our society. However, their introduction has left us with the seemingly impossible task of redefining mass communication. The traditional definition of mass communication introduced in chapter one does not adequately describe our media environment today. That definition focused on one-to-many communication with the possibility of limited feedback. The audience was, in essence passive. With today’s media systems the audience has, and takes advantage of, the opportunity to be active an active participant in the mass mediated process.
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Given these factors some have presented new ways of looking at mass communications. Vivian (2009) describes it as a, “technology-assisted process by which messages are sent to large, faraway audiences”. This definition removes the restriction of a complex organization being the sender of the message. Biagi (2010) offers a similar definition of the concept describing mass communication as, “communication from one person or group of persons through a transmitting device (a medium) to large audiences or markets”. Still others have decided to abandon th.
2. 088 Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012)
Introduction
It has been argued that historically humans communicate in order to take part and participate in the
creation of a collective world (refs Ong 2002; Gripsrud 2006). Within the history of communication,
technology has, since the emergence of the Greek writing system, assisted and made human practices
more efficient, and created the character of a modern consciousness (Ong 2002). Communication
technologies change how we experience, perceive, and understand the surrounding world, as well as
ourselves (Thompson 1995). According to John Durham Peters (1999), communication is something we do;
human beings are arguably fundamentally social and creative, and thus venues that support the expressive
individual and facilitate mediated interpersonal communication are affectionately embraced (Lüders 2007).
Socializing via online social media might be understood as a continuation of the letter and postal system, as
well as the telephone and its historical social significance (Pool 1997). The introduction of new technologies
of communication calls for an elaboration of changing relations and constellations of expressions, and of
recognizing the importance of materiality of technology.
The development and take-up of social network media resonates with desires to communicate and connect
with others The term socializing means coming into contact with others and exchanging everyday small talk
through mediated networks. In these activities, being together and communicating is the most important
aspect (e.g. Hjarvard, 2003). The social aspect of broadcast media has famously been termed parasocial
because of the one-sided interpersonal involvement of a media user with a program character (Horton and
Wohl, 1956). The emergence of digital network technologies has delivered opportunities for two-way
communication, enabling new forms of mediated interpersonal communication, as emprirical research in
this area since the 1990s indicates (e.g. Reingold 1993, Turkle 1997; Lüders 2007). And online
communities can be placed in a historical line of ideals of a more democratic media production (Brecht,
1979; Enzenberger, 1979; Corner 1994). However, we argue that in order to participate in online social
networking, and we take the example of Facebook, individuals have no choice but to represent themselves
(Thumim, forthcoming, 2012; Thumim, 2009) i . As a result, when taking place in mediated networks,
socializing is inextricably entwined with the making of representations of the self. Therefore we propose
that understanding social networking requires a theory of self-representation as well as a theory of
socializing. And to make sense of online social networking and self-representation, we rely throughout this
paper on the concept of mediation.
Drawing on empirical research on Facebook, the first part of the paper explores modes of socializing, while
the second part considers how self-representation may be shaped in Facebook. Methodologically, we have
3. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012) Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim 089
conducted textual analysis of selected Facebook postings, and fieldwork in the form of participant
observation in the social network site over a period of one year (2008). The paper is an explorative
investigation of socializing and self-representation, which proposes directions for further research. Before
we present our study of Facebook, we discuss the key concepts of mediation, self-representation and
mediated socializing.
Mediation and self-representation
In his 1999 book, Why Study the Media, Roger Silverstone argued that media scholars should focus on the
processes of mediation rather than on ‘the media’ (Silverstone, 1999). The concept of mediation
foregrounds the processes by which meanings are produced, emphasizing that meaning-making is
negotiated, open-ended and ongoing and, that it involves institutions, technologies and people (see for
example the work of, John Corner 1994; Nick Couldry 2006; Johan Fornas 2000; Jesus Martin-Barbero
1993; Roger Silverstone 1999; and John Thompson, 1995). Deploying the concept of mediation means
starting with the assumption that the production, circulation and reception of representations (or indeed
the ‘practice’ of media, as in Couldry’s 2004 argument (Couldry, 2004)) always take place in complex and
specific contexts, and are processes where power is exercised and negotiated. Of course use of the concept
mediation makes explicit a recognition of the ways in which media have become embedded in everyday life
so that separating out to focus on the media is seen as reductive.
To illustrate what we mean by mediation processes, let’s take the example of Facebook. Put crudely
mediation in Facebook involves the interaction of the Facebook company and its policies, the developing
technological interface (with its accompanying constraints and possibilities) the Facebook user or
participants, and the various interactions of these three with each-other and with broader social, cultural,
political, economic and technological contexts (including but not limited to those directly concerning media
and communication). We could understand this in terms of dimensions of mediation; institutional mediation,
textual mediation and cultural mediation (Thumim, forthcoming, 2012; Thumim, 2009).
In this article we purposefully speak of self-representation and not presentation or performance of self.
This is an important distinction. Of course in socializing face-to-face people must always be presenting
themselves. And there is a great deal of interesting work which transfers this idea to a mediated setting,
particularly drawing on Goffman’s (1959) work on the presentation of self (e.g. Livingstone 2008). Scholars
have pointed out the problems in trying to maintain a clear distinction between the self online and the
4. 090 Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012)
mediated self, (Livingstone, 2008; Silverstone 2006) and these ‘borders’ are clearly porous.
Nevertheless we contend that the blurring of the online and offline does not remove the requirement to
address circulating symbolic forms, that is, representations. We suggest that a focus on self-representation
complements work on the presentation and performance of self. The concept of self-representation
privileges a different set of questions and draws on a different literature than do these concepts – that of
mediated representation.
We argue that it is important not to elide the differences between the notion of presentation and
representation, but rather, in addition to the growing body of work that explores presentation of self online
and offline and the relations between the two, we also need to think specifically about the notion of a
representation in the context of online socializing because texts are being made, however ephemeral they
may be. The notion of a self-representation focuses on the symbolic forms created and then circulating –
linking it to the field of work on representation in media of, for example women, ‘ordinary people’, or the
colonial subject.
Representation
John Corner, writing about documentary, described what he called ‘a strategy of representation’:
Out of the range of possible kinds of reality open to documentary treatment, a topic is chosen as
the subject of a film or programme. But how will this topic be depicted in particular images and
sounds? The initial decision here concerns what to film, whom to film, and what kinds of sound
(including speech) to record. No matter whether the topic is an abstract one (for example,
loneliness in student communities) or a physically grounded one (for example the problem of
heavy traffic in rural areas), a strategy of representation and visualization is required (Corner,
1995: 79) (italics in original).
Also on the subject of representation, the film studies scholar, Tessa Perkins, noted that:
..films, along with other forms of representation, play an important role in forming ideas about,
and attitudes to, the world, in alleviating anxiety and even in diffusing conflict – in short, they do
do political work (Perkins, 2000: 76).
5. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012) Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim 091
Given both of these observations – that in the making of a media text ‘ a strategy of representation’
necessarily takes place and, that representations are always political, it becomes obvious that it is politically
important to address the mediation of the self-representations that are proliferating as part of the boom in
online socializing. And in the making of self-representations there must always be choices (‘strategies’ in
Corner’s terms) about what aspects of the self to represent and how to represent them.
Mediated socializing
Facebook is a typical easy-to-use service, in line with Blogger, MySpace, Flickr and You Tube, which results
in a low threshold for participation and socializing in the social network. The intuitive interface is widely
seen as a key reason for the fast global spread; Facebook is the dominant social networking site across
most of the globe and the company are still expanding. The Hollywood movie Social Network (2010) is a
portray of the innovation process leading to Facebook, and the movie’s huge popularity has underscored
the importance of Facebook as a communicative tool in the first decade of the 21 st Century. The immediate
user-friendliness is a key success factor explaining the fast global spread of Facebook as a social network
site. Previously, blogs and homepages had been used by the technologically savvy, and required more than
average digital literacy. The democratization of online presence is however also a commercialization or
socialization, and Facebook is based on a business model of ‘social ads’ (Keen 2007), and the company has
recently been valued at $ 15bn. The technological development of digital tools and the emergence of easy
to use digital venues for creating and sharing personal expressions appear to motivate certain practices. In
social network sites (SNS, sometimes called social networking sites, see Beer 2008 for a discussion of the
two terms), such as Facebook, MySpace and Bebo, users create self-descriptive profiles that display social
connections (see e.g. Donath and boyd 2004). The Internet scholar dana boyd has examined user-practices,
and by focusing on the performance of self, identified how online socializing is tightly related to offline
contexts (boyd and Heer 2006). According to Nicole Ellison et al. (2006), communication in Facebook has
real life social outcomes, and even though a casual link could not be argued, the study identified a
correlation between Facebook use and processes of bonding, bridging, and maintenance of pervious social
connections. Accordingly, Facebook might be understood as a hybrid space that challenges the traditional
distinctions such as offline and online, and private and public.
First, the dichotomy between online and offline socializing seems relatively pragmatic and easy to
categorize, either you meet people face-to-face, or you chat in an online space. Still, this common sense
6. 092 Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012)
understanding might no longer be adequate, and according to David Beer (2008), social network sites are
increasingly moving into the cultural mainstream, and ‘the everyday sense’ of friend can now often mean
an online friend. Beer thus criticizes Boyd and Ellison (2007) for ignoring the recursive nature of these
processes as online socializing becomes mundane and the version of friendship they offer begins to
remediate and shape the understandings of friendship more generally: “(...) we cannot think of friendship
on SNS as entirely different or disconnected from our actual friends or notions of friendship, particularly as
young people grow up and are informed by connections they make on SMS”. Friendship might change as it
interfaces with new technology and should not be understood as historically fixed or stable, and according
to sociological studies of friendship (e.g. Pahl 2000). Bases on these perspectives, Beer (2008:521) argues
that separating out offline from online, even if we think of them as ‘entwined’ seems to take us away from
understandings of online socializing as a defining and integral part of how people live: “These mobile,
locative and integrated technologies lead to an increasingly mediated way of life with little if any
unmediated room outside”. Facebook is a typical example of a social network site that is based on
integrating mundane information through uploading photos, status updates, and posting information about
what they are ‘doing right now’.
Second, the distinction between private and public aspects are continuously negotiated and disputed, and
are constantly influenced by the way people interact, with or without new communication technologies
(Rasmussen 1996). According to Barkadjieva (2005:181), the dichotomy public/private is false, because
there is no critical point where online activities can be defined as private as opposed to public, yet there are
differences in the intimacy experienced between social actors. The private and the public have historically
been intertwined, and even Habermas (1989:366) conceived the bourgeois public sphere to be made up of
private people coming together and described public and private spheres as ‘interlinked”. More recently,
Bauman (2000) has pinpointed a redefinition of the public sphere; a scene on which private dramas and
personal confessions are staged, put into public display and publicly watched (2000:70). Facebook could be
understood as a public sphere where individual users contribute with private postings and through their
activities negotiate the degree of intimacy.
A third aspect of Facebook and similar social network sites is the combining of mass communication and
personal communication. Convergence between mass media and personal media has resulted in blurred
boundaries between one-way communication and two-way communication. Facebook is typical of new
media that combine features from personal and broadcast media. For example the status update function is
a tool to broadcast a personal message from one to many. The possibility to reach all your Facebook-
7. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012) Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim 093
friends with one single message has similarities with traditional broadcasting, and is different from personal
one-to-one communication tools such as letters and telephone. The Facebook users are however different
from the broadcasting audience in the sense that they combine the roles as producers and user/audiences
of content. In contrast, the audiences/users in online social networks are identified as ’friends’ with their
own profiles and online presence. Facebook allows for strategic sharing of content, dividing friends in
categories, provided with different levels of access to your postings. Accordingly, it is possible to divide
your friends into audience segments, and decide what kind of postings they are allowed to view. However,
this management of the online socializing requires administration and a degree of technical skills, or literacy,
and many Facebook users will thus publish their postings as open to all their friends. As a result, the
postings will have a form and a character that the users are comfortable with presenting to their Facebook
friends. Most often these ‘friends’ are not overlapping with the notion of ‘friends’ in the everyday sense,
because the Facebook friendship also includes ‘weak ties’; colleagues, distant relatives, former high school
friends, acquaintances etc. This inclusive notion of the term ‘friend’ is integrated in the logics of Facebook
socializing, even though there are different approaches to this logic, perhaps, as Beer argues altering what
‘friend’ means today (Beer, 2008). On the one hand, a Facebook profile with many ‘friends’ signals
popularity, and involves a degree of social status, particularly among young people and celebrities. On the
other hand, there is room for people to define there own, preferred boundaries to a ‘friend’; one might
operate a restrictive understanding of the term relying on criteria for who is entitled to be added as friends.
Socializing in the global village
The social network site Facebook emerges as profoundly hybrid along the parameters of offline versus
online, private versus public, and broadcast versus personal communication. This is particularly evident in
the status field update, which provides the facebook user an opportunity to communicate a brief message
to ‘mass’ audience (their friends) by use of a personal media device. The users are in theory free to design
their status update field as they wish, and there are no formal editorial constraints on what to publish in
the status fields. The editors are the fellow Facebook-users in the sense that they are invited to ‘like’ a
status update or to ‘comment’ on the status update. In some cases the users are also invited to ‘report this’
if they find a comment or an update inappropriate. This might be regarded as a distribution of editorial
power compared to traditional mass media, but as we shall see, the online arena for socializing are
nevertheless not free of constraints.
8. 094 Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012)
Let’s consider one particular moment of in history: Candidate Barrack Obama’s victory in the US President
election 2009. This was a global event in the sense that people all over the world had been engaged in the
election campaion in the USA, and that many nations are effected by American politics and the descition-
making in the USA. This global interest in the US election was indeed reflected in the hybrid public sphere
Facebook. The blurring boundaries between private engagement and public debate were prominent in the
status updates commenting on the Obama’s victory. The Facebook debates linked the personal expirience
to the global politcal event, and made it possible for the users to express their personal opinions in relation
to the mass media coverage of the event. As an example Facebook socializing, we find that Norwegian
Facebook updates after Obama’s victory on November 5th 2009 was dominated by support for Obama, and
users typically expressed a joint happiness and positive comments to the outcome of the US election. As
such, local Facebook status updates immideately reflected the global media event, and users embraced the
opportunity to communicate their feelings and opinions. The users expresses themselves about the Obama
and his promise of ‘change’ in US politics, and thus feel included in a global political event. Socializing on
Facebook can thus be regarded as an arena for combining features from personal communication and mass
communication. To a degree, this focus on international politics demonstrates that socializing on Facebook
enables connecting to world events as well as more local events, and the opportunity to experience an
inclusion in a collective of world citizens. In line with the general media coverage in Norway, the postings
on Obama’s victory genreally expressed joy and relief about the outcome of this political drama. The global
infrastructure of Facebook makes it possible to at least potentially be included in a global community.
Facebook is available in over 40 different languages, and is profoundly global in its structure as opposed to
national media, such as newspapers and nationwide broadcasters. Thus the technological infrastructure
connects with both national and global communities, though of course the reality of people’s online social
worlds varies; some people will develop more international networks than others. For example, empirical
sociological research indicates the prevalence of class inequality and the fixity of certain communities, such
as the white working class in England (Skeggs 2004). Since, as we have argued above, online and offline
worlds are interconnected, it is likely that less international offline worlds are also less international and
cosmopolitan online as well; affecting what kinds of networks people are socializing in.
A key feature of Facebook is the mixture of a local or national context and a global context, and the users
people typically express themselves in a mixture of mother tongue and international languages (mostly
English). Consequently, social media does not relate to the territorial boarders of nations and states as
traditional mass media, because the nexus of friendship and the links between them are based on a
9. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012) Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim 095
different logic than national or local media. While a nation might be an ‘imagined community’, as described
by Benedict Anderson (2006, new ed.), the nexus of friends in a social network sites such as Facebook, is
an online community based on social relationships rather than geographical territories. General tendencies
in post-modern societies such as individualization and globalization are reflected in the practices and user-
patterns in social network sites; an individual user might have contacts in their friend-list that exceeds
traditional social and national borders in their home environment. As a result, a Norwegian user might in
some cases switch to English in order to reach their international Facebook friends, but also, another
motivation could be to signalize a global lifestyle and a multi-lingual capacity. Taking the status updates
commenting on Obama’s victory as an example, they were genreally written in English, even though there
are all Norwegians. An obvious explanation is the US origin of the news story they are commenting on and
that the campaign included English phrases and easy-to-pick-up rhetoric such as ‘Change’ and ‘Yes We Can’.
Moreover, the expressions of happiness about the outcome of the election also signalizes that the Facebook
users has a desire to engage in international politics and in a sense be included in a global community.
Practices and degrees of disclosure in online socializing
In the article “Theorizing Media as Practice”, Nick Couldry (2004) explores the possibility of a new paradigm
of media research that understands media, not as texts or structures of production, but as practice. As
pointed out by Couldry (2004) ritual practices are important ways in which the legitimacy of assumed wider
values might be confirmed or communicated. Ritual practices are able to “frame” and reproduce values and
our sense of the social (Couldry 2004:127). Socializing in Facebook can be understood as a media-centered
practice, but also a practice that anchor other practices, by for example being a point of reference in real –
life conversations (e.g. I saw on Face book that you recently visited Spain. How was it?” or “I read on your
profile that you have been ill with swine flue. Are you recovered?”). The status updates on Facebook
provides material for everyday small talk and gossip, as well as more serious discussions. A survey about
how young people in Norway uses social network sites (mostly Facebook) demonstrated a ritual character
of the user-pattern; they use Facebook regularly and several times a day, but mostly in brief sequences
(Storsul et al. 2008). Moreover, the survey identified the young Facebook users as nomads who emigrate
from one social network site to another in groups, but still Facebook has been surprisingly stable in the
position as the most popular social network site (Storsul et al. 2008). Even though there are signs that
young people have started to escape from Facebook to get away from their elderly relatives, Facebook is
stil by far the number one online social netweok site among young peoplee in the UK and Norway. The fact
that Facebook, during recent years, has become an integrated part of peoples everyday socializing makes it
10. 096 Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012)
relevant to investigate their practices, and their degree of personal disclosure.
Following from the inconsistent character of online socializing noted above, it is clear that identifying
patterns of user practice is a challenging task, and the following attempt to categorize approaches to social
disclosure in Facebook should be understood as overlapping, fluid and tentative. In other words, the
categories are not fixed because, crucially, a Facebook user will often transfer between them, so the
categories refer to practices, and not to specific users. Moreover, the categories in no way claim a complete
overview of socializing and exposure arguably the extent of Facebook penetration and use globally would
make such general claims highly problematic - Facebook is likely to be different things to different people in
different contexts and our findings here should be taken as adding to cumulative knowledge through
qualitative work on social networking. The socializing via the status update fields a key tool in online
socializing in Facebook’ in our sample of Facebook users nevertheless indicates certain patterns of practice
and we have identified three categories of practice in Facebook based on studying status fields update over
12 months: the reluctance practice, the sharing practice, and the promotional practice.
The reluctant practice is recognized as a user practice that reveals a minimum of private information.
Private disclosure is avoided by providing more mundane information, and the level of sharing is
comparable to the information one would provide to total strangers or distant acquaintances. Typically
these status updates reports on where the user is located physically are at the moment or what they
practically are doing, such as “ I am @ work”. These postings are informative, but not private or intimate,
and the socializing does not include sharing of any sensitive information and or revealing information about
the user.
A second, and diametrically opposite, practice can be described as the sharing practice, implying a liberal
approach to communicating even relatively intimate, emotional and private information. The degree of
private disclosure and confessions varies within this category, and the most common is that the shared
information indirectly reveals a personal characteristic or emotion, but seldom the whole picture and the
most intimate details. An example is the messages such as: “I am tired of never falling asleep!!!!!”. Such
messages are typically a private confessions or emotional disclosure. People might use their status updates
to inform about their private life, including personal weaknesses and mistakes, and thus invite their online
friends to engage in a more private and personal conversation.
A third practice can be termed the promotional practice, and placed in between the two other categories
along a continuum, including elements of both reluctance and sharing. These status updates share only
11. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012) Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim 097
information that bring the user in a good light, meaning that the users serve as their own PR-agents.. This
practice is found in the sample screen shot, not least in the profile pictures and the use of English language
in the updates in order to signalize and promote an international lifestyle. This practice reveals a highly
conscious approach towards the risky elements of sharing information with your Facebook-friends, but also
the potential benefits from sharing exactly the right information at the right time. This practice however,
does have significant drawbacks because of the social structure and the collaborative nature of the social
network site, and an obvious difficulty of using Facebook as a PR-tool is that you have little or no control
over the kind of material that are posted by other people even if it includes information and pictures of you.
One’s Facebook friends might post information that contradicts the digital persona oneself is attempting to
promote.
The three practices of socializing practice highlight a dilemma central to online social network environments,
namely how can one control one’s representation whilst participating in online socializing. The ethical ideal
of ‘informed consent’ is not realistic in a share-based online community, given the practice that people will
post pictures of other people as a part of socializing online, and sharing their moments through storytelling
and pictures. Thus an additional rationale for being present on Facebook might be to ensure that you
yourself contribute to the creation of your online persona. The relation between the self-representation and
the collective representation of individuals is particularly illuminated in the context of online socializing such
as Facebook. As shown in the three practices of Facebook, socializing requires a certain degree of self-
representation.
Self-representation in online socializing
Self-representation is not the stated purpose of Facebook; the terms ‘social media’ and ‘social network
sites’ emphasize the socializing aspect of the online arena. However, as we have begun to argue self-
representation is a necessary part of online socializing. Self-representation becomes more complicated and
perhaps more urgently requires our attention precisely when representing oneself is not the stated primary
objective.
12. 98 Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012)
Users of Facebook are likely to say their main aim is to socialize (and not to fulfill a burning desire to
represent themselves). Nevertheless, in order to participate in the practice of Facebook, participants must
construct self-representations. Indeed as we noted above, one reason for taking part in Facebook might be
to ensure that one at least contributes to the creation of one’s online presence; the individual being always
dependent on the practices (and representations) of others. And these constructed self-representation
must (unavoidably) employ ‘a strategy of representation’, in Corner’s terms, however short-lived that may
be.
If we insist of thinking about self-representation in Facebook within the wider contexts in which it is
practiced (Couldry), clearly exploring socializing and self-representation unavoidably highlights power
dynamics in dominant mass media representation as well as life beyond representation. We will give three
illustrations of how mediated self-representation in Facebook raises, or links into key debates in Media
Studies and Sociology: First, the individualized global self, second, self-representation and dominant
representation, three, controlling your representation.
Individualized global self
When an individual wants to socialize in Facebook they post images of themselves, stories of their mood,
their opinion, their feelings, onto the Facebook site, in so doing they are conforming to the generic
expectations of the self-repesentation in Facebook. And Facebook is a website designed to elicit certain
responses; that is certain kinds of representation. When our images are posted there they take on the
Facebook brand, which provides the gallery space, if you will, for photographs, thoughts and so forth. Thus
perhaps one of the most striking features of mediated self-representation in Facebook is the focus on the
individual self, which of course follows a trajectory discussed above that has taken place in, for example,
the Access movement and documentary making more widely. Stories of the self have always been told
(think of diaries, letters, the history of family photography) but in Facebook (and of course FB is one
example of social networking), these practices are in the service of socializing, networking, staying in touch.
What kind of photograph of yourself do you post; which image represents you, today, in this mood, at this
moment, how are you feeling? Individually. Even the most professional images look snapshot like,
‘amateur’ here because of the overbearing frame. Clearly the widely argued individualization thesis
becomes relevant here, as well as its’ critiques (eg: Beck 1992; Giddens 1991, Savage 2000, Skeggs 2004).
The individualization thesis suggests the rise of individuals in a globalised world means the decline of older
13. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012) Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim 99
forms of social categorization and identification. While other sociologists argue that this theory actually
serves to normalize a particular world view and deny the experience of those who are not mobile, global
selves (Skeggs, 2004).
There are of course opportunities to bring all aspects of the individualized self into this online space; so
when the individual identifies with a politics then politics can be present. Thus the ‘group’ Get the Fascist
BNP off Facebook - is a good example (as is the BNP being on Facebook in the first place for that matter).
This ‘group’ is listed under a hyperlink:
‘Common Interest – Beliefs and Causes’
Thus in this framing, group politics emerges from, and belongs to, individual Beliefs and Causes (a sub-
section of Common Interest). Another group in this section is entitled ‘I flip my pillow over to get to the
cold side’. Thus in the Facebook framing anti-fascist politics is equal to what you do with your pillow in bed
– a matter of personal, individual taste as to whether it matters or whether it is a joke, not a group cause
for action. Similarly, the expressions about Obama’s candidacy discussed in the early part of this paper can
also be read as delivering a particular type of self-representation. The architecture of Facebook, the status
update in this case, encourages expressions of individual feeling in not more than two sentences, and
hence reaction to the election in this illustration comes across as a collection of individual feelings.
(Though we do note Facebook and, probably more, other networking sites may be used to build offline
political actions).
Self-representation and dominant representation
As we have suggested, the commonsense assumption is that Facebook is primarily a tool for socializing and
yet profile pictures do largely consist of amateur portrait snaps and the website is set up explicitly to upload
and ‘share’ photos of ‘me’. This means creating representations of ‘me’. And it is only once we think about
the self representation that must take place when people socialize in Facebook, that we are able to
address the important question of how these representations interact with dominant media
representations: do they challenge them, uphold them, alter them, for example? As Van Zoonen noted in
2001, the concerns for feminist work in the offline / ‘old media’ context, continue online; a major one of
14. 100 Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012)
these concerning questions of representation. Thus for example, we should explore gendered self-
representation in Facebook – how, for example do self-representations challenge, conform to, or otherwise
enter into conversation with dominant representations of girls and women? (Negra, 2008) On Facebook we
can find self-representations that repeat and concur with dominant gender representations; for example
young women representing themselves in soft porn poses on their own Facebook page. But we can also
find a whole range of others. Clearly this is not a question of regressive mainstream representation versus
progressive self-representation. But we should urgently ask what are the speaking positions made possible
and what is difficult to be or say, be or do, in a representation in the Facebook space.
Controlling your representation.
In the context of the social space of Facebook, the practice of self-representation faces particular
challenges. First, you may be unable to control your own representations as they proliferate change and
are changed by others (see also Livingstone 2008). The collective creation of our persona to a degree make
us vulnerable to other peoples portrayals of us. At the same time online socializing provides opportunities
to experiment and play with the practice of self-representation. What is clear is that socializing and
representing oneself in Facebook requires media literacy, media literacy can help to deliver power and
control over your own representation, and this is arguably one of the reasons for its increasing centrality in
media and communication in the era of digital (‘social’) media (eg Livingstone, Van Couvering and Thumim
2008; Silverstone, 2007). How media literate do you need to be in order to know what you uploaded and
what you didn’t and what you can turn off and what you can’t and who is representing you as part of their
own self-representation? This is a different lack of control from the loss of control when a reality television
programme or a documentary is made about you, when media producers film and edit and display your
representation, for example. However, the fact that questions of media literacy come into play regarding
controlling one’s own self-representation, suggests that socializing in digital media spaces like Facebook
leads to a new set of limits and problems from those identified as problematic in traditional mass media
around the ability to represent oneself and to deploy, in Corner’s terms, a strategy of representation.
Meanwhile, older issues of representation, as something that is controlled by media institutions,
corporations and professionals, have by no means disappeared. In digital spaces like Facebook the
institutional power might be more hidden and (apparently) more open for negotiations with the users.
However, the commercial interests always lurk in the background, reminding us that we are witnessing new
versions of old problems with regards to the issue of representation.
15. Observatorio (OBS*) Journal, (2012) Gunn Sara Enli, Nancy Thumim 101
Conclusions: Socializing and self-representation
We have argued in this paper that we need to reconsider socializing in Facebook because socializing
requires textual self-representation. We are offered an online device. Everybody is ‘included’ in this easy-to-
use device and seemingly ‘everybody’ is there. The device seems like a socializing heaven with manifold
opportunities to (re)connect. We are served with a socializing tool on a silver platter. The only thing
required of us is that we follow the instructions and fill out the empty spaces. We describe ourselves in the
language offered by Facebook. We select our profile picture. We provide personal information about ourself
(in the degree we find comfortable). We represent ourselves using the language and frameworks of
Facebook. Of course we can protest aganst the standard by wittiness, playing with the ‘format’, showing
that we are critical. We can sabotage the device by posting someone else’s image as our profile picture and
a fake name, we can decide to represent ourselves by other kinds of images, of our pets, of a view, of our
family. But we can’t escape making some kind of self-representation. We want to connect, therefore we
must represent ourselves. If this is the case then exploring the mediation of self-representation in social
networking is an important edition to the exploration of how socializing itself is being transformed online.
The discussions in this paper have pointed out many directions of research, both the practices of the users,
and the constraints of the (commercial) infrastructure. The challenges of sampling are of course immense,
and the enormity of Facebook means that sampling decisions structure - perhaps more than ever -what the
researcher is able to find. But this is a call for work on representation to extend to online socializing, for the
self-representation landscape extends into that arena.
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Endnotes
i
The idea that self-representation is a necessary part of socialising online is developed in Thumim, N
(forthcoming, 2012) Self-representation and digital culture.