The history of occupational therapy began in the 1700s during Europe's Age of Enlightenment. Philosophers such as Pinel and Tuke believed that purposeful activity could benefit the mental health of institutionalized individuals. They incorporated occupations and work activities into treatment. Over time, the moral treatment philosophy spread and occupational therapy emerged as a distinct profession in the early 1900s. Key figures established the foundations of the field and advocated for its role in healthcare. Occupational therapy aims to enable participation in meaningful activities and draws from various disciplines to promote health and well-being through occupation.
Muscle injuries can occur in three main types: contusions caused by impact, strains caused by intense muscle contraction, and elongations caused by overstretching a muscle beyond its capacity.
This document discusses evoked potentials, which are electrical activities in the neural pathway generated in response to external stimuli. It focuses on three types of sensory evoked potentials: visual evoked potentials (VEP), somatosensory evoked potentials, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BEAP). VEP assess the visual pathway and look for abnormalities in P100 latency and amplitude. BEAP assess the auditory pathway by analyzing wave latencies and amplitudes, with abnormalities indicating lesions in the auditory nerve, brainstem, or cranial nerves. Evoked potentials are used to detect disturbances in the central nervous system.
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
Plyometric training involves explosive exercises that use the stretch-shortening cycle of muscles to improve speed, strength, and power. It works by elastic energy being stored in tendons and muscles during eccentric contractions and released during subsequent concentric contractions. A proper plyometric program considers factors like exercise mode, intensity, frequency, volume, progression over time, and safety precautions. Short-term plyometric training of 2-3 sessions per week for 4-16 weeks can improve athletic performance measures like jump height, sprinting, and agility.
This document defines and compares isotonic and isometric muscle contractions. It begins by defining isotonic and isometric contractions, noting that isotonic contractions involve muscle shortening while isometric contractions maintain muscle length. It then provides examples of each type of contraction and lists their similarities and differences. Specifically, it notes that both involve cross-bridge cycling and tension development, but isotonic contractions allow movement while shortening and isometric contractions maintain length against resistance. It concludes by listing some benefits of isometric exercises for strength training.
This document provides information for direct care staff on an annual training for the West Virginia TBI Waiver Program. It includes:
- Details on the training provider and contact information.
- Learning objectives for participants which are to identify symptoms and strategies for TBI, understand importance of strategies, and identify challenging behaviors from TBI.
- Overviews of TBI, including definitions and statistics on occurrence.
- Explanations of compensatory strategies and examples to accommodate those with TBI.
The document discusses exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) testing, including its value for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. It describes how the accuracy of exercise ECG testing depends on the pre-test probability of coronary artery disease. While exercise ECG has lower sensitivity than stress imaging tests, it has comparable specificity. For patients at intermediate pre-test probability who can exercise and have a normal ECG, exercise ECG is the initial recommended test rather than stress imaging due to its cost-effectiveness. The document provides details on exercise ECG testing protocols, interpretation, limitations, and pre-test instructions.
This document provides information on the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. It discusses osteoarthritis, including risk factors, clinical manifestations, medical management using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies, and potential surgical interventions. It also covers pyogenic osteomyelitis and osteoporosis, defining each condition and outlining their treatment objectives, investigations and management approaches.
Muscle injuries can occur in three main types: contusions caused by impact, strains caused by intense muscle contraction, and elongations caused by overstretching a muscle beyond its capacity.
This document discusses evoked potentials, which are electrical activities in the neural pathway generated in response to external stimuli. It focuses on three types of sensory evoked potentials: visual evoked potentials (VEP), somatosensory evoked potentials, and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BEAP). VEP assess the visual pathway and look for abnormalities in P100 latency and amplitude. BEAP assess the auditory pathway by analyzing wave latencies and amplitudes, with abnormalities indicating lesions in the auditory nerve, brainstem, or cranial nerves. Evoked potentials are used to detect disturbances in the central nervous system.
Knowledge of pain physiology is very important in understanding of electrotherapy prescription. So, this slide may be useful in understanding the background of the pain processes.
Plyometric training involves explosive exercises that use the stretch-shortening cycle of muscles to improve speed, strength, and power. It works by elastic energy being stored in tendons and muscles during eccentric contractions and released during subsequent concentric contractions. A proper plyometric program considers factors like exercise mode, intensity, frequency, volume, progression over time, and safety precautions. Short-term plyometric training of 2-3 sessions per week for 4-16 weeks can improve athletic performance measures like jump height, sprinting, and agility.
This document defines and compares isotonic and isometric muscle contractions. It begins by defining isotonic and isometric contractions, noting that isotonic contractions involve muscle shortening while isometric contractions maintain muscle length. It then provides examples of each type of contraction and lists their similarities and differences. Specifically, it notes that both involve cross-bridge cycling and tension development, but isotonic contractions allow movement while shortening and isometric contractions maintain length against resistance. It concludes by listing some benefits of isometric exercises for strength training.
This document provides information for direct care staff on an annual training for the West Virginia TBI Waiver Program. It includes:
- Details on the training provider and contact information.
- Learning objectives for participants which are to identify symptoms and strategies for TBI, understand importance of strategies, and identify challenging behaviors from TBI.
- Overviews of TBI, including definitions and statistics on occurrence.
- Explanations of compensatory strategies and examples to accommodate those with TBI.
The document discusses exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) testing, including its value for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. It describes how the accuracy of exercise ECG testing depends on the pre-test probability of coronary artery disease. While exercise ECG has lower sensitivity than stress imaging tests, it has comparable specificity. For patients at intermediate pre-test probability who can exercise and have a normal ECG, exercise ECG is the initial recommended test rather than stress imaging due to its cost-effectiveness. The document provides details on exercise ECG testing protocols, interpretation, limitations, and pre-test instructions.
This document provides information on the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. It discusses osteoarthritis, including risk factors, clinical manifestations, medical management using pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapies, and potential surgical interventions. It also covers pyogenic osteomyelitis and osteoporosis, defining each condition and outlining their treatment objectives, investigations and management approaches.
The gate control theory of pain proposes that a "gate" in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. It suggests that non-painful stimuli can close the gate and inhibit pain transmission, while painful stimuli open the gate and facilitate pain transmission. Psychological factors are also thought to influence the gating mechanism by modulating the balance of activity between small and large diameter nerve fibers.
The history of occupational therapy began in the early 1900s during the Arts and Crafts movement and was influenced by World War I. Occupational therapy was founded on the idea that participating in meaningful activities promotes health and well-being. The first occupational therapy program was started in 1917 at Milwaukee Downer College. After WWI, occupational therapy adopted a stronger medical model and the American Occupational Therapy Association was formed to promote the standardization and growth of the profession.
The document discusses several theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to explain pain perception physiology. It outlines several theories including: the intensity/summation theory which defines pain as an emotion from excessive stimulation; the specificity theory which proposes pain receptors transmit signals to a pain center in the brain; and the pattern theory which suggests pain results from certain patterns of neural activity. It also describes Melzack and Wall's gate control theory, which proposes that large diameter fibers can open or close a 'gate' in the spinal cord to pain signal transmission from small fibers to the brain.
Physical Activity Readiness QuestionnaireGreg in SD
This Par-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) form by I.D.E.A. is intended to be filled out by prospective clients so that I may identify what amount of physical activity might be appropriate for him/her.
Ankle & Foot Physiotherapy Management SRSSreeraj S R
This document discusses common ankle injuries including sprains and fractures. It describes the ligaments surrounding the ankle and classifications of ankle sprains. The acute, subacute, and maturation stages of rehabilitation are outlined with goals, interventions, and sample exercises described for each stage. Criteria for return to activity are provided, with warnings about potential increases in pain or inflammation. References are listed at the end.
This document provides information about nerve conduction studies (NCS). It discusses the basic components of a NCS including compound muscle action potentials, sensory nerve action potentials, F-waves, and H-reflexes. It describes the procedure, techniques, and applications of NCS in evaluating conditions like neuropathies, radiculopathies, and neuromuscular junction disorders. Limitations include NCS only assessing the largest nerve fibers and conditions proximal to the dorsal root ganglia potentially showing normal results.
The document discusses cardiovascular exercise and provides guidelines on frequency, intensity, time and type (F.I.T.T.) principles for both cardio and strength training. It outlines benefits of cardio like reduced risk of mortality and benefits of strength training like increased muscle mass. Target heart rate ranges and signs that exercise intensity should be reduced are also mentioned. Flexibility guidelines and definitions of METs are briefly covered.
A nerve conduction study (NCS) evaluates the function of motor and sensory nerves by measuring nerve conduction velocity, latency, and amplitude. Key components of an NCS include motor nerve conduction studies, F-wave responses, sensory nerve conduction studies, H-reflexes, and repetitive stimulation tests. NCS provides information about nerve demyelination, axonal injury, and other neuropathies.
Applying the Person Environment Occupation Model to PracticeStephan Van Breenen
The document discusses applying the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model to occupational therapy practice. The PEO model considers the dynamic relationship between a person, their occupations or tasks, and the environments in which they perform those occupations. The model can be used to understand clients and guide intervention by evaluating how features of the person, environment, and occupation interact and influence occupational performance.
Electrotherapy uses electrical stimulation for therapeutic purposes and involves applying electromagnetic energy to produce physiological effects in the body. It has a long history dating back to Roman physicians in 47 AD using electric fish to treat gout. Electrotherapy includes modalities like TENS, interferential therapy, microcurrent therapy, laser therapy, and others and can be classified in various ways such as by frequency, application area, or heat transfer method. It works through mechanisms like stimulating nerves or forcing membranes to change behavior.
The document discusses disablement, its process, and common models used to describe it. It defines disablement and outlines Nagi, ICIDH, and ICF models of the disablement process. These models progress from pathology and impairment at the tissue/organ level to functional limitation and disability at the personal level to participation restrictions at the societal level. The document also discusses how therapeutic exercise can impact different levels of the disablement process by reducing impairments and improving function. Common physical therapy impairments, limitations, activity categories, and risk factors are also outlined.
The document discusses the gate control theory of pain. It proposes that a neural gate in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. When the gate is closed by large-diameter nerve fiber activity, pain signals from small fibers are inhibited from reaching the brain. When the gate opens due to small fiber activity, pain perception increases. Factors like physical activity, relaxation, and positive moods can influence the gate and help manage pain.
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by actual or potential tissue damage. It is subjective and based on past experiences. Pain is transmitted through nociceptors and nerve fibers to the spinal cord and brain. It can be acute or chronic. Various factors like emotions, beliefs, and expectations can influence one's pain experience. The brain modulates pain transmission through descending pain pathways that release neurotransmitters like endorphins and serotonin.
This document discusses age and sex considerations in exercise. For older adults, physical activity can help prevent disease progression and extend independent living. Aerobic capacity and cardiac function naturally decline with age, but training can help offset these changes. Adolescents can gain strength through resistance training primarily through neurological adaptations rather than muscle growth. Females generally have lower muscle mass, stroke volume and VO2max than males due to smaller body size, but training can significantly improve endurance and strength. Special concerns for both sexes include amenorrhea and reduced hormone levels from excessive exercise.
This document provides an overview of electromyography (EMG) techniques and normal EMG findings. It describes how EMG is used to study electrical activity in muscles to aid in neurological examination. It explains the motor unit, action potential generation, different electrode types, equipment, procedures, and normal EMG findings like insertional activity, end plate noise and spikes, fibrillation and fasciculation potentials, and motor unit action potentials. Precautions for the procedure and factors that can influence EMG readings are also summarized.
This document discusses the importance of home exercise. It notes that home exercise can provide psychological benefits like reduced stress and improved self-efficacy. Physiologically, home exercise can improve flexibility, balance, and the ability to perform daily activities. It can also help modify risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose, and weight. The document provides recommendations for aerobic and strength training exercises according to FITT principles and strategies for setting goals, selecting exercises, tracking progress, and rewarding oneself to support adherence to a home exercise routine.
Recovery is important for athletes to gain maximum performance benefits from training. Appropriate recovery periods must be planned between training sessions to allow the body to recover from fatigue. Various recovery techniques can be used, including stretching, hydration, contrast baths, compression clothing, massage, and ensuring adequate sleep. The goal of recovery is to return the body and mind to a state of readiness to train at a high level again.
A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic, caused by blood clots that block or plug arteries, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding in the brain from burst blood vessels. Symptoms of a stroke can include sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, trouble walking, dizziness or loss of balance/coordination.
The document discusses overtraining in athletes, which occurs when there are excessive training demands that decrease performance and mental health. Overtraining is usually caused by a lack of recovery time between training sessions and competitions. It can lead to both physical and mental symptoms in athletes. Physically, overtraining causes decreased abilities, increased fatigue, and injuries. Mentally, it results in disrupted sleep, irritability, lack of motivation and concentration issues. The document recommends allowing for adequate recovery between training sessions, ensuring training is varied, limiting the intensity and volume of increases in training, and being aware of overtraining symptoms to prevent injuries and burnout in young athletes.
Evolution of Mental Health Psychiatric Nursing PracticeEric Pazziuagan
The document discusses the history of mental health from ancient times to the present. It covers topics like the moral treatment movement, development of asylums and community-based care, key figures like Pinel and Tuke who advocated more humane treatment, diagnostic classifications like the DSM, and the establishment of the National Center for Mental Health in the Philippines. It provides context on the evolution of perspectives and approaches to mental illness over time.
This document provides an overview of medical anthropology and its applications to health care. It discusses how medical anthropology addresses the interfaces between medicine, culture, and health behavior. It describes how cultural systems models examine the influence of culture on health through infrastructure, social structure, and ideological superstructure. These include factors like environment, social relationships, individual behavior, health services, and beliefs. The document emphasizes that understanding a community's cultural values and engaging community members are important for effective health programs and assessing health needs. Medical anthropology aims to incorporate cultural perspectives to improve health care delivery and public health programs.
The gate control theory of pain proposes that a "gate" in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. It suggests that non-painful stimuli can close the gate and inhibit pain transmission, while painful stimuli open the gate and facilitate pain transmission. Psychological factors are also thought to influence the gating mechanism by modulating the balance of activity between small and large diameter nerve fibers.
The history of occupational therapy began in the early 1900s during the Arts and Crafts movement and was influenced by World War I. Occupational therapy was founded on the idea that participating in meaningful activities promotes health and well-being. The first occupational therapy program was started in 1917 at Milwaukee Downer College. After WWI, occupational therapy adopted a stronger medical model and the American Occupational Therapy Association was formed to promote the standardization and growth of the profession.
The document discusses several theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to explain pain perception physiology. It outlines several theories including: the intensity/summation theory which defines pain as an emotion from excessive stimulation; the specificity theory which proposes pain receptors transmit signals to a pain center in the brain; and the pattern theory which suggests pain results from certain patterns of neural activity. It also describes Melzack and Wall's gate control theory, which proposes that large diameter fibers can open or close a 'gate' in the spinal cord to pain signal transmission from small fibers to the brain.
Physical Activity Readiness QuestionnaireGreg in SD
This Par-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) form by I.D.E.A. is intended to be filled out by prospective clients so that I may identify what amount of physical activity might be appropriate for him/her.
Ankle & Foot Physiotherapy Management SRSSreeraj S R
This document discusses common ankle injuries including sprains and fractures. It describes the ligaments surrounding the ankle and classifications of ankle sprains. The acute, subacute, and maturation stages of rehabilitation are outlined with goals, interventions, and sample exercises described for each stage. Criteria for return to activity are provided, with warnings about potential increases in pain or inflammation. References are listed at the end.
This document provides information about nerve conduction studies (NCS). It discusses the basic components of a NCS including compound muscle action potentials, sensory nerve action potentials, F-waves, and H-reflexes. It describes the procedure, techniques, and applications of NCS in evaluating conditions like neuropathies, radiculopathies, and neuromuscular junction disorders. Limitations include NCS only assessing the largest nerve fibers and conditions proximal to the dorsal root ganglia potentially showing normal results.
The document discusses cardiovascular exercise and provides guidelines on frequency, intensity, time and type (F.I.T.T.) principles for both cardio and strength training. It outlines benefits of cardio like reduced risk of mortality and benefits of strength training like increased muscle mass. Target heart rate ranges and signs that exercise intensity should be reduced are also mentioned. Flexibility guidelines and definitions of METs are briefly covered.
A nerve conduction study (NCS) evaluates the function of motor and sensory nerves by measuring nerve conduction velocity, latency, and amplitude. Key components of an NCS include motor nerve conduction studies, F-wave responses, sensory nerve conduction studies, H-reflexes, and repetitive stimulation tests. NCS provides information about nerve demyelination, axonal injury, and other neuropathies.
Applying the Person Environment Occupation Model to PracticeStephan Van Breenen
The document discusses applying the Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model to occupational therapy practice. The PEO model considers the dynamic relationship between a person, their occupations or tasks, and the environments in which they perform those occupations. The model can be used to understand clients and guide intervention by evaluating how features of the person, environment, and occupation interact and influence occupational performance.
Electrotherapy uses electrical stimulation for therapeutic purposes and involves applying electromagnetic energy to produce physiological effects in the body. It has a long history dating back to Roman physicians in 47 AD using electric fish to treat gout. Electrotherapy includes modalities like TENS, interferential therapy, microcurrent therapy, laser therapy, and others and can be classified in various ways such as by frequency, application area, or heat transfer method. It works through mechanisms like stimulating nerves or forcing membranes to change behavior.
The document discusses disablement, its process, and common models used to describe it. It defines disablement and outlines Nagi, ICIDH, and ICF models of the disablement process. These models progress from pathology and impairment at the tissue/organ level to functional limitation and disability at the personal level to participation restrictions at the societal level. The document also discusses how therapeutic exercise can impact different levels of the disablement process by reducing impairments and improving function. Common physical therapy impairments, limitations, activity categories, and risk factors are also outlined.
The document discusses the gate control theory of pain. It proposes that a neural gate in the spinal cord can open and close to modulate pain perception. When the gate is closed by large-diameter nerve fiber activity, pain signals from small fibers are inhibited from reaching the brain. When the gate opens due to small fiber activity, pain perception increases. Factors like physical activity, relaxation, and positive moods can influence the gate and help manage pain.
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by actual or potential tissue damage. It is subjective and based on past experiences. Pain is transmitted through nociceptors and nerve fibers to the spinal cord and brain. It can be acute or chronic. Various factors like emotions, beliefs, and expectations can influence one's pain experience. The brain modulates pain transmission through descending pain pathways that release neurotransmitters like endorphins and serotonin.
This document discusses age and sex considerations in exercise. For older adults, physical activity can help prevent disease progression and extend independent living. Aerobic capacity and cardiac function naturally decline with age, but training can help offset these changes. Adolescents can gain strength through resistance training primarily through neurological adaptations rather than muscle growth. Females generally have lower muscle mass, stroke volume and VO2max than males due to smaller body size, but training can significantly improve endurance and strength. Special concerns for both sexes include amenorrhea and reduced hormone levels from excessive exercise.
This document provides an overview of electromyography (EMG) techniques and normal EMG findings. It describes how EMG is used to study electrical activity in muscles to aid in neurological examination. It explains the motor unit, action potential generation, different electrode types, equipment, procedures, and normal EMG findings like insertional activity, end plate noise and spikes, fibrillation and fasciculation potentials, and motor unit action potentials. Precautions for the procedure and factors that can influence EMG readings are also summarized.
This document discusses the importance of home exercise. It notes that home exercise can provide psychological benefits like reduced stress and improved self-efficacy. Physiologically, home exercise can improve flexibility, balance, and the ability to perform daily activities. It can also help modify risk factors like blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose, and weight. The document provides recommendations for aerobic and strength training exercises according to FITT principles and strategies for setting goals, selecting exercises, tracking progress, and rewarding oneself to support adherence to a home exercise routine.
Recovery is important for athletes to gain maximum performance benefits from training. Appropriate recovery periods must be planned between training sessions to allow the body to recover from fatigue. Various recovery techniques can be used, including stretching, hydration, contrast baths, compression clothing, massage, and ensuring adequate sleep. The goal of recovery is to return the body and mind to a state of readiness to train at a high level again.
A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic, caused by blood clots that block or plug arteries, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding in the brain from burst blood vessels. Symptoms of a stroke can include sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body, confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, trouble walking, dizziness or loss of balance/coordination.
The document discusses overtraining in athletes, which occurs when there are excessive training demands that decrease performance and mental health. Overtraining is usually caused by a lack of recovery time between training sessions and competitions. It can lead to both physical and mental symptoms in athletes. Physically, overtraining causes decreased abilities, increased fatigue, and injuries. Mentally, it results in disrupted sleep, irritability, lack of motivation and concentration issues. The document recommends allowing for adequate recovery between training sessions, ensuring training is varied, limiting the intensity and volume of increases in training, and being aware of overtraining symptoms to prevent injuries and burnout in young athletes.
Evolution of Mental Health Psychiatric Nursing PracticeEric Pazziuagan
The document discusses the history of mental health from ancient times to the present. It covers topics like the moral treatment movement, development of asylums and community-based care, key figures like Pinel and Tuke who advocated more humane treatment, diagnostic classifications like the DSM, and the establishment of the National Center for Mental Health in the Philippines. It provides context on the evolution of perspectives and approaches to mental illness over time.
This document provides an overview of medical anthropology and its applications to health care. It discusses how medical anthropology addresses the interfaces between medicine, culture, and health behavior. It describes how cultural systems models examine the influence of culture on health through infrastructure, social structure, and ideological superstructure. These include factors like environment, social relationships, individual behavior, health services, and beliefs. The document emphasizes that understanding a community's cultural values and engaging community members are important for effective health programs and assessing health needs. Medical anthropology aims to incorporate cultural perspectives to improve health care delivery and public health programs.
This document provides an overview of the history of mental health and psychiatric nursing. It discusses how mentally ill patients were initially persecuted and segregated from society. It then outlines the humanitarian period where more asylums were established to provide care, though nursing was still not mentioned. The beginning of the scientific attitude saw the development of classifying mental illnesses. Key figures like Pinel in France and Tuke in England removed chains from patients and advocated for more humane treatment. The document also briefly discusses the development of psychiatric nursing in other countries like France where Pinel removed chains from patients.
MENTAL HEALTH NURSING / PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGNursingWaani🎉
This document provides an overview of the history and perspectives of mental health and mental health nursing. It discusses how mental illness was viewed throughout history from ancient times through the modern era. It outlines key developments like the establishment of asylums and institutions in the 18th century led by Pinel and Tukes, and the introduction of psychotropic drugs in the 1950s which revolutionized treatment. The document also defines mental health and mental illness, lists characteristics of both, and discusses laws governing mental health like the Mental Health Act and Mental Healthcare Bill in India.
This document discusses key concepts in medical sociology. It defines medical sociology as the study of how humans manage health care for the sick and healthy. Major areas of investigation include the social facts of health and disease and the social behavior of health care personnel and clients. The document also contrasts ideas about health and social behavior throughout history, from primitive societies' spiritual views to the modern medical view of diseases having biological causes. It discusses the impact of germ theory and advances in treating infectious diseases, leading to a focus on chronic illnesses in recent decades.
Introduction and historical development.pptxAltafBro
The document discusses the history and evolution of mental health and psychiatry. It notes that ancient societies often viewed mental illness as supernatural or religious in nature and treatments were cruel. The first psychiatric hospitals were built in the medieval Islamic world which utilized more clinical approaches. Developments continued with the introduction of moral treatment in Europe in the 18th century and growth of institutions. The 20th century saw advances like psychoanalysis, psychopharmacology with drugs like lithium and chlorpromazine, ECT, and lobotomy. The field has continued to evolve with deinstitutionalization, community-based care, genetics research, and neuroimaging.
Introduction and historical development.pptxAltafBro
The document discusses the history and definitions of mental health and mental illness. It provides definitions of mental health from the World Health Organization and other sources, focusing on well-being, productive activities, and relationships. Mental illness is defined as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome marked by distress, disability, or impaired functioning. The history discusses early beliefs that mental illness was caused by supernatural forces and treatments like exorcism, then advances in understanding made in the medieval Islamic world. It continues through developments of moral treatment in 18th century Europe and growth of psychiatric hospitals and treatment approaches in the 19th century.
The document summarizes the history of hospice care from its origins in the 11th century to modern developments. It traces the establishment of early hospice homes in the 19th century France, Ireland, and US focused on caring for the dying poor. The modern hospice movement began in the UK and US in the 1960s-70s led by pioneers like Cicely Saunders and Florence Wald who established principles of palliative care, education, and research. The Medicare hospice benefit in 1982 expanded access across the US. The philosophy of hospice is to relieve suffering and bring peace and dignity to the end of life.
In the 1800s, mental illnesses were not well understood and treatment was poor. People with mental illnesses were often isolated at home or imprisoned. By the mid-1800s, some advocated for more humane treatment and the first hospitals opened, though conditions were still poor. It was not until the late 1800s and early 1900s that more scientific study of mental illnesses began and reforms improved living conditions in hospitals.
Discussing the cultural perspectives and Health related details using Biomedical model. This whole discussion will cover psychopathology, health related issues and cultural beliefs
This document outlines the history of psychiatric social work from its origins in the late 19th century through modern times. It traces how social work developed in psychiatric settings as asylums transitioned to community-based care in response to deinstitutionalization. The roles of early pioneers like Adolph Meyer and Mary Jarrett who established social services in hospitals are discussed. The document also provides context on the development of social work education and laws regarding mental health in both Western countries and India.
This document summarizes the progression of gender bias in women's health care from the 19th century to today. It discusses how 19th century medicine established white men as the norm, viewing women's bodies as abnormal. This led to the widespread diagnosis of "hysteria" in women to explain any mental or physical complaints. The summary then discusses how these outdated views of women persisted into the 20th century through the dismissal of female symptoms as hypochondria rather than real medical issues like heart disease.
The document provides a historical overview of the emergence and development of abnormal psychology from ancient times through the modern era. Some of the key points covered include: In ancient Greece, Hippocrates classified mental disorders into categories and believed they had natural rather than supernatural causes; Mesmer and others explored hypnosis as a treatment; Dorothea Dix campaigned for more humane treatment of the mentally ill; and Freud incorporated free association into hypnosis, laying foundations for psychoanalysis. The biological and psychological understandings of mental disorders evolved over this long period.
SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION TO MENTAL HEALTH.pptxagripamusic
This document provides an overview of the evolution of mental health services internationally and in Tanzania. It defines key terms like mental health and mental illness. It then discusses the historical periods in the development of psychiatry and mental health services: the demonological period where illnesses were attributed to spirits; the humanitarian period with more humane treatment influenced by Greek physicians; the political period bringing more recognition and legislation; and the scientific period with modern treatments and emphasis on clinical research. Key contributors to different periods are also outlined.
Historical perspectives,trends,issues &magnitude of mental healthShailjaguptaGupta
The document discusses the historical perspectives, trends, issues and magnitude of mental health. It begins by outlining the objectives and contents to be covered. It then discusses definitions of mental health and mental illness. It provides an overview of the evolution of mental health from ancient times through different historical periods. This includes perspectives from India, major figures who contributed to understanding and treatment, and milestones in classification and therapies. It also addresses general trends in mental health including those related to globalization, changes in care delivery, and the development of the psychiatric nursing profession.
The document proposes the establishment of an Institute for a Liberation Narrative Health, Medicine and Psychology (ILNHMP). The ILNHMP would follow Ignacio Martin-Baro's call for a new goal, epistemology and praxis for public health, medicine and psychology. It would use narratives as a means to create a liberation narrative of health and the body, and work towards better theories and practices of health/medicine/psychology and a more just, sacred and sustainable world. The ILNHMP would bring together scholars and activists to conduct education, research, community service and social action using narrative approaches from various fields.
300 words and please cite from the document.docxwrite4
The document provides an overview of the history and definitions of mental health disorders. It discusses how mental disorders were viewed in ancient times and treated throughout history, including the first asylums. Key figures who helped reform treatment are mentioned, such as Pinel who believed in humane treatment. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is discussed as the standard reference used by clinicians. Three common neurodevelopmental disorders - intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - are defined.
Palliative care began as hospices in medieval Europe that provided care and hospitality to travelers. In the 19th century, religious orders in the UK and France ran hospices caring for the terminally ill. Modern hospice and palliative care originated from Dr. Cicely Saunders' work establishing St. Christopher's Hospice in 1967 in London, where she developed a holistic approach addressing physical, psychological, and spiritual suffering of the terminally ill. The term "palliative care" was coined in 1975 in Canada to describe non-curative care improving quality of life. Ethiopia has a long tradition of communal responsibility for the sick, and its modern hospice movement responded to HIV/
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. History of OT in Mental Health
The history of Occupational Therapy(OT) had it's origin in the 1700's during
Europe's "Age of Enlightenment". At this time, radical new ideas were
emerging for the infirm and mentally ill. Normally, they were excluded from
work activities and were treated like criminals and locked in prisons. During
this new era concern was given to their mental well being. This dramatic
change can be attributed to two very different men, Phillipe Pinel, a French
physician, scholar and natural philosopher and William Tuke, an English
Quaker.
Phillipe Pinel was of the belief that morally treating the mentally ill meant
treating their emotions. The doctrine of Moral Treatment utilized occupation;
man's goal directed use of time, interests, energy , and attention; in combination
with purposeful daily activity for treatment. Music and various forms of
literature, physical exercise and work were used as a method to release the
mind from emotional stress and thereby improve the individual's activities of
daily living.
William Tuke and his family were also redefining the direction of mental health
care. Because Tuke was appalled at the inhumane treatment and the deplorable
conditions which existed in the public insane asylums, he developed several
principles for the moral treatment of this population. The main approach use
was that of the moral concepts of kindness and consideration. He also
encompassed the concept of religion which created an atmosphere of family
life. Occupations and purposeful activities were prescribed in order to minimize
the patient's disorder.
The progression of moral treatment continued into the 1900's as Sir William
Ellis and his wife came to be in charge of England's county asylums. This
community became a family atmosphere and the men and women both were
encouraged to enhance their previous trades or establish new ones in order to
support purposeful activity. Sir and Lady Ellis were able to prove that the
mentally ill were not dangerous with tools, and were far less dangerous than
other unoccupied individuals. The Ellis' were also responsible for developing
the idea of an "after care" house, very similar to the halfway houses of today.
These places functioned as stepping-stones from total care to limited assistance
living care.
2. The Progressive Era of the twentieth century in the United States initially was
not progressive at all for the mental health field. The moral treatment
philosophy had waned during the civil war and nearly disappeared with no one
to carry on the philosophy. A lack of concern and lack of moral treatment was
ushered in with the use of sterilization of the "mental defectives", the
insitutionalized insane. Fortunately, in the early 1900's, Susan Tracy, a nurse,
employed occupation for mentally ill patients. She also initiated activity
instruction to student nurses and coined the term "Occupational Nurse" for this
specialty.
Other professionals involved in the rebirth of OT include Eleanor Slagle, a
partially trained social worker; George Edward Barton, a disabled architect;
Adolph Meyer, a psychiatrist; and William Dunton, a psychiatrist. These
professionals, along with Susan Tracy, formed the backbone of modern
occupational therapy and ensured acceptance as a medical entity with the
establishment of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational
Therapy leading to the present day American Occupational Therapy
Association.
Occupational therapy has continued to develop from a deeply-rooted belief in
the critical importance of "doing"; of active enjoyment in purposeful activity as
a catalyst in the development of self, fulfillment in social membership, social
efficacy and self-actualization.
Occupational therapy, often abbreviated as "OT", incorporates meaningful and
purposeful occupation to enable people with limitations or impairments to participate in
everyday life. Occupational therapists work with individuals, families, groups and
populations to facilitate health and well-being through engagement or re-engagement in
occupation. Occupational therapists are becoming increasingly involved in addressing the
impact of social and environmental factors that contribute to exclusion and occupational
deprivation.[1][2]
The World Federation of Occupational Therapists defines occupational therapy as a
profession concerned with promoting health and well-being through occupation. The
primary goal of occupational therapy is to enable people to participate in the activities of
everyday life. Occupational therapists achieve this outcome by enhancing the individual's
ability to participate, by modifying the environment, adapting the activity to better
support participation and/or facilitating physical or mental rehabilitation to maximize
functional performance.[3]
3. Occupational therapy relies on understanding the importance of an activity to an
individual, being able to analyze the physical, mental and social components of the
activity, and then adapting the activity, the environment, and/or the person to enable them
to resume the activity. Occupational therapists address the question, "Why does this
person have difficulties managing his or her daily activities (or occupations), and what
can we adapt to make it possible for him or her to manage better and how will this then
impact his or her health and well-being?”
Occupational therapy gives people the "skills for the job of living" necessary for "living
life to its fullest."[4]
Occupational therapy draws from the field of occupational science to provide an evidence
base to practice and develop academic and practice links to other related disciplines such
as social science and anthropology, and also utilizes a range of generic models to guide
the practice of OT.
History of occupational therapy
The earliest evidence of using occupations as a therapeutic modality can be found in
ancient times. One-hundred years before the birth of Christ, Greek physician Asclepiades
initiated humane treatment of patients with mental illness via the use of therapeutic baths,
massage, exercise, and music. Later, the Roman Celsus prescribed music, travel,
conversation and exercise to his patients. Unfortunately, by medieval times, the concept
of humane treatment of people considered to be insane was rare, if not nonexistent[5].
In eighteenth century Europe, revolutionaries such as Philippe Pinel and Johann Christian
Reil reformed the hospital system. Instead of the use of metal chains and restraint, their
institutions utilized rigorous work and leisure activities in the late 1700s. Although it was
thriving abroad, interest in the reform movement waxed and waned in the United States
throughout the nineteenth century. At the turn of the 20th century, as physicians became
increasingly interested in chronic disease, enthusiasm for the reform of the mental
healthcare system was revived in the states. Work therapy found its way to America[5].
The health profession of occupational therapy as we know it was conceived in the early
1910s. Focus was on promoting health in “invalids.” Early professionals merged highly
valued ideals, such as having a strong work ethic and the importance of crafting with
one’s own hands, with scientific and medical principles. Early adversaries viewed wood
carving and crafting by ill patients trivial[5].
The emergence of occupational therapy challenged the views of mainstream scientific
medicine. Instead of focusing on purely physical etiologies, they argued that a complex
combination of social, economic, and biological reasons cause dysfunction. Principles
and techniques were borrowed from many disciplines—including but not limited to
nursing, psychiatry, rehabilitation, self-help, orthopedics, and social work—to enrich the
profession’s scope. Between 1900 and 1930, the founders defined the realm of practice
and developed theories of practice. In a short 20-year span, they successfully convinced
4. the public and medical world of the value of occupational therapy and established
standards for the profession[5].
A substantial lack of primary sources of information has left today’s occupational
therapists with many questions concerning the founders of the field. Information is
collected from early training institutions and hospitals, professional writings of
practitioners, World War I records from government agencies, newspaper articles, and
personal testimonials[5].
One of the most notable figures in the infancy of occupational therapy was Eleanor Clark
Slagle. Slagle was part of the generation of women who challenged women’s “rightful”
place as a volunteer and strived for females to have a place in the professional world. At
age forty, she was trained in curative occupations and recreations at the Chicago School
of Civics and Philanthropy and later took a position at Hull House, where crafts were
used to promote mental health[5].
It is speculated that Slagle’s interest in healthcare stemmed from her personal life, as her
father, brother, and nephew all suffered from various disabilities. Seeing the daily
struggles of people with disabilities and illnesses may have sparked Slagle to enroll in the
Chicago School in 1911. In 1912, renowned psychiatrist Adolph Meyer appointed Slagle
to direct a new department of occupational therapy at John Hopkins Hospital. There, she
learned habit training—a method of re-educating patients on decent habits of living via
substituting healthful habits for bad habits[5].
Another psychiatrist, William Rush Dunton, Jr., worked diligently to raise the status of
psychiatry in medicine in the first decades of the 20th century. He viewed occupational
therapy as complementary to psychiatry, as it had the promise of meshing humanitarian
values with science. Dunton became interested in the work of European moral therapy
advocates. He accepted a position at the Sheppard Asylum, where it was standard
practice in the early 1900s for patients to participate in activities such as bowling,
gymnastics, art, etc. Dunton and his contemporaries called for the development of a
theory to underlie the treatment known as “moral therapy” and “diversional occupation,”
among other names. He called for therapists to devise outcome measures so that the
neophyte profession would be given the attention and respect he felt it deserved[5].
Another important figure in the early days of occupational therapy was Susan Tracy, a
nurse by trade, who organized activity-oriented classes for nurses at the Adams Nervine
Asylum. In 1910, she published a textbook that was widely used for over 30 years. She is
credited with expanding the realm of occupational therapy from psychiatric institutions to
the homes of patients, which is an important setting in which today’s occupational
therapists work. Upon breaking ties with the asylum, she set up her own institution,
entitled the Experiment Station for the Study of Invalid Occupations. This training center
educated nurses so they could gain control over their practice and not default to being
dominated by physicians. By practicing privately in patients’ homes, this batch of
occupational therapists expanded the domain of occupational therapy and began using
OT to treat physical ailments as well as mental illness[5].
5. Herbert J. Hall was a physician with a strong work ethic and practical vision. He believed
we could retract social ills by adapting the arts and crafts movement for medical
purposes. A graduate of Harvard Medical School, he advised the government on wartime
standards for occupational therapy during WWI. He introduced the concept of grading
activities—now a hallmark of occupational therapy—to avoid exacerbating patient’s
frustration and fatigue[5].
George Edward Barton, an architect, also aided in promoting the occupational therapy
profession. Diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1901, Barton later contracted gangrene and
had a partial amputation, after which he was left paralyzed on his left side. He opened
Consolation House, a sanctuary for people with physical disabilities, in 1914. There,
intensive self-administered occupational therapy “cured” his ailments. He played an
integral part in gathering the profession’s leaders and forming the first national society[5].
The first meeting of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy was
held in March 1917. Barton (along with his secretary), Eleanor Clark Slagle, William
Rush Dunton Jr., Thomas B. Kinder, and Susan Cox Johnson were the only six in
attendance. In the fall of 1919, at the third meeting, 300 attendees participated. In 1921,
the name of the organization was changed to the American Occupational Therapy
Association and the Archives of Occupational Therapy, the first professional journal,
began publication[5].
World War I forced the new profession to clarify its role in the medical domain and to
standardize training and practice. In addition to clarifying its public image, OT also
established clinics, workshops, and training schools nationwide. Due to the
overwhelming number of wartime injuries, “reconstruction aides” (an umbrella term for
physical therapists and occupational therapists) were recruited by the Surgeon General.
Between 1917 and 1920, nearly 148,000 wounded men were placed in hospitals upon
their return to the states. This number does not account for those wounded abroad. The
success of the reconstruction aides, largely made up of women trying to “do their bit” to
help with the war effort, was a great accomplishment. Post-war, however, there was a
struggle to keep people in the profession. Emphasis was shifted from the altruistic war-
time mentality to the financial, professional, and personal satisfaction that comes with
being a therapist. To make the profession more appealing, practice was standardized, as
was the curriculum. Entry and exit criterion were established, and AOTA advocated for
steady employment, decent wages, and fair working conditions. Via these methods,
occupational therapy sought and obtained medical legitimacy in the 1920s. By the time
Slagle retired from the profession in 1937, the profession’s medical identity was well on
its way to being established[5].
6. Occupational therapy. Toy making in psychiatric hospital. World War 1 era.
] Evolution of the philosophy of occupational therapy
The philosophy of occupational therapy has evolved over the history of the profession.
The philosophy articulated by the founders that have owed much to the ideals of
romanticism[6] , pragmatism[7] and humanism which are collectively considered the
fundamental ideologies of the past century[8][9][10].
William Rush Dunton, the creator of the National Society for the Promotion of
Occupational Therapy, now the American Occupational Therapy Association, sought to
promote the ideas that occupation is a basic human need, and that occupation was
therapeutic. From his statements, came some of the basic assumptions of occupational
therapy, which include:
• Occupation has an effect on health and well-being.
• Occupation creates structure and organizes time.
• Occupation brings meaning to life, culturally and personally.
• Occupations are individual. People value different occupations[1].
These have been elaborated over time to form the values which underpin the Codes of
Ethics issued by each national association. However, the relevance of occupation to
health and well-being remains the central theme. Influenced by criticism from medicine
and the multitude of physical disabilities resulting from World War II , occupational
therapy adopted a more reductionistic philosophy for a time. While this approach lead to
developments in technical knowledge about occupational performance, clinicians became
increasingly disillusioned and re-considered these beliefs[11][12]. As a result, client
centeredness and occupation are re-emerging as dominant themes in the profession,
perhaps indicating growing maturity and self confidence[13][14][15]. Over the past century,
the underlying philosophy of occupational therapy has evolved from being a diversion
from illness, to treatment, to enablement through meaningful occupation[1]. This became
evident through the development and widespread adoption of the Canadian Model of
Occupational Performance.
7. The two most commonly mentioned values are that occupation is essential for health and
the concept of holism. However, there have been some dissenting voices. Mocellin in
particular advocated abandoning the notion of health through occupation as obsolete in
the modern world and questioned the appropriateness of advocating holism when practice
rarely supports it[16][17][18]. The values formulated by the American Association of
Occupational Therapists have also been critiqued as being therapist centred and not
reflecting the modern reality of multicultural practice[19][20].
Central to the philosophy of occupational therapy is the concept of occupational
performance. In considering occupational performance the therapist must consider the
many factors which comprise overall performance. This concept is made more tangible
using models such as the person-environment-occupation model proposed by Law et al.
(1996)[21]. This approach highlights the importance of satisfactions in one's occupations,
broadening the aim of occupational therapy beyond the mere completion of tasks to the
holistic achievement of personal wellbeing.
In recent times occupational therapists have challenged themselves to think more broadly
about the potential scope of the profession, and expanded it to include working with
groups experiencing occupational deprivation which stems from sources other than
disability[22]. Examples of new and emerging practice areas would include therapists
working with refugees[23], and with people experiencing homelessness[24]
Occupation, occupational form and performance
Occupation
Occupation is the dynamic relationship between the occupational form and occupational
performance.[25][26]
Many people see the term occupation as a job one does. However, the meaning of
occupation is seen in a much wider context by an Occupational Therapist. A human being
can be engaged in a wide range of occupations: leisure, self-care or educational activities
are just a few examples of occupation.[27]
Occupational Form
Wu and Lin (1999) stated that the occupational form was the “...objective pre-existing
structure or environmental context that elicits or guides subsequent human performance”.
The occupational form consists of objective features. These may include materials,
human context and socio-cultural dimensions.[28]
Occupational Performance
Occupational performance is the active voluntary human doing of the occupational form.
[29]
8. Occupational therapy process
An Occupational Therapist works systematically through a sequence of actions known as
the occupational therapy process. There are several versions of this process as described
by numerous writers. Creek (2003)[30] has sought to provide a comprehensive version
based on extensive research. This version has 11 stages, which for the experienced
therapist may not be linear in nature. The stages are:
• Referral
• Information gathering
• Initial assessment
• Needs identification/problem formation
• Goal setting
• Action planning
• Action
• Ongoing assessment and revision of action
• Outcome and outcome measurement
• End of intervention or discharge
• Review
Areas of practice in occupational therapy
The role of Occupational Therapy allows OT’s to work in many different settings, work
with many different populations and acquire many different specialties. This broad
spectrum of practice lends itself to difficulty categorizing the areas of practice that exist,
especially considering the many countries and different healthcare systems. In this
section, the categorization from the American Occupational Therapy Association is used.
However, there are other ways to categorize areas of practice in OT, such as physical,
mental, and community practice (AOTA, 2009). These divisions occur when the setting
is defined by the population it serves. For example, acute physical or mental health
settings (e.g.: hospitals), sub-acute settings (e.g.: aged care facilities), outpatient clinics
and community settings.
In each area of practice below, an OT can work with different populations, diagnosis,
specialities, and in different settings.
Physical health
• - Schools, Community, inpatient hospital based child OT: Often, children need
OT services for the same reasons an adult needs OT services. However, OTs
approach intervention in a different way with children. OT delivers approaches
treatment through occupation, and the occupations of a child are different from
those of an adult; and include play, chores, self-care and schoolwork.[31] Common
conditions that are specific to or more common in the pediatric population
creating a need for OT services include: developmental disorders, sensory
regulation or sensory processing deficits, fine motor developmental delays or
9. deficits, autism[31], emotional and behavioral disturbances (Lambert, 2005),
among others. In addition, children are seen for every injury, illness or chronic
condition that may cause a person of any age to have performance deficits in their
daily life and thus benefit from OT services.[31]
• Acute care hospitals: Acute care is an inpatient hospital setting for individuals
with a serious medical condition(s) usually due to a traumatic event, such as a
traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, etc. The primary goal of acute care is to
stabilize the patient’s medical status and address any threats to his or her life and
loss of function. Occupational therapy plays an important role in facilitating early
mobilization, restoring function, preventing further decline, and coordinating care,
including transition and discharge planning. Furthermore, occupational therapy’s
role focuses on addressing deficits and barriers that limit the patient’s ability to
perform activities that they need or want to do related to independence in self-
care, home management, work-related tasks, and participating in leisure and
community pursuits.[32]
• Inpatient rehabilitation (e.g., Spinal Cord Injuries):People with disabilities have
the right and the privilege to live meaningful purposeful lives. When a disability
occurs it is sometimes possible to recover – when it is not it is important to learn
the skills to adapt capacity and environmental supports to be able to participate.
OTs use their knowledge to help both with recovery and adaptation.
• Rehabilitation centers (e.g., Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Stroke (CVA), Spinal
Cord Injuries, Head Injuries)
• Skilled nursing facilities: An occupational therapists role in a skilled nursing
facility is centered on each client’s individual needs. Many of the skills an OT
works on are known as activities of daily living or self-care such as feeding or
dressing. OTs can provide equipment to assist with activities or offer expertise in
modifying the environment to maximize independence and facilitate
independence. Other OT roles include education in adaptive equipment (shower
bench), energy conservation, or task simplification (Hofmann, 2008).
• Home Health: Occupational therapists who work in this area of practice generally
work with client’s in the geriatric population who have one or more of the
following diagnoses: Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, depression, CVA, generalized
weakness, COPD, or Parkinson’s disease. Occupational therapists working with
these client’s evaluate their level of independence, cognition, and safety.
Moreover, occupational therapists provide intervention to maximize independence
and function through remedial and compensatory strategies, with the ultimate goal
of the client’s regaining the ability to live independently at home (Swanson
Anderson & Malaski, 1999).[33]
• Outpatient clinics (e.g., Hand Therapy, orthopaedics) Hand therapy is a specialty
practice area of occupational therapy that is mainly concerned with treating
orthopedic-based upper extremity conditions to optimize the functional use of the
hand and arm. Diagnoses seen by this practice area include: fractures of the hand
or arm, lacerations and amputations, burns, and surgical repairs of tendons and
nerves. Additionally, hand therapists treat acquired conditions such as tendonitis,
rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Occupational
therapists who work in this field address biomechanical issues underlying upper-
10. extremity conditions. In addition, occupational therapists use an occupation-based
and client-centered approach by identifying participation needs of the client, then
tailoring intervention to improve performance in desired activities.[32] [1](link for
a picture of hand therapy)
• Specialist assessment centres (e.g., Electronic assistive technology, Posture and
Mobility services)
• Hospices: An occupational therapists common role in hospice care is modifying
and preventing. Modifying the demands of the activity to fit with the abilities of
the client. The intervention may be directly with the client or with the client and
the client’s caregivers. OT can offer the caregivers support an education. Progress
is defined as improved quality of life in hospice care. (Hasselkaus, 1998)
• Assisted Living Facilities: In an assisted living facility OT services are provided
by a home health agency, rehab agency, or a private practice. Medicare and some
private insurance plans cover OT services in ALFs. Areas of treatment
intervention often include: bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting, mobility,
money management, laundry, and community participation. Can treat persons
with occupational performance decline or at risk for a decline. Increase quality of
life so less residents need the services of a long-term SNF. Special areas include
mobility device assessment (scooter), continence training, psychosocial needs and
low vision programs (Fagan, 2001).
• Productive Aging: An OT practicing in this area would provide skills and services
to older adults to maximize independence, participation, and quality of life.
Typical issues addressed: Any impairment or condition that would limit their
ability to carry out meaningful occupations and tasks that are necessary for daily
life. Skills taught include: energy conservation, education in adaptive equipment
(such as a shower bench), task simplification, adapting and modifying activities to
progress with a client’s changing abilities (Opp Hoffman, 2008), caregiver
education and support (AOTA, 2004), safety, social interactions and
communication, memory skills training[34], mobility device assessment and
training (i.e. scooters, wheelchairs, walkers), low vision interventions, continence
training, and facilitating performance in basic ADL and IADL (Fagan, 2001).
• Work hardening is essentially a specialized program designed to enable people
with physical, psychological, and psychosocial issues inhibiting a person’s ability,
to successfully return to work. The National Advisory Committee on Work
Hardening best describes work hardening:
“Work hardening is a highly structured, goal oriented, individualized treatment program designed
to maximize the individual’s ability to return to work. Work hardening programs, which are
interdisciplinary in nature, use real or simulated work activities in conjunction with conditioning
tasks that are graded to progressively improve the biomechanical, neuromuscular, cardiovascular/
metabolic and psychosocial functions of the individual. Work hardening provides a transition
between acute care and return to work while addressing the issues of productivity, safety,
physical tolerances, and worker behaviors” (Ogden-Niemeyer & Jacobs, 1989, p. 1).
• Work conditioning is similar to work hardening, except work conditioning purely
involves improving physical capacities, whereas work hardening improves
physical, psychological, and psychosocial factors.[35]
11. Mental health
According to Medicare (2005) guidance, “Only a qualified occupational therapist has the
knowledge, training, and experience required to evaluate and, as necessary, re-evaluate a
patient’s level of function, determine whether an occupational therapy program could
reasonably be expected to improve, restore, or compensate for lost function, and where
appropriate, recommend to the physician a plan of treatment.”
According to the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), occupational
therapists work with the Mental Health population throughout the life span and across
many treatment settings where mental health services and psychiatric rehabilitation are
provided (AOTA, 2009). Just as with other clients, the OT facilitates maximum
independence in activities of daily living (dressing, grooming, etc) and instrumental
activities of daily living (medication management, grocery shopping, etc). According to
the American Occupational Therapy Association, OT improves functional capacity and
quality of life for people with mental illness in the areas of employment, education,
community living, and home and personal care through the use of real life activities in
therapy treatments (AOTA, 2005).
Geriatric, Adult, Adolescents, and Children with any kind of mental illness or mental
health issues. These conditions include but are not limited to: Schizophrenia, substance
abuse, addiction, dementia, Alzheimer’s, mood disorders, personality disorders,
psychoses, eating disorders, anxiety disorders (including post-traumatic stress disorder,
separation anxiety disorder) (Cara & MacRae, 2005), and reactive attachment disorder
(children only) (Lambert, 2005).
Typical issues that are addressed are as follows: Helping people acquire the skills to care
for themselves or others including; keeping a schedule, medication management,
employment, education, increasing community participation, community access (grocery
store, library, bank, etc.), money management skills, engaging in productive activities to
fill the day, coping skills, routine building, building social skills, and childcare (Cara &
MacRae, 2005).
Areas that Mental Health OT's could work in are as follows:[citation needed]
• Mental health inpatient units
o Adolescent, adult and older people's acute mental health wards
o Adult and older people's rehabilitation wards
o Prisons/secure units (Forensic psychiatry)
o Psychiatric intensive care unit
o Specialist units for Eating Disorders, Learning disabilities
• Community based mental health teams
o Child and adolescent mental health teams
o Adult and older people's community mental health teams
o Rehabilitation and recovery and Assertive Outreach community teams
o Primary care services in GP practices
12. o Home treatment teams
o early psychosis teams
o Specialist learning disability, eating disorder community services
o Day services
o Vocational Services
o Dementia & Alzheimer Care: OTs focus on adapting activities as the
client progresses through the illness (Hofmann, 2008) OT also works with
caregivers to teach them how to grade activities to the client’s ability.
Interventions are based on using the client’s strengths to increase their
quality of life and their relationships with caregivers. Use of social
interactions, communication, memory, safety and self maintenance.[34]
Community
Community based practice involves working with people in their own environment rather
than in a hospital setting. It often combines the knowledge and skills related to physical
and mental health. It can also involve working with atypical populations such as the
homeless or at-risk populations. Examples of community-based practice settings:
• Health promotion and lifestyle change: Remaining healthy is the goal of all
people in a society, including people with chronic disabling or health conditions.
Achieving health requires skills to self-manage conditions that might limit their
ability to function in daily life. The occupational therapist helps people acquire
these skills (Wilcock, 2005).
• Private Practice
• Aging in place: Occupational therapists implement environmental modifications
in senior housing, assisted living, long-term-care facilities, and homes
(Yamkovenko, 2008) Environmental modifications can include rearranging
furniture, building ramps, widening doorways, grab bars, special toilet seats, and
other safety equipment to use performance capabilities to their fullest (Moyers &
Christiansen, 2004).
• Low Vision: Occupational therapists help clients use their remaining vision to
complete their daily routines with compensation, remediation, disability
prevention and health promotion. Compensations or that modifications to the
environment may include proper lighting, color contrast, reducing clutter and
education on adaptive equipment (Golembiewski, 2004).
• Intermediate care services
• Driving Centers: Driving is an instrumental activity of daily living and an
occupational therapist may evaluate and treat skills needed to drive such as vision,
executive function or memory. If a client needs more skilled assessment and
training they would refer them to an OT Driver Rehabilitation Specialist which
could do on the road assessment, training in adaptive equipment and make more
specific recommendations.
• Day centres
13. • Schools
• Child development centres
• People's own homes, carrying out therapy and providing equipment and
adaptations
• Work and Industry: To be a healthy successful worker there must be a person
environment fit between the task, the equipment, and the person’s skills.
Occupational therapists work to achieve that fit (Ellexson, 2000; Clinger, Dodson,
Maltchev, & Page, 2007). Populations, conditions, and diagnoses: People of
working age and ability who have been born with or developed a condition,
injury, or illness that compromises their ability to work (Ellexson, 2000; Clinger,
Dodson, Maltchev, & Page, 2007). Settings: Return to work programs, large
organizations, consultants to large organizations, work hardening programs, work
conditioning programs, transitional return to work programs (Ellexson, 2000;
Clinger, Dodson, Maltchev, & Page, 2007). Typical issues addressed: assessment
of ability to work, interventions to enhancing work performance by means of
work hardening, work conditioning, and improvement of ergonomics in the
workplace, identification of accommodations necessary to return-to-work
following illness or injury, prevention of work related injury, illness, or disability
(Ellexson, 2000; Clinger, Dodson, Maltchev, & Page, 2007).
• Homeless Shelters
• Educational Settings
• Refugee Camps[23]
New Emerging Practice Areas for Therapy
• Children & Youth:[36]
o Psychosocial Needs of Children & Youth
• Health & Wellness:
o Health & Wellness Consulting
o Design & Accessibility Consulting & Home Modification
o Ergonomic Consulting
o Private Practice Community Health Services
• Productive Aging:
o Driver Rehabilitation & Training
o Low Vision Services
• Rehabilitation, Disability, & Participation:
o Technology & Assistive Device Development & Consulting
• Work & Industry:
o Ticket to Work Services
o Welfare to Work Services
Occupational therapy approaches
Services typically include:
• Teaching new ways of approaching tasks[37]
14. • How to break down activities into achievable components eg sequencing a
complex task like cooking a complex meal
• Comprehensive home and job site evaluations with adaptation recommendations.
• Performance skills assessments and treatment.
• Adaptive equipment recommendations and usage training.
• Environmental adaptation including provision of equipment or designing
adaptations to remove obstacles or make them manageable
• Guidance to family members and caregivers.
• The use of creative media as therapeutic activity
Activity analysis
Activity analysis has been defined as a process of dissecting an activity into its
component parts and task sequence in order to identify its inherent properties and the
skills required for its performance, thus allowing the therapist to evaluate its therapeutic
potential
Therapeutic activity
Occupational therapists use therapeutic activity or therapeutic occupation to improve an
individual's occupational performance and increase function in activities of daily living
(ADLs).
A core and unique feature of occupational therapy practice is the use of occupation as a
therapeutic medium. An occupational therapy core skill as defined by The College of
Occupational Therapists (COT) is the use of activity as a therapeutic tool
Occupational therapists have utilized activities, such as crafts, since the profession was
founded. The arts and crafts movement in the very early 20th century had ascertained that
goal directed activity had a curative effect on the social problems inherent in the newly
industrialized societies. The founders of the occupational therapy profession extended
this thinking to the treatment of individuals' with mental health problems and as a
consequence between 1920 and 1940 much of occupational therapy practice concentrated
around the use of crafts as purposeful activities. The emergence of occupational therapy
in physical medicine began during World War II and craft activities were utilized to
rehabilitate injured soldiers. This method of practice was later termed by Mosey as
activity synthesis.
Activity synthesis or occupational synthesis is the core of occupational therapy practice;
occupational therapists, in collaboration with clients, design occupational forms to
produce a therapeutic occupation or activity, that is meaningful and purposeful to the
client. The therapeutic activity or occupation may be used to assess the client’s
occupational needs or to achieve a therapeutic goal. The component parts of an activity or
occupation are matched with the required occupational performance outcomes. For
example, the muscle movements elicited by pottery may address fine motor and gross
15. motor skills to improve shoulder flexion and extension, range of movement and elbow
extension and flexion.[47].
Other therapeutic activities or occupations may include cookery activities, such as
making a smoothie or a healthy soup. The components of this activity such as planning
and following a recipe may address cognitive components of occupational performance
such as problem solving, sequencing and learning. Health may be promoted through this
occupation, enabling clients to consider healthy eating issues[48]. Occupational therapists
may further use therapeutic activities or occupations to assess occupational performance.
For example, an occupational therapist may ask a client to make a cup of tea or prepare a
simple meal to assess performance in activities of daily living (ADLs). An occupational
therapist may use a board or card game to assess cognitive components of occupational
performance. This application of therapeutic activity/occupation involves use of the core
skills of the occupational therapist, chiefly assessment and problem solving[49].
Theoretical Frameworks
Occupational Therapists use a number of theoretical frameworks to frame their practice.
Note that terminology has differed between scholars. Theoretical bases for framing a
human and their occupation being include the following:
Frames of Reference/Generic models
Frames of reference or generic models are the overarching title given to a collation of
compatible knowledge, research and theories that form conceptual practice. More
generally they can be defined as "those aspects which influence our perceptions,
decisions and practice".
Occupational Therapy Frame of References/Models:
• Person Environment Occupation Performance Model (PEOP)
• Model of Human Occupation (MOHO)
• Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP)
• Biomechanical
• Rehabilitative (compensatory)
• Cognitive Disabilities
• Sensory Integration
• Lifestyle Performance Model (Fidler)
Approaches/Intervention models
These are the methods of carrying out the Frames of Reference. Again, terminology
differs depending on your viewpoint and literature base. Using the above author ([52]),
approaches can include the Adaptive (based on the compensatory Frame of Reference),
16. United States
Education Requirements
In many countries, occupational therapists are educated at the baccalaureate level.
However, currently in United States and Canada, entry level is at the master’s level. This
change occurred in 2007, requiring all occupational therapists who started their
educational program after 2007 to continue their education beyond a four-year degree.
Currently, six schools in the US offer a clinical doctorate for those who would like to
further their education past the Master’s level.
All occupational therapists have a well-rounded knowledge of biomedical, behavioral,
environmental and occupational scientists. Occupational therapist base their interventions
on the knowledge based on neuroscience, anatomy, applied technology, policy and
environmental strategies.
These schools are currently accredited for Master’s level education:
These schools are currently accredited for Doctoral level education:
Employment
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, occupational therapists held 99,000 positions
in 2006 (2009). States with the most licensed and employed occupational therapists are
California, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. In 2006, 52.6% of occupational therapists
worked in hospitals, early intervention facilities and schools (American Occupational
Therapy Association, 2006). The Bureau of Labor statistics reported that 78% of
occupational therapists worked full-time in 2006 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009). In
addition, the median number of years of experience for occupational therapists was 13
years (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2006). Occupational therapists can
work in many different settings, some examples include:
• Hospitals
• Schools
• Early intervention facilities
• Skilled nursing facilities
• Home health care services
• Outpatient care centers
• Government agencies
• Private practice
The field of occupational therapy is projected to see faster growth than other careers. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that the number of jobs will grow to 122,000 in 2016
(2009). Areas of occupational therapy that involve helping older adults will see the most
growth. This expansion is due to the large need to provide health care services to the
aging baby boom generation (American Occupational Therapy Association, n.d.; Bureau
17. of Labor Statistics, 2009). In addition, the area of school-based occupational therapy will
see growth as well.
Earnings
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2006 the average salary was $60,470 for
occupational therapists (2009). The average starting entry-level salary for occupational
therapists was $46,300 (American Occupational Therapy Association, n.d.). In 2006, the
salaries of occupational therapists in the 50% percentile ranged from $50,450 to $73,710
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.). Salary varies according to the setting and the following
represents average salaries for some practice areas:
Hospitals $61,610
School setting $54,260
Nursing care services $64,750
Home Health care $67,600
Facilities of physical, occupational Speech therapists $62,290
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009)
In addition, according to the Work Force Survey conducted by the American
Occupational Therapy Association in 2006, average salaries for some other areas include:
Mental Health $53,750
Academic $66,000
(American Occupational Therapy Association, 2006)
18. Challenges for occupational therapy
A key challenge for occupational therapy is to develop and maintain a definition of its
nature and scope[53] assert that while this presents a challenge, it also results in a unique
flexibility which allows the discipline to move with the flow of social, cultural and
environmental change. This difficulty in definition may be a cause of chronic strain for
practitioners[54] and may also contribute to a lack of role definition and subsequent
blurring[55]
Recent literature has also called for occupational therapy to address the political nature of
who occupational therapists are and what they do (Kronenberg & Pollard, 2005).
Occupational therapy and ICF
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is an
outcome measure for health and occupation and illustrates how these components impact
one’s function. This relates very closely to the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework
as it is stated, “The profession’s core beliefs are in the positive relationship between
occupation and health and its view of people as occupational beings” (2008). The ICF is
also built into the 2nd edition of the practice framework. Activities and participation
examples from the ICF overlap Areas of Occupation, Performance Skills, and
Performance Patterns in the framework. The ICF also includes contextual factors
(environmental and personal factors) that relate to the context in the framework. In
addition, Body functions and structures classified within the ICF help describe the client
factors as described in the OT framework (AOTA, 2002).
Further exploration of the relationship between occupational therapy and the components
of the ICIDH-2 (revision of the original International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH); later becoming the ICF) was conducted by
McLaughlin Gray (2001). First, the ICF is an international framework and provides an
opportunity for the occupational therapy field to become better known across the globe.
Second, the ICF provides occupational therapists with a global language to describe their
expertise to the larger international health care community. The ICF uses a positive,
holistic language emphasizing skills, capacities, and strengths of an individual rather than
focusing on one’s deficits and disabilities. This is similar to the outlook of occupational
therapists. Third, the ICF includes environmental and personal contextual factors which
are incorporated into the theory behind occupational therapy. It is important to take into
consideration an individual’s personal, environmental, and occupational factors to
develop an effective intervention (Christiansen & Baum, 2005). The last notable
application of the ICF to occupational therapy is the recognition of cultural patterns in
occupation. Culture has significance on an individual’s activities and participation and it
is important to keep this in mind when treating an individual.
Although the ICF can be very useful for occupational therapists, it is noted in the
literature that occupational therapists should use specific occupational therapy vocabulary
along with the ICF in order to ensure correct communication about specific concepts
19. (Stamm, Cieza, Machold, Smolen, & Stucki, 2006). The ICF might lack certain
categories to describe what occupational therapists need to communicate to clients and
colleagues. It also may not be possible to exactly match the connotations of the ICF
categories to occupational therapy terms. The ICF is not an assessment and specialized
occupational therapy vocabulary should not be replaced with ICF terminology. (Haglund
& Henriksson, 2003). The ICF is an overarching framework on which to hang current
therapy practices.
Research Resources for Occupational Therapy
• American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT)
• OT Search database (AOTA)
• World Federations of Occupational Therapists (WFOT)
• Australian Occupational Therapy Journal (AOTJ)
• New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy (NZJOT)
• Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy (SJOT)
About the Service:
Managed from Murray Royal Hospital, an Occupational Therapy Service is offered to
people in the following care groups:
• Adults with acute mental health problems, as in-patients and outpatients.
• Adults with severe and or enduring mental health problems, as in-patients and
outpatients, within hospital and community settings.
• Mentally disordered offenders in hospital based forensic services.
20. • Older persons with mental health problems, as in-patients, day patients and
outpatients.
Occupational Therapy in mental health aims to help people reach their maximum level of
function and independence in all aspects of daily life, including: personal independence,
employment, social, recreational/leisure pursuits and interpersonal relationships.
Occupational Therapists can help people when they:
• May have lost confidence with things that they used to do.
• Find day to day activities difficult for a variety of reasons
• Would like to improve their ability to look after themselves or take part in
community activities.
Occupational Therapists can work with people at home, in hospital or in the community.
We work out with people a plan that meets their needs. We always respect individual’s
privacy and what they want to do.
The Occupational Therapy Service in Mental Health operates in the following areas:
• General Adult Psychiatry, Murray Royal Hospital (Acute and Rehabilitation)
• Community Mental Health Team, Perth City
• Adult Forensic Psychiatry, Murray Royal Hospital
• Older Peoples’ Psychiatry (Older Peoples’ Community Mental Health Team),
Murray Royal Hospital
Professional Standards:
All Occupational Therapists in Tayside work to professional standards based on national
recommendations (British College of Occupational Therapists).
Internal audits are carried out on a regular basis. Performance appraisal of all staff
(qualified and unqualified) is undertaken using Tayside Primary Care Trust Performance
Appraisal criteria on an annual basis. Services are also audited by means of client
satisfaction surveys and programme evaluation forms.
All qualified staff have a degree or diploma in Occupational Therapy and are registered
with the Health Professions Council (HPC). All staff attend mandatory training on
Moving and Handling, Infection Control, Food Hygiene, Fire and Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation. Mental Health staff also have annual input on calming/break-away
techniques. All staff participate in in-service training and have one half day per month
protected for Continued Professional Development.