Barack Obama was the first African American president of the United States. When he took office in 2008, he inherited wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, a recession causing high unemployment and foreclosures, and a large fiscal deficit from the previous administration. Through policies like economic stimulus, health care reform, and tax increases on the wealthy, Obama aimed to revive the economy, make health care more affordable, and reduce the deficit. His fiscal cliff policy of 2013 continued his efforts to tackle economic issues through spending cuts and targeted tax increases.