The document discusses various nutritional problems including undernutrition and overnutrition. It defines undernutrition as a deficiency of essential nutrients and lists several types: - Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) which includes conditions like kwashiorkor and marasmus caused by inadequate protein and calorie intake. - Low birth weight (LBW) which is defined as birth weight less than 2.5kg. - Vitamin A deficiency which can cause night blindness and increased susceptibility to infections. - Nutritional anemia due to insufficient iron intake. - Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) which can cause goiter and hypothyroidism. It also briefly discusses eating disorders like anorexia nervosa

1. NUTRITIONAL
PROBLEMS
Presentation by:-
Ms.Chandani S. Modi
F. Y. M.Sc. Nursing,
C.M.P.C.O.N.,
Gandhinagar.

3. Introduction
• Nutrition is the selection of foods and preparation of foods and
their ingestion to be assimilated by the body.
• By the practicing a healthy diet, many of the known health
issues can be avoided.

4. Definition
• A nutritional deficiency occurs when the body doesn’t absorb
or get from food the necessary amount of a nutrient.
• Deficiencies can lead to a variety of health problems. These
can include digestion problems, skin disorders, stunted or
defective bone growth and even dementia.

6. 1. Undernutrition:

7.  Definition:
It is defined as a pathological state resulting
from an absolute or relative deficiency of one or more
essential nutrients.
It includes:
• PEM
• LBW
• Nutritional anemia
• Lathyrism
• Endemic goiter
• Endemic flurosis
• Xerophthalmia
• Keratomalcia

8. a) PEM:
It refers to a form of malnutrition where there
is inadequate protein and calorie intake.
It is considered as the primarily nutritional
problem in India.
 Causes:
• Childhood morbidity and mortality
• Conditions/diseases
• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
• Marasmic-kwashiorkor

9.  Contributory factors:
• Inadequate intake of food
• Diarrhea
• Respiratory infections
• Measles
• Poor envt. Hygiene
• Large family size
• Poor maternal health
• Failure of lactation
• Premature termination of breast feeding
• Delayed supplementary feeding
• Use of over diluted cow’s milk

10.  KWASHIORKOR:-
Kwashiorkor is the most common and
widespread nutritional disorder in developing
countries. It is a form of malnutrition caused
by not getting enough protein in the diet.
 MARASMUS:-
Marasmus is a severe form of
malnutrition that consist of the chronic wasting
away of fat, muscle and their tissues in the
body.

12. • Malnutrition occurs when the body does not get
enough protein and calories.
• This lack of nutrition can range from a shortage of
certain vitamins to complete starvation.

13. Prevention:
• Oral rehydration therapy helps to prevent
dehydration caused by diarrhea.
• Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months thereafter
supplementary foods may be introduced along with
breast feeds.
• Immunization for infants and children
• Nutrition supplements
• Early diagnosis and treatment
• Promotion and correction of feeding practise
• Family planning and spacing of birth

14. b) LBW:
 Definition:
A LBW newborn is any newborn with a birth
weight of less than 2.5kg (including 2.499kg)
regardless of gestational age.
 Risk factors:
• Illness/infection
• Short maternal stature & Close birth intervals
• Very young age
• High Parity
• IUGR

15.  Prevention:
• Identification of mothers risk – malnutrition, heavy
work load, infections, disease and high BP
• Increasing food intake of mother, supplementary
feeding, distribution of iron and folic acid tablets
• Avoidance id smoking
• Improved sanitation methods
• Improving health and nutrition of young girls
• Controlling infections – UTI, rubella, syphilis,
malaria

16. c) Vitamin A deficiency:
Hypovitaminosis A is a lack of vitamin A in
blood and tissues. It is common in poorer countries
but rarely seen in more developed countries.
Nyctalopia (Night blindness) is one of the first sign of
VAD.

18.  Clinical features:
• Reduced vision in the night or dim light
• Dry eyes which could also lead to Xerophthelmia
• Corneal inflammation
• The child or adult may experience susceptibility
towards respiratory infection and urinary
infections
• Growth can be halted in children
• Skin might also show signs of vitamin A
deficiency. For example, it may get rough or dry

19.  Prevention:
• Administering large doses of Vitamin A orally on a
pediatric basis
• Regular and adequate intake of vitamin A
• Fortification of certain food with vitamin A – sugar,
salt, tea and skimmed milk

20. d) Nutritional Anemia:
 Definition:
Nutritional anemia is a condition where the
hemoglobin content of blood is lower than normal as
a result of a deficiency or one or more essential
nutrients, regardless of the cause of such deficiency.
 Risk factors:
• Inadequate diet
• Insufficient intake of iron
• Iron malabsorption

21. • Pregnancy
• Excessive menstrual bleeding
• Hook worm infection
• Malaria
• Close birth intervals
• GI bleed
• Infants and children
• Pregnant women
• Pre menopausal women

22.  Prevention:
• Estimation of HB to assess degree of anemia
• Blood transfusion in severe case of anemia (<8g/dl)
• Iron and folic acid supplements
• Food fortification with iron
• Changing dietary habits
• Control of parasites
• Nutritional education and awareness

23. e) Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD):
IDD leads to a much wider spectrum of
disorder commencing with the intrauterine life and
extending through childhood to adult life with
serious health and social implication.
 Disorders:
• Goiter
• Hypothyroidism
• Mental retardation

24. f) Eating disorders:
• Anorexia Nervosa:

25. • Bulimia Nervosa:

26. 2. Over Nutrition:
It is defined as a pathological state resulting
from an absolute or relative excess of one or more
essential nutrients.
 Obesity:
• It is an epidemic disease, which consists of body
weight that is in excess of that appropriate for a
person’s height and age standardized to account for
differences, leading to an increased risk to health
related problems.

27. • A person with BMI of 30 or more is generally
considered obese. A person with a BMI equal to or
more than 25 is considered overweight.

29. Assignment
How can we solve the Nutritional
Problems???