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Nursing Management of snake bite ppt.ppt
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- 2. Classification of snakes Poisonoussnakes belong to three Families on the basis of poison secreted : • 1. Elapidae : Neurotoxic • 2. Viperidae : Vasculotoxic • 3. Hydrophidae : Myotoxic
- 3. 1. ELAPIDAE examples • A)Common Cobra / Nag or Kalsap or Naja naja • B) King Cobra – Raj Nag or Naja hanna or Naja bangarus • C) Krait : Subgrouped into : a). Common krait or Bangarus caeruleus b). Banded krait or Bangarus fasciatus c). Coral snake d). Tiger snake e). Mambas f). Death adder
- 4. Common Cobra /Nag or Kalsap or Naja naja • Seen through out India, Burma, Srilanka • Well marked hood • Single (monocellate) or double spectacle mark
- 6. Monocellate Cobra Naja NajaKaouthia
- 7. 1. Common krait BungarusCaeruleus Neurotoxic
- 8. 2. VIPERIDAE They aregrouped into: • A). Pitless Vipers : They are a). Russel ‘s Viper b). Saw-scaled Viper • B). Pit Vipers : They are a). Pit Viper- Crotalidae b). Common Green Pit Viper
- 9. 1. Saw scaledviper (carpet viper) Echis carinatus Haematotoxic
- 10. 1. Russell’s viper Daboiarusselli Haematotoxic
- 11. 3. HYDROPHIDAE • 20types of sea snakes found in India. • All are poisonous. • They are myotoxic.
- 12. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COBRAAND VIPER TRAITS COBRA VIPER 1. Body Usually long and cylindrical Usually short and stout with narrow neck 2. Head Small ,seldom broader than body, usually of same width as that of neck, covered with large scales Larger and broader than body ,usually wider than the neck , covered with small scales 3.Maxillary bones They carry other teeth beside the poison fangs They carry only the poison fangs 4. Eye It has round pupil It has vertical pupil 5. Fangs. Placed little anteriorly , grooved short ,fine and fixed They are canalised ,long , movable and strong, 6. Eggs Oviparous Viviparous 7. Tail Round Tapering
- 13. Snake Bite andSnake Venom • When a snake bites, it may excrete venom but this is dependent on the type of snake – venomous or non venomous. • Snake Venom is a Toxin (Hematotoxin, Neurotoxin, or Cytotoxin) • It is a varied form of saliva and excreted through a modified parotid salivary gland – Located on each side of the skull, behind the eye – Produced through a pumping mechanism from a sac that stores the venom, proceeds through a channel, down a tubular fang, hollow in the center to project the venom
- 14. SNAKE VENOM • Snakevenoms are – A combination of proteins and enzymes – 90% protein by dry weight & most of these are enzymes – Have 25 different enzymes found in various venoms and 10 of these occur frequently in most venoms – Synergistic in effects: different venoms contain different combinations of enzymes causing a more potent effect than any of the individual effects (very similar to drug synergism)
- 15. Composition of snakevenom Enzymes- • phospholipase A2( Lecithinase), 5’- nucleotidase,collaginase,L-aminoacid oxidase, protinases, hyaluronidase, • Ach, Phospholipase-b (ellipdae) • Endopeptidases, kininogenase, factor-X, prothrombin activating enzyme (viper)
- 16. Non Enzyme Peptides: • α- bungarotoxin,β- bungarotoxin,Crotoxin, Crotamine,Cardiotoxin. Peptide- Pyroglutamyl peptide Nucleoside-Adenine,Guanine,Inosine. Lipid-Phospholipid,Cholestrol Amine-Histamine,Serotonin,Spermin Metal-Cu,Zn,Ni,Mg.
- 17. Difference between poisonousand non-poisonous snakes Points Poisonous snakes Non Poisonous 1. Belly scales Large : They cover the entire breadth of belly Small : They never cover 2. Head scales a) Usually small in vipers b) May be large in pit vipers c) Cobras and Coral snakes where third labial touches the eye and nasal shields d) Kraits ,where there is no pit and the third labial does not touch the nose and eye Are usually large with exceptions as outlined under poisonous snakes 3. Fangs Are hollow like hypodermic needle Short and solid 4. Tail Compressed Not markedly compressed 5. Habits Usually nocturnal Not so 6. Teeth bite marks Two fang marks with or without marks of other teeth Two fang marks with number of small teeth marks
- 18. Mechanism of Toxicityof Venom • The most common types of enzymes are proteolytic, phospholipases and hyaluronidases – Proteolytic Enzymes: digestive properties – Phospholipases: degrade lipids – Hyaluronidases: facilitates venom spread through out the body
- 19. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS •A. Elapid Bite: a). Local Features : Fang marks Burning pain Swelling and discoloration Serosanguinous discharge Local symptoms are milder in comparison to that in Viperine bite.
- 20. Systemic features • Preparalytic stage: •Vomiting • Headache • Giddiness • Weakness and lethargy • Paralytic stage: • Ptosis. • Ophthalmoplegia Drowsiness • Convulsion • Bulbar paralysis • Respiratory failure • death
- 21. • B. Viperidbite : • Local features : Rapid swelling at bite site Discoloration Blister formation Bleeding from bite site Pain
- 22. • Systemic features: .Generalizedbleeding : Epistaxis ,hemoptysis , hemetemesis ,bleeding gums ,hematuria , malena , hemaorrhagic areas over skin and mucosa .Shock .Renal failure
- 23. C. Hydrophid bite •Local features: Local swelling Pain Systemic Features : Myalgia Muscle stiffness Myoglobinuria Renal failure
- 24. Summary of Manifestations FeatureCobras Kraits Russells Viper Saw Scaled Viper Hump Nosed Viper Local Pain/ Tissue Damage YES NO YES YES YES Ptosis/ Neurological Signs YES YES YES! NO NO Haemostatic abnormalities NO NO! YES YES YES Renal Complications NO NO YES NO YES Response to Neostigmine YES NO? NO? NO NO Response to ASV YES YES YES YES NO
- 25. No Envenomation Mild Envenomation Moderate Envenomation Severe Envenomation Fang marks +/-+ + + Local reaction: Pain Local edema Erythma Echymosis - NO NO NO Moderate Minimum (0-15cm) + +/- Severe Moderate (15-30cm) + + Severe Severe >30cm + + Symptoms No No Weakness Sweating Syncope Nausea Vomiting Thrombocytopenia Hypotension Paresthesia Coma Pulm. edema Resp.failure
- 26. Factor affecting snakebite toxicity factor effect Body weight Bigger the size lesser toxicity Aggravating factor Predispose to harmful effect of snake venom Part bitten Bite on face and trunk are most lethal Exercise Poor outcome Individual sensitivity Sensitivity of individual to venom modified clinical outcome Bite characteristic Type of bite(business or defence),Bite number ,depth, duration of when snake clinges to body,bite through clothes,ammount of venom,condition of fangs,different species & their lethal dose
- 27. Prognosis assesment • Timeof bite • Activity at the time of bite • First aid action taken since the bite • Clinical examination • 20 mn whole Blood Clotting Test
- 28. Lab investigations 20 WBCT-Testpositive for viperine bite ELISA Test Non Specific- Hemogram, S.Creatinine, S.Amylase, CPK, Creatine Phosphokinase, • PT, FDP & Fibrinogen level in viper bite interfer with clotting mechanism. • ABG, Electrolyte-for systemic manifestion. • Urine Examination for Proteinuria , Myoglobinuria
- 29. • ECG-non specificchanges like bradycardia, AV-block. • EEG-mainly in temporal lobe.60% in Grade- I,31% Grade-II,4% Grade III
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- 31. Management • The firstaid being currently recommended is based around the mnemonic: “Do it R.I.G.H.T.” R =Reassure the patient. 70% of all snakebites are from non-venomous species. Only 50% of bites by venomous species actually envenomate the patient. I = Immobilise in the same way as a fractured limb. Use bandages or cloth to hold the splints, not to block the blood supply or apply pressure. Do not apply any compression in the form of tight ligatures, they can be dangerous! G.H. = Get to Hospital Immediately. Traditional remedies have NO PROVEN benefit in treating snakebite. T = Tell the doctor of any systemic symptoms such as ptosis that manifest on the way to hospital.
- 32. First Aid DOs- Assurance ofpatient Immobilisation Application of tourniquet???? DON’TS- Incision Suction Application of Ice ,massage or any chemical treatment
- 33. Specific treatment Anti snakeVenom Indication for ASV • Spontaneous systemic Bleeding • WBCT > 20 min • Thrombocytopenia (platelet < 1 lac) • Shock, paralysis, ARF, Rhabdomyolysis, Hyperkalemia. • Local swelling involving > ½ of bitten limb • Rapid extension of swelling
- 34. Anti venom Therapy •Ideally administer with in 4 hr but effective if given with in 24 hrs In mild cases-5 vial (50 ml) In moderate cases-5 to 10 vial In severe cases-10 to 20 vial Additional infusion containing 5 to 10 vial are infused until progression of swelling ceased and systemic symptoms are disappeared.
- 35. • ASV canbe administer slow i.v. injection or infusion @ rate of 2ml/min • AVS dilute 5-10 ml/kg body weight of normal saline or 5% dextrose and infused over 1 hr • ASV should never given locally at site of snake bite.
- 36. Disadvantage of ASV •Pain at injection site • Hematoma formation • Increase intra compartmental pressure ASV SENSTIVITY IS NOT RECOMMONDED NOW A DAYS
- 37. Adverse reaction ofASV • Seen in 20 % patient Early anaphylactic reaction- • Seen with in 10 min to 3 hrs • Urticaria, diarrhoea, tachycardia, fever, hypotension, etc. Late Serum Sickness • 1-12 days • Fever,nausea,vomiting,diarhoea,artheritis,nephrits,my oglobinuria.etc.
- 38. Treatment Of EarlyASV reaction • Adrenaline -1:1000 i.m. 0.5 mg in adult 0.01 mg/kg in children can be repeated every 5 min if necessary H1 antihistaminic-i.v. 1 mg of CPM I.V. Hydrocortisone
- 39. Treatment Of LateASV reaction • 5 days course of oral anti histaminic CPM 2mg/6hour-adult 0.25 mg/kg/day in divided dose Patient who fail to response with in 24 hr Predinisolone- 5mg/6h in adult 0.7 mg/kg/day in divided dose in children
- 40. Supportive therapy • ForCoagulopathy - if not reverse after ASV therapy Fresh frozen plasma Cryoprecipitate (fibrinogen, Factor VIII), Fresh whole blood, Platelet concentrate.
- 41. For Bulbar Paralysis& Resp. Failure- • ASV alone not sufficient • Tracheotomy, Endotrachial intubation,& mechanical ventilation • Inj. of neostigmine-50 to 100 microgram/kg/4hrs as a continuous infusion • Glycopyrrolate-0.25 mg can be given before neostigmine in place of atropine don’t cross blood brain barrier • Care of bitten part- Antibiotic prophylaxis & ATS injection
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- 43. Scorpions Introduction • There aremore than 1250 species of scorpions. • About 100 species are found in India • Eight legged arthropods, have a hollow sting in the last joint of their tail • Venom is clear, colourless toxalbumen,and can be classified as either neurotoxic or haemolytic.
- 44. Introduction • Toxicity ismore than snake but only small quantity is injected. • Venom is potent autonomic stimulator resulting in the release of massive amount of catecholamine from adrenals. • The mortality, except in children is negligible.
- 45. Signs And Symptoms Incase of haemolytic venom- • reaction is mainly local and simulates the viper snake bite, but the scorpion sting will have only one hole in the centre of reddened area. • The extremity will have pain and oedema.
- 46. Signs And Symptoms Incase of neurotoxic venom- • symptoms produced are similar to cobra bite. • There are usually no mark reaction in local area. • Nausea,vomiting,extreme restlessness,fever, paralysis,cardiac arrythmia,convulsions,coma and cyanosis,respiratory depression,and death may occur with in hours from pulmonary oedema and cardiac failure. • Diagnosis is confirmed by ELISA testing.
- 47. Treatment • Immobilise thelimb and apply a torniquet above the location of sting • Pack sting in ice, and incise and use suction, and wash with week solution of ammonia, borax or potassium permanganate • A local anaesthetic (2% novocaine or 5% cocaine) is injected at site of pain
- 48. Treatment • A specificantivenin is available foe most species • Calcium gluconate i.v. to control local swelling. • Barbiturate to reduce convulsions. • Morphine is contraindicated • Atropine is valuable to prevent pulmonary oedema
- 49.
- 50. 1. True aboutcobra poison • Neurotoxic • Myotoxic • Cardiotoxic1 • Vasculotoxic
- 51. 2. Cholinesterase ispresent in • Elapid • Viper • Sea snakes • All
- 52. 3. Muscle paralysisis caused by • Sea snakes • Mamba • Krait • python
- 53. 4. True aboutpoisonous snakes is • Fangs present • Belly scale are small • Small head scales • Grooved teeth
- 54. 5. Most characteristicfeature of elapidae snake envenomation • Bleeding manifestation • Neuro-paralytic symptoms • Rhabdomyolysis • Cardiotoxicity