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2
3
‫على‬ ‫قادرا‬ ‫الطالب‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫المحاضرة‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫عند‬
:
.1
‫قيم‬ ‫عن‬ ‫بالبحث‬ ‫وذلك‬ ‫المعادالت‬ ‫جذور‬ ‫إيجاد‬
x
‫من‬ ‫جدا‬ ‫قريبة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ما‬ ‫أصغر‬
‫الصفر‬
.
.2
‫الفترة‬‫في‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫امل‬‫من‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫لالشتقاق‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫املعادلة‬ ‫ر‬‫جذو‬‫ل‬‫عز‬ ‫طريقة‬‫معرفة‬
a,b
.
.3
‫املنحنى‬ ‫تقاطع‬ ‫نقطة‬‫إليجاد‬ ‫البيانية‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫فهم‬
f(x)
‫السينات‬ ‫ر‬‫محو‬ ‫مع‬
.
.4
‫املعادلة‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫إليجاد‬ ‫التحليلية‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫استخدام‬‫معرفة‬
.
4
‫مثال‬
2
:
‫احسب‬
‫النسبة‬
‫المئوية‬
‫للخطأ‬
‫في‬
‫الكمية‬
y =
𝟓𝟑𝟒+𝟕𝐱2
𝟔
‫اذا‬
‫كانت‬
𝐱 =
𝟔𝟏.𝟏
𝟕
‫مستخدما‬
‫ألة‬
‫حاسبة‬
‫ذات‬
‫سعة‬
‫تخزين‬
‫قدرتها‬
‫أربع‬
‫خانات‬
‫عشرية‬
‫ولكنها‬
‫ت‬
‫قوم‬
‫بتقريب‬
‫الرقم‬
‫الخامس‬
‫طبقا‬
‫لقواعد‬
‫التقريب‬
‫العادية‬
.
‫الحل‬
‫سنحسب‬
‫الكمية‬
y
‫خطوة‬
‫خطوة‬
:
8.728571429 = 𝟖.𝟕𝟐𝟗
=
𝐱 =
𝟔𝟏.𝟏
𝟕
X² = (8.729)² = 76.20
7X² = 533.4
534 - 7X² = 0.6
0.1
=
𝟓𝟑𝟒 −𝟕𝐗²
𝟔
5
= 0.3162
𝐲 = 𝟎.𝟏
‫ولنعتبر‬
‫أن‬
‫القيمة‬
‫المضبوطة‬
‫للمتغير‬
y
‫هي‬
‫تلك‬
‫القيمة‬
‫التي‬
‫تحصل‬
‫عليها‬
‫من‬
‫أل‬
‫ة‬
‫حاسبة‬
‫ذات‬
‫سعة‬
‫تخزين‬
‫قدرها‬
‫عشر‬
‫خانات‬
‫وهذه‬
‫القيمة‬
‫هي‬
y = 0.3377
.
‫ونستطيع‬
‫حساب‬
‫النسبة‬
‫المئوية‬
‫للخطأ‬
‫وهي‬
‫النسبة‬
‫المئوية‬
‫لخطأ‬
‫الت‬
‫قريب‬
‫في‬
‫هذه‬
‫الحالة‬
‫كاالتي‬
:
‫المضبوطة‬ ‫القيمة‬ − ‫المحسوبة‬ ‫القيمة‬
‫المضبوطة‬ ‫القيمة‬
‫النسبة‬
‫المئوية‬
‫للخطأ‬
=
*
100
0.3377 − 0.3162
0.3377
‫النسبة‬
‫المئوية‬
‫للخطأ‬
=
*
100
% - 6.37 =
‫وهذه‬
‫النسبة‬
‫كبيرة‬
‫نسبيا‬
‫ناتجة‬
‫فقط‬
‫من‬
‫صغر‬
‫السعة‬
‫التخزينية‬
‫لأل‬
‫لة‬
‫الحاسبة‬
.
6
‫المعادالت‬ ‫جــذور‬ ‫ايجاد‬
‫أن‬
‫معظم‬
‫المعادالت‬
‫التي‬
‫تظهر‬
‫خالل‬
‫التطبيقات‬
‫العملية‬
‫تكون‬
‫غير‬
‫خطية‬
‫وحل‬
‫هذه‬
‫المعادالت‬
‫او‬
‫إيجاد‬
‫الجذور‬
‫لها‬
‫ليس‬
‫باألمر‬
‫السهل‬
‫لذلك‬
‫نستخدم‬
‫الطرق‬
‫العددية‬
‫إليجاد‬
‫هذه‬
‫الجذور‬
‫على‬
‫االقل‬
‫قيم‬
‫قريبة‬
‫جدا‬
‫لهذه‬
‫الجذور‬
‫وذلك‬
‫بالبحث‬
‫عن‬
‫قيم‬
x
‫أصغر‬
‫مما‬
‫يمكن‬
‫أي‬
‫البحث‬
‫عن‬
‫أصغر‬
‫قيم‬
x
‫القريبة‬
‫جدا‬
‫من‬
‫جذر‬
‫المعادلة‬
.
‫عزل‬
‫جذور‬
‫المعادلة‬
:
‫لنفرض‬
‫أن‬
‫لدينا‬
‫الدالة‬
f(x)
y =
‫القابلة‬
‫لالشتقاق‬
‫عدد‬
‫من‬
‫المرات‬
‫في‬
‫الفترة‬
[a , b]
‫والتي‬
‫نبحث‬
‫فيها‬
‫عن‬
‫جذور‬
‫المعادلة‬
y
‫نقول‬
‫ان‬
‫الجذر‬
y
‫هو‬
‫جذر‬
‫معزول‬
‫للمعادلة‬
‫ويمكن‬
‫عزل‬
‫الجذر‬
‫بطريقتين‬
:
7
‫االولى‬ ‫الطريقة‬
:
‫البيانية‬ ‫الطريقة‬
‫إليجاد‬
‫حل‬
‫تقريبي‬
‫للمعادلة‬
f(x) = 0
‫نستعمل‬
‫طريقة‬
‫الرسم‬
‫البياني‬
‫وذلك‬
‫برسم‬
‫المن‬
‫حنى‬
f(x)
‫وإيجاد‬
‫نقطة‬
‫تقاطع‬
‫هذا‬
‫المنحنى‬
‫مع‬
‫محور‬
‫السينات‬
.
‫مثال‬
3
:
‫أوجد‬
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ح‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫تقريب‬
‫للمعادلة‬
:
f(x) = eˣ - x – 2 = 0
‫في‬
‫الفترة‬
[
4
,
0
]
.
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫او‬
‫نوجد‬
‫قيم‬
f(x)
‫لبعض‬
‫قيم‬
x
‫حتى‬
‫نتمكن‬
‫من‬
‫رسم‬
‫هذه‬
‫الدالة‬
‫على‬
‫النحو‬
‫التالي‬
:
8
4
3
2
1
0
x
49
15
3.4
- 0.28
-1
f(x)
‫قيم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫الحظ‬
f(x)
‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫لدقة‬ ‫يحتاج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الرسم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫رقمين‬ ‫ألقرب‬ ‫مقربة‬ ‫الجدول‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫حسابها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫قد‬
‫ذلك‬
.
-1
-2
-3
3
2
1
4
3
2
1 4
x
‫هو‬ ‫الجذر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫التقريبي‬ ‫الرسم‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫من‬ ‫يتبين‬
1,1
=
x
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫تقريب‬
f(x) = eˣ - x – 2
9
‫الفترة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرسم‬ ‫من‬
[
2
,
2
-
]
‫للمعادلة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يتضح‬
(
1.5
)
‫هما‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫في‬ ‫حلين‬
1.1
‫و‬
1.8
-
‫أن‬ ‫نالحظ‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتحقق‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫تقريب‬
:
𝑒1.1
- 1.1 – 2 = - 0.096
𝑒−1.8 - (-1.1) – 2 = - 0.035 ‫و‬
‫مالحظة‬
:
‫المعادلة‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫باإلمكان‬
:
eˣ - x - 2 = 0
‫النحو‬ ‫على‬
eˣ - 2 = x
f(x) = eˣ - 2
= x
g(x)
‫نالحظ‬
‫أن‬
‫الطرف‬
‫األيمن‬
‫ال‬
‫يساوي‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫صفر‬
‫كما‬
‫يجب‬
‫في‬
‫حالة‬
‫الحل‬
‫الصحيح‬
‫ولكن‬
‫القيم‬
‫المتحصل‬
‫عليها‬
‫تعتبر‬
‫قريبة‬
‫من‬
‫الصفر‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫نسبي‬
‫ويمكن‬
‫اال‬
‫ستفادة‬
‫من‬
‫الجذور‬
‫التقريبية‬
‫كبداية‬
‫في‬
‫عملية‬
‫تكرارية‬
‫للحصول‬
‫على‬
‫جذور‬
‫أصح‬
‫من‬
‫هذا‬
‫الطرق‬
‫طريقة‬
‫التنصيف‬
.
10
‫الثانية‬ ‫الطريقة‬
:
‫التحليلية‬ ‫الطريقة‬
‫جذرين‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بين‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫إنه‬
X0 , X1
‫متتالين‬
‫ل‬
f‘(x)
‫وحيد‬ ‫جذر‬
‫ل‬
f(x)
‫أن‬ ‫بشرط‬ ‫وذلك‬
:
‫عام‬ ‫وبشكل‬
:
‫أن‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫فهذا‬
‫ل‬
f`(x) = 0
‫الفترة‬ ‫في‬ ‫األقل‬ ‫على‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫جذر‬
[a , b]
‫ل‬
f(x) = 0
‫واحد‬ ‫جذر‬
‫في‬ ‫فقط‬
[a , b]
‫الشرط‬ ‫تحقق‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫وذلك‬
f`(x) = 0
‫الفترة‬ ‫في‬
[a , b]
‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أما‬
‫ليس‬ ‫أنه‬ ‫يعني‬ ‫فهذا‬
‫ل‬
‫ل‬ ‫أو‬
‫الفترة‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫جذر‬
[a , b]
‫في‬ ‫الجذور‬ ‫من‬ ‫زوجي‬ ‫عدد‬
[a , b]
11
‫مثال‬
4
:
‫المعادلة‬ ‫جذور‬ ‫اوجد‬
:
‫التالي‬ ‫الجدول‬ ‫سنشكل‬
:
‫الحل‬
∞
+
3
1
0
-1
-3
∞
-
X
+
+
-
+
+
-
-
F(x)
‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫و‬
:
‫ال‬
‫المغلقة‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫في‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬
[
- , -3
]
‫نستنت‬
‫ج‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثاني‬
:
‫المغلقة‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫في‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬
[-3,-1]
12
‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫و‬
:
‫ال‬
‫المغلقة‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫في‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬
[
- , -3
]
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثاني‬
:
‫المغلقة‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫في‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬
[-3,-1]
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫سادس‬
:
‫ال‬
‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬
]
[3,+
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثالث‬
:
‫موجب‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ال‬
[-1,0]
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫رابع‬
:
‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬
[0,1]
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫خامس‬
:
‫جذر‬ ‫يوجد‬
[1,3]
13
‫القادمة‬ ‫المحاضرة‬
‫المغلقة‬ ‫الطرق‬
(
‫التنصيف‬ ‫طريقة‬
Bisection Method)
.)
14
15

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Numerical 2.pdf