Number System

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Engineering Funda Android App Digital Electronics Playlist

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Engineering Funda YouTube Channel
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FPGA and CPLD are compared based on 11 parameters. FPGA uses look up tables in its fine grain architecture with around 100,000 blocks, SRAM for memory, and is more complex and costly than CPLD. CPLD uses logic functions in its course grain architecture with fewer blocks, EPROM for memory, and is less complex and costly than FPGA. A key difference is that the program stays in CPLD after power off but is lost in FPGA.

Photolithography

Engineering Funda

Photolithography is a process used to produce circuit patterns on a silicon layer. It involves two key steps - photographic masking, where a mask containing the desired pattern is used to project UV light onto the silicon wafer, and photographic etching, where either wet etching using chemicals or dry etching using more UV light is used to remove the exposed areas of the layer based on the pattern. The process allows transferring circuit designs onto silicon wafers using UV light and etching.

This document discusses the evolution of logic complexity in integrated circuits over time. It outlines the progression from MSI in 1967 with 20-200 logic blocks per chip, to LSI in 1972 with 200-2000 blocks, VLSI in 1978 with 2000-20000 blocks, and ULSI in 1989 with over 20000 blocks. It also shows how the minimum feature size of integrated circuits has decreased from 4.0 μm in 1975 to 0.1 μm in 2000, enabling more prominent information technology services and features of integrated circuits like reduced area and power consumption.

VLSI design methodologies

Engineering Funda

The document discusses VLSI design methodologies and outlines factors that influence design time such as complexity, performance level, and cost. It notes a tradeoff between performance analysis and design time, where semi-custom designs take less time but offer fewer opportunities for performance improvement than full-custom designs. The document also introduces the concept of a technology window, where the design and production phases must fit within the lifetime of a given technology.

VLSI Design Flow

Engineering Funda

The document outlines the VLSI design flow, including the basics where the design starts with specifications and is iteratively modified until requirements are met. It also describes the main stages of the design flow as architecture design, gate-level design, circuit-level design, HDL coding, simulation, verification, and fabrication. Additionally, it explains the three domains of VLSI design as behavioral, structural, and physical.

Channel length Modulation

Engineering Funda

This document discusses channel length modulation in MOSFETs. It explains that in saturation, the channel length decreases with increasing drain voltage due to the depletion region extending farther into the channel. This effectively reduces the channel length and increases the drain current. The document derives an expression for drain current that includes a channel length modulation coefficient to model this effect, showing that current increases with higher drain voltages due to the reduced channel length.

Integrated Electronics MCQ

Engineering Funda

The document contains 51 multiple choice questions about integrated electronics and operational amplifiers. It is a quiz created by Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya to test knowledge of integrated circuits, their applications and characteristics. The questions cover topics like the invention of the integrated circuit, op-amp configurations, integrated circuit packaging and testing specifications. The document promotes an Android app and YouTube playlist by the author on VLSI and engineering fundamentals.

Solid State Devices Interview and Viva Question

Engineering Funda

This document contains questions and answers related to solid state devices and engineering materials. It discusses topics like thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, semiconductors, insulating materials, superconductivity, magnetic materials, properties of materials like brass and rubber, and properties and uses of mica. The document is in a question answer format with Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya providing explanations to 16 questions on various solid state devices and engineering materials concepts.

SSD MCQ

Engineering Funda

This document contains 72 multiple choice questions about solid state devices and semiconductor physics. The questions cover topics like atomic structure, semiconductor doping, diode and transistor operation, rectification circuits, and semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium. The questions are intended as a practice test for engineering students to assess their knowledge of solid state devices.

Fourier Series

Laplace transform

Z Transform

Convolution

RARDAR Material

This document provides an overview of radar and navigation aids. It begins with an introduction to radar principles, including how radar uses radio waves to detect objects and determine their range. It then discusses key radar concepts like the radar equation, maximum unambiguous range, radar frequencies and applications. The document also covers different types of radars as well as navigation techniques that use radio waves, including radio direction finding, radio ranges, hyperbolic navigation systems and modern GPS. It provides content for a course on radar and navigation aids systems.

RADAR classnote

Engineering Funda

Power Tubes MCQ

Engineering Funda

This document contains 78 multiple choice questions about power tubes and vacuum tubes asked by Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya. The questions cover topics like the principal electrodes in tubes, how changing grid voltage affects plate current, types of amplification tubes can provide, noise generated by different tube types, and solid state equivalents of vacuum tubes. The document also provides links to an Android app and YouTube playlist about power electronics created by the professor.

Power Electronics interview questions

Engineering Funda

This document contains 68 questions and answers related to power electronics interview questions. It covers topics like IGBTs, thyristors, power diodes, MOSFETs, BJTs, snubber circuits, choppers, controlled rectifiers, inverters, and PWM control. The questions define key power electronics terms and concepts and discuss the advantages and applications of different power devices and converter topologies.

Industrial Electronics MCQ

Engineering Funda

This document contains 72 multiple choice questions about industrial electronics asked by Prof. Hitesh Dholakiya. The questions cover topics like nucleonic sensing methods, EEG, therapeutic radiology energies, characteristics of devices like SCRs, triacs, diacs, UJTs, and their applications. They also include questions on control systems, root locus analysis, and properties of semiconductors like silicon. The questions are part of an MCQ set created by Prof. Dholakiya to test knowledge of industrial electronics concepts.

RC Triggering

Engineering Funda

This document discusses RC triggering of SCRs. It explains that RC triggering uses a resistor and capacitor to trigger the SCR at a firing angle defined by the RC time constant. It describes half-wave and full-wave RC triggering circuits and how the firing angle can be changed by adjusting the resistor value. Waveforms are presented to illustrate the RC triggering operation for different resistor values in half-wave and full-wave configurations.

WDM

Engineering Funda

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is a technology that increases the capacity of an optical fiber by allowing multiple signals of different wavelengths to be transmitted through the same fiber. It works by using a multiplexer to combine different light sources onto a single fiber, and then a demultiplexer separates the signals at the receiving end. Key components of a WDM network include optical line terminals and optical add/drop multiplexers. Important WDM technologies are thin film filters, fused fiber couplers, and arrayed waveguide gratings. Key features of WDM include wavelength reuse, wavelength conversion, transparency, circuit switching, and survivability.

Dispersion Measurement

Engineering Funda

This document discusses different types of dispersion in optical fibers, which limits the information carrying capacity. It outlines the basics of dispersion, including intermodal dispersion in multimode fibers caused by different modes traveling at different speeds. Chromatic dispersion arises from variations in propagation speed of different wavelengths. Polarization mode dispersion results from orthogonal polarization modes propagating at different speeds. Measurement techniques for intermodal, chromatic, and polarization dispersion are also outlined but not described in detail.

SONET

Engineering Funda

SONET/SDH is a standardized protocol that defines optical carrier signals for telecommunications transport. It was developed to transport signals from multiple incompatible networks over fiber optic cables (SONET) or metallic cables (SDH). The key components of SONET include STS multiplexers that combine signals, regenerators that repeat signals to eliminate noise, and add/drop multiplexers that allow signals to enter or exit the network. SONET uses a frame structure with overhead and payload to transport data at specific rates and provides clocking and management functions. SONET networks form rings to provide redundancy and alternate paths for fault tolerance.

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171ticu

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Number System

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