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This document summarizes the types and volumes of radioactive waste in the UK and provides information on geological disposal facilities (GDFs) for long-term storage. It discusses that GDFs would involve immobilizing radioactive waste within deep underground facilities located more than 1000 meters below the surface for permanent storage. The document also categorizes radioactive waste as high, intermediate, low, and very low level waste and provides current and predicted volumes of each type. It describes the characteristics and current methods of storage and disposal for each category of waste.
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Glasgow has extensive transport infrastructure including three international airports within an hour, a large subway system, and frequent bus and rail services. However, some road networks are approaching or exceeding capacity. Future plans include expanding rail freight capacity and improving motorways. There is debate around whether infrastructure spending sufficiently prioritizes reducing carbon emissions through more efficient travel options over expanding road capacity. Overall, Glasgow has good transport connectivity but will require sustainable expansion to support continued growth.
CL436 Transport Planning Final Submission
This document proposes a light rail system to replace the existing heavy rail Cathcart Circle network in Glasgow. Key points of the proposal include:
- Adding 5 new stations to improve accessibility and distribute passenger load more evenly across stations experiencing high usage.
- Converting to light rail will increase line capacity through more frequent trips facilitated by the faster acceleration/braking of light rail vehicles compared to heavy rail.
- Accessibility for all passengers, including disabled users, will be improved through ground-level boarding enabled by light rail vehicle design.
- Stations are well-located along the route but some sections would benefit from an additional station to service densely populated nearby areas.
Transport poster
The document proposes constructing a light rail system using the Karlsruhe Model to operate light rail vehicles on an existing heavy rail track layout in Glasgow, Scotland. Key aspects of the proposal include adding 5 new stations to the Cathcart Circle Line and a new City Centre station to reduce congestion. The light rail system is designed to be high capacity, frequent, and accessible while integrating with existing infrastructure and minimizing social disruption during construction. Modifications to tracks and stations would be needed to accommodate light rail vehicles and improve accessibility. The proposed system is estimated to increase rail ridership by 20% while reducing bus and car use, offering benefits to commuters and improving transportation in Glasgow.
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nuclear leaflet
- 1. Geological Disposal Facilities Waste Volume and Categorization Immobilising radioactive waste within multiple engineered barriers located inside deep geological formations Dependent on rock type, size and formations found Two parts; surface facility to receive waste products by road or rail, and underground facility to store waste Below ground 1000m below surface to protect the community, with an area of 10-20 square Km UK Government looks to build one GDF for cost efficiency and minimise environmental impacts After 100 year lifespan, GDF will be sealed permanently High Level Waste 0.02% Intermedia te Level Waste 6.36% Low Level Waste 30.46% Very Low Level Waste 63.15% Predicted Total Volumes of Waste (% of 4,5000,000m3) Reported 1st April 2013 High Level Waste 1% Intermedi ate Level Waste 58% Low Level Waste 40% Very Low Level Waste 1% Current Volume of Waste (% of 165000m3) Reported 1st April 2013 Further information can be found at http://ukinventory.nda.gov.uk/the-2013-inventory/2013-uk-data/ High Level Waste (HLW) Extremely hot radioactive waste, derived from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel Requires “vitrification” to convert into solid glass, allowing safe storage, gradual cooling, and radioactive decay over several decades and allows safe transport. Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) Moderately radioactive waste, but at manageable heat. Derived from operation and maintenance at nuclear sites, e.g. metal items from reactor cladding, or sludge from treatment of radioactive liquids. Likely that decommissioning of nuclear sites will result in high volumes of intermediate waste. Requires treatment in solid form, then packages in purpose designed containers made from stainless steel, iron or concrete. Low Level Waste (LLW) Consists of contaminated paper, plastics and scrap metal from hospitals, research establishments and nuclear sites Greater than 90% of projected total radioactive waste volume produced, with only 0.1% of total radioactivity. Currently sent to LLW repository near Drigg, Cumbria, where it is encapsulated in cement, placed in large steel containers and secured in a shallow engineered vault below the surface. Some LLW cannot be disposed of at Drigg, due to high concentrations of radionuclides, so GDF will be used. Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) Not currently classified as waste in the UK ,due to the potential of reprocessing for future use in new or existing nuclear reactors. However it has been included in projections for future waste.
- 2. The Volunteerism Approach Why? Up to £2.5million per community involved in project Safe and Secure Storage of UK Nuclear Waste Job Creation in the Area The UK needs new facilities to help safely dispose of this waste. Project Timeline To show interest in the facility proposal in your area, please contact your local authority, or the UK Geological Disposal Facility Team at ond@decc.gsi.gov.uk Contacts Facility Planning & Design 15-20 YEARS Screening and Public Engagement 2 YEARS Construction & Operation +100 YEARS Where? An expert team will determine the safest, and least intrusive site in your area to locate the facility How? If your community is interested, your local authority should be contacted, allowing feasibility studies to be conducted 15 Currently Operating Reactors in the UK By 2025, half will be decommissioned How is it Run? The UK’s Nuclear Legacy How is it Run? Community The community is central to the proposal, and must approve the project before any work commences. Regulators Independent bodies are responsible for ensuring the project and the plan is safe before construction begins, and for regulating during operation. Government The Government owns, funds, and sponsors the project Developer The developer constructs the facility. CoRWM The Committee on Radioactive Waste Management provides independent advice to the Government to ensure safe management.