CL420 Ende Project Completed

WATER TREATMENT
FACILITY PROPOSAL
Ende, East Nusa Tengarra, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This report proposes the construction of a water
treatment facility in Ende using a horizontal flow
constructed wetlands system. EU Directives shall
be consulted due to unavailability of Indonesian
Directives relating to water treatment.
Gordon Best- Ende water treatment
facility plan
MEng Civil Engineering- CL420 Water Engineering

GORDON BEST- ENDE WATER TREATMENT FACILITY PLAN 2
E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y
T h e c i t y o f E n d e , I n d o n e s i a f a c e s m u l t i p l e s o c i a l p r o b l e m s a t t r i b u t e d
t o p o o r w a t e r q u a l i t y . H e a l t h l e v e l s a n d q u a l i t y o f l i f e r e m a i n l o w d u e
t o i l l n e s s , s u c h a s d i a r r h o e a , o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m t h e p o o r q u a l i t y o f w a t e r
a v a i l a b l e i n l o c a l s p r i n g s o r w e l l s .
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e i s a c r i t i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t o f i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i l i t y t o
c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r . W a t e r s h o r t a g e s a r e c o m m o n i n t h e c i t y , l e a d i n g
t o p r o b l e m s r e l a t i n g t o a g r i c u l t u r e a n d t r a d e , i n a d d i t i o n t o p u b l i c
h e a l t h c a r e . T h e c u r r e n t t r e n d s o f r i s i n g p o p u l a t i o n r e q u i r e a s y s t e m t o
b e d e v e l o p e d t o s u p p o r t t h e e x p a n d i n g c o m m u n i t y , a n d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
i m p r o v e q u a l i t y o f l i f e .
T h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y p r o p o s e d i n t h i s r e p o r t l e a d s t o e f f i c i e n t
s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t a n d r e t e n t i o n o f s u r f a c e r u n o f f f r o m t h e s e a s o n a l
E n d e r a i n f a l l .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t r e a t i n g h i g h q u a n t i t i e s o f r a i n f a l l , t h e f a c i l i t y
i n c o r p o r a t e s a n e f f e c t i v e s a n i t a t i o n t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m u t i l i s i n g
p r e l i m i n a r y , p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e
w a t e r q u a l i t y , a s w e l l a s e n s u r i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e t o t h e
q u a n t i t i e s o f c l e a n w a t e r a v a i l a b l e t o t h e c o m m u n i t y .
T h e s y s t e m r e c y c l e s t h e b l a c k w a t e r f r o m r e s i d e n t i a l h o u s i n g , p r o v i d i n g
1 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y o f c l e a n w a t e r , s a t i s f y i n g E U D i r e c t i v e W a t e r Q u a l i t y
S t a n d a r d s w i t h o u t p u t a t 2 0 . 6 1 g / m 3 ( < 2 5 g / m 3 ) o f B O D , a n d 8 . 2 g / m 3 T S S
( < 3 5 g / m 3 . T h e s e o u t p u t s d e m o n s t r a t e t r e a t m e n t e f f i c i e n c i e s o f 9 1 . 5 %
a n d 9 6 . 8 % f o r B O D a n d T S S r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A s s u m p t i o n s a r e m a d e t h r o u g h o u t t h a t c o m p a r i s o n s c a n b e m a d e t o t h e
K o h P h i P h i W a t e r T r e a t m e n t S y s t e m i n T h a i l a n d , i n t e r m s o f
e f f i c i e n c y , c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y o f d e s i g n . I n a d d i t i o n ,
a s s u m p t i o n s a r e m a d e r e g a r d i n g t h e v e r s a t i l i t y o f w o r l d w i d e i n i t i a l
B O D a n d T S S d a t a , a s p r o v i d e d i n t h e p r o j e c t b r i e f .
T h e s i t e o f 1 5 8 , 1 9 7 m 2 i s r e c o m m e n d e d t o l o c a t e n e x t t o a n e x i s t i n g
w a s t e s o r t i n g f a c i l i t y t o t h e s o u t h o f t h e c i t y , t o r e d u c e c o m m u n i t y
i n t r u s i o n a n d m a x i m i s e a v a i l a b l e s p a c e . A s i t e t h i s s i z e w i l l g a t h e r
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 % o f s u r f a c e r u n o f f , a n d t r e a t 1 0 0 % o f s a n i t a t i o n
w a s t e w a t e r , i n t r o d u c i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a d d i t i o n a l p l a n t s t o g a t h e r
s u r f a c e r u n o f f i f r e q u i r e d i n t h e f u t u r e .
I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y c a n e f f e c t i v e l y c o m b a t t h e s o c i a l i s s u e s
r e l a t i n g t o p o o r q u a l i t y , l o w q u a n t i t y w a t e r s o u r c e s i n E n d e , i n c r e a s i n g
q u a l i t y o f l i f e a n d m o d e r n i s i n g t h e c i t y w i t h m i n i m a l i n t r u s i o n o r
n e g a t i v e s o c i a l i m p a c t s .

I n t r o d u c t i o n
A c r o s s t h e w o r l d t o d a y , a s m a n y a s 7 5 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e s u f f e r f r o m a l a c k
o f s a f e d r i n k i n g w a t e r , c l o s e t o o n e i n n i n e ( W H O ) . P a r e n t s a r e f o r c e d t o
f e e d u n c l e a n w a t e r t o t h e i r c h i l d r e n , r i s k i n g d i s e a s e s a n d i n f e c t i o n s
s u c h a s c h o l e r a o r d y s e n t e r y . I n t h e d e v e l o p e d w o r l d w h e r e s u c h r e l a t i v e
l u x u r y i s e n j o y e d , t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s c o m e c l o s e t o u n t h i n k a b l e .
S i n c e t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 s , n e a r l y 1 . 3 b i l l i o n p e o p l e h a v e b e e n h e l p e d t o
g a i n a c c e s s t o c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r ( U N ) . T h i s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o
m a s s i v e r i s e s i n p r o g r e s s i n C h i n a a n d I n d i a , w h e r e t e c h n o l o g y s u c h a s
r a i n c a t c h m e n t s y s t e m s h a v e d r a m a t i c a l l y r e d u c e d w a t e r s h o r t a g e s .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h o u s a n d s o f w e l l s f u n d e d b y c a m p a i g n
d o n a t i o n s h a v e i m p r o v e d a c c e s s t o w a t e r i n d r y a n d d i f f i c u l t
e n v i r o n m e n t s , f o r e x a m p l e i n B u r k i n a F a s o a n d K e n y a .
H o w e v e r , t h e s e p r o j e c t s d o h a v e l i m i t s . T h e r e i s o n l y s o m u c h c a p a c i t y
i n a w e l l , a n d t h e r e i s o n l y s o m u c h r a i n t h a t c a n f a l l o n t o a c o u n t r y . S o
w h a t h a p p e n s w h e n i t i s a l l u s e d u p ? W a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t i e s
r e c e i v e t h i s w a t e r a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l u s e , a n d e n s u r e t h a t i t r e m a i n s u s a b l e
a n d s a f e f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l y l o n g e r t i m e .
T h i s p r o j e c t w i l l f o c u s o n t h e c i t y o f E n d e , I n d o n e s i a . I n h a b i t e d b y o v e r
6 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e , E n d e i s l o c a t e d o n t h e S o u t h c o a s t o f F l o r e s I s l a n d , o n
E a s t N u s a T e n g a r r a . T h e c i t y i s a r e g i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t c e n t r e , i n
a d d i t i o n t o a h u b f o r c o a s t a l t r a d i n g a n d e d u c a t i o n . T h e r e i s a n a i r p o r t ,
p e r m i t t i n g t r a v e l t o t h e n e a r b y i s l a n d s . T h i s h a d l e d t o s l i g h t i n c r e a s e s
i n t o u r i s m i n t h e l a s t f e w d e c a d e s , h o w e v e r t h e r e r e m a i n s i g n i f i c a n t
s o c i a l i s s u e s i n t h e c i t y .
I n d o n e s i a a s a w h o l e p o s s e s s e s a r e a s o n a b l e h e a l t h r e c o r d . F i g u r e 1
s h o w s t h e i n c r e a s i n g i m p r o v e m e n t s b e i n g m a d e i n I n d o n e s i a a s a w h o l e
r e g a r d i n g w a t e r a n d s a n i t a t i o n w o r k s . H o w e v e r t h e s m a l l e r a n d l e s s
p o p u l a t e d i s l a n d s t e n d t o s u f f e r f r o m h e a l t h p r o b l e m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u e
t o t h i s l a c k o f c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r .
Figure 1- Increasing Water Quality in Indonesia

E n d e ’ s w e a t h e r i s h u m i d a n d t r o p i c a l , l i k e m o s t o f S o u t h E a s t A s i a , b u t
s u f f e r s f r o m s e a s o n a l w a t e r s h o r t a g e s . A s c a n b e s e e n i n F i g u r e 2 , t h e
p r e c i p i t a t i o n o c c u r s m o s t l y i n t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s , a n d d r o p s t o e x t r e m e
l o w s i n t h e s u m m e r . T h i s p u t s p r e s s u r e o n t h e c o m m u n i t i e s , w h e r e a
l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n c a n b e l e f t w i t h o u t c l e a n d r i n k i n g w a t e r . I t i s e s t i m a t e d
t h a t 4 0 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f E n d e r e l y o n n a t u r a l s p r i n g s a s t h e i r
p r i m a r y w a t e r s o u r c e , c o m p a r e d t o t h e I n d o n e s i a n a v e r a g e o f 1 4 % ( B P S
S t a t i s t i c s ) . T h i s f u n c t i o n s a d e q u a t e l y w h e n p r e c i p i t a t i o n l e v e l s a r e h i g h ,
b u t w h e n l e v e l s d r o p i n t h e s u m m e r , l o c a l s a r e f o r c e d t o f i n d a l t e r n a t i v e
u n t r e a t e d s o u r c e s o f d r i n k i n g w a t e r .
P a r t i c u l a r l y i n r u r a l a r e a s , p e o p l e a r e f o r c e d t o d r i n k u n c l e a n w a t e r f r o m
c o n t a m i n a t e d w e l l s , o r w a l k t o n e i g h b o u r i n g t o w n s t o c o l l e c t c l e a n e r
w a t e r .
T h e w a t e r w h i c h i s o f t e n c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e s e w e l l s i s s t a g n a n t , l e a d i n g
t o i l l n e s s s u c h a s d i a r r h o e a , a n d a l s o l e a d t o t h e s p r e a d i n g o f m a l a r i a .
E n d e h a s t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l s o f m a l a r i a i n t h e w h o l e o f I n d o n e s i a .
C o m b i n e d w i t h a s e v e r e l a c k o f h e a l t h c a r e f a c i l i t i e s a n d p r o p e r
s a n i t a t i o n l e a d s t o a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w q u a l i t y o f l i f e f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e l a c k o f w a t e r l e a d s t o i s s u e s w i t h t h e l o c a l a g r i c u l t u r e .
T h e m a i n o c c u p a t i o n f o r l o c a l s i s s u b s i s t e n c e f a r m i n g , g r o w i n g c o r n a n d
c o f f e e p r i m a r i l y . T h e s e c r o p s r e l y h e a v i l y o n s u f f i c i e n t i r r i g a t i o n , w h i c h
i s n e a r i m p o s s i b l e w i t h w a t e r l e v e l s t o o l o w t o e v e n p r o v i d e c l e a n w a t e r
f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n .
I t i s t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y f o r E n d e t o d e v e l o p a w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y .
T h i s w o u l d m e a n t h a t t h e w a t e r w h i c h e x c e e d s r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e r a i n y
s e a s o n c o u l d b e c o n t a i n e d , a l l o w i n g u s e d u r i n g t h e d r y s e a s o n . T h e
w a t e r w o u l d b e r e c y c l e d a f t e r u s e i n t h i s t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y , a n d b e s a f e
t o r e u s e a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h i s w a t e r , w h i c h w o u l d b e r e l i e d
Figure 2- Annual Precipitation Levels

u p o n , w o u l d b e c l e a n a n d d i s e a s e f r e e , r e d u c i n g l o c a l i l l n e s s a n d
m a l a r i a s p r e a d .
I n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y i s d e s i g n e d t o t h e c o r r e c t
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s m u s t b e
c o n s i d e r e d .
I n a r u r a l , l e s s d e v e l o p e d c o m m u n i t y s u c h a s i n E n d e , t h e f a c i l i t y m u s t
b e d e s i g n e d t o b e r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e t o o p e r a t e a n d m a i n t a i n . T h i s i s d u e
t o t h e l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e f a c i l i t y w i l l n e e d t o b e m a n a g e d b y t h e l o c a l
p o p u l a t i o n , w h i c h w i l l n o t h a v e a d e q u a t e t r a i n i n g t o o p e r a t e h i g h t e c h
m a c h i n e r y . T h i s t i e s i n w i t h t h e c o s t f a c t o r s , w h i c h s h o u l d b e
c o n s i d e r e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e g e o g r a p h y a n d t o p o g r a p h y o f t h e c i t y m u s t
b e c o n t e m p l a t e d . T h e a r e a i s 4 0 % u n d u l a t i n g ( g e o g r a p h i c . o r g ) , i n a d d i t i o n
t o b e i n g a n i s l a n d , s o t h e m a t e r i a l s t o b u i l d t h e f a c i l i t y m u s t b e e a s y t o
t r a n s p o r t , a n d i d e a l l y l o c a l l y s o u r c e d . I f r e q u i r e d , t h e p o r t a l l o w s f o r
m o r e a d v a n c e d m a t e r i a l s t o b e s o u r c e d . L i n k i n g i n w i t h t h e i n c o n s i s t e n t
t e r r a i n , t h e s i z e o f t h e f a c i l i t y m u s t b e a f a c t o r t o c o n s i d e r , s i n c e l a r g e
r e q u i r e m e n t s m a y n o t b e p o s s i b l e t o f a c i l i t a t e d u e t o t h e r e s t r i c t e d
n a t u r e o f t h e c i t y c a u s e d b y t h e s u r r o u n d i n g m o u n t a i n s a n d c o a s t l i n e .
A l t h o u g h t h e t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y i s c l e a r l y a n e c e s s i t y , i t m a y b e d i f f i c u l t
t o c o n v i n c e t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h a t i t w o u l d b e t h e b e s t u s e o f m o n e y i n a n
a r e a k n o w n f o r i t s p o v e r t y . I n E n d e , u n e m p l o y m e n t i s a t 3 0 % , w i t h
c u r r e n t l y h i g h l e v e l s o f i n f l a t i o n a n d i n t e r e s t r a t e s , a t 1 5 % a n d 2 4 %
r e s p e c t i v e l y ( B P S S t a t i s t i c s ) .
2 3 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s c a t e g o r i s e d a s “ P o o r ” a c c o r d i n g t o t h e B a d a n
P u s a t S t a r i s t i k ’ s S t a t i s t i c a l G u i d e t o I n d o n e s i a . S o i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e
p o p u l a t i o n w o u l d p r e f e r t o i n v e s t t h e m o n e y i n f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s t h e
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e o r t h e e d u c a t i o n s y s t e m b e f o r e t r e a t i n g w a t e r w h i c h t h e y
a l r e a d y h a v e .
H o w e v e r , i n t h e p r o c e s s o f s u g g e s t i n g t h e f a c i l i t y , c o m p r e h e n s i v e
e n c o u r a g e m e n t s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d t o o u t l i n e t h e b e n e f i t s a n d
d e v e l o p m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s w h i c h c o m e f r o m t h e t r e a t m e n t o f w a t e r . I f
t h e w a t e r i s c o n t a i n e d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t , t h e c o m m u n i t y c a n g a i n a c c e s s
t o c l e a n w a t e r y e a r r o u n d . F r o m t h i s , a n e f f i c i e n t i r r i g a t i o n s y s t e m c a n
b e c r e a t e d , l e a d i n g t o g a i n s i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r , b r i n g i n g
i n v e s t m e n t t o t h e a r e a w h e n t r a d i n g a b i l i t y i n c r e a s e s .
O n c e t h i s m o n e y i s b r o u g h t t o t h e c o m m u n i t y t h r o u g h a d d e d t r a d e a n d
r e d u c e d h e a l t h c a r e e x p e n d i t u r e , t h e s o c i a l i s s u e s s u c h a s u n e m p l o y m e n t
s h a l l b e s o l v e d t h r o u g h j o b c r e a t i o n .
T o a l l o w t h e f a c i l i t y t o c o n t i n u e t o b e n e f i t t h e c o m m u n i t y f o r a n
e x t e n s i v e p e r i o d o f t i m e , t h e d e s i g n s h o u l d f a c t o r i n s u s t a i n a b i l i t y . T h i s
w o u l d r e q u i r e t h e d e s i g n t o b e r o b u s t a n d b e a b l e t o f u n c t i o n f o r t h e
e n t i r e t y o f i t s d e s i g n l i f e . L o w p o l l u t i o n a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a r e

c o n s i d e r e d v i t a l c r i t e r i a a f f e c t i n g s u s t a i n a b i l i t y . H o w e v e r , t h i s
s u s t a i n a b i l i t y s h o u l d f u n c t i o n w i t h e f f e c t i v e n e s s . U n d e r E U D i r e c t o r y
2 0 1 1 c o n d i t i o n s , b i o c h e m i c a l o x y g e n d e m a n d ( B O D ) s h o u l d b e r e d u c e d t o
2 5 m g / l , a n d t o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s ( T S S ) s h o u l d b e n o m o r e t h a n 3 5 m g / l
a f t e r t r e a t m e n t . T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e t r e a t m e n t i s a n o b v i o u s c r i t e r i o n , s o
f a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e l e v e l o f t h e d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n , b a c t e r i a l l e v e l s ,
p a t h o g e n c o n t e n t , B O D , C O D , a n d T S S l e f t i n t h e t r e a t e d w a t e r s h o u l d
b e c o n s i d e r e d w h e n i m p l e m e n t i n g t h i s d e s i g n s t r a t e g y .
T h e c i t y h a s e x t e n s i v e a r e a t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e f a c i l i t y , w h e t h e r t h e
d e s i g n i s a c e n t r a l i s e d s y s t e m o r d e c e n t r a l i s e d i n s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s . T h e
c u r r e n t s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s e e m s t o b e v e r y b a s i c , i n v o l v i n g r u d i m e n t a r y
h o m e - m a d e t o i l e t s , o r s i m p l y o p e n d e f e c a t i o n . O n l y 4 8 % o f t h e
p o p u l a t i o n o w n s a t o i l e t ( W H O ) . T h i s i s a m a j o r i n d i c a t o r o f t h e l e v e l o f
p o v e r t y i n t h e a r e a , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e l a c k o f e d u c a t i o n a b o u t t h e
d a n g e r s o f i m p r o p e r s a n i t a t i o n a n d c o n t a m i n a t e d w a t e r . T h e l o c a l s o f t e n
n e e d t o m a k e t h e c h o i c e o f w h e t h e r h a v i n g a t o i l e t i s w o r t h t h e e x p e n s e ,
o r i f t h e m o n e y s h o u l d b e u s e d e l s e w h e r e .
I n o r d e r t o d e s i g n t h e f a c i l i t y t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e c i t y , p o p u l a t i o n
e s t i m a t e s m u s t b e m a d e f o r t h e d e s i g n l i f e o f t h e f a c i l i t y . T h i s w i l l h e l p
t o d e c i d e w h a t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e n e e d e d t o a c c o m m o d a t e w a t e r i n p u t ,
a n d t h e t y p e o f f a c i l i t y t o u s e .
E n d e r e g i o n h a s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h p e r y e a r , w i t h a g r o w t h
p e r y e a r o f 2 % ( I n d o n e s i a - 1 . 2 5 % ) . A t t h i s r a t e , E n d e w i l l d o u b l e i t s
p o p u l a t i o n b y 2 0 5 0 , l e a d i n g t o d i f f i c u l t i e s i f t h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y
i s n o t d e s i g n e d t o c o p e w i t h t h i s p o p u l a t i o n s i z e . E n d e h a s a y o u n g
p o p u l a t i o n , w h e r e 3 9 % a r e u n d e r t h e a g e o f 1 5 ( 2 0 1 0 C e n s u s ) , i f l i f e
e x p e c t a n c y i n c r e a s e s d u e t o f u r t h e r e n h a n c e m e n t s i n t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e ,
t h e n t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o u l d b e e v e n h i g h e r t h a n e x p e c t e d . I f t h i s s h a r p
r i s e o c c u r s , t h e r e m a y b e n e e d t o e x t e n d t h e f a c i l i t y , o r t o c o n s t r u c t a
n e w o n e t o t h e N o r t h o f t h e t o w n , w h e r e r e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t s l o o k
l i k e l y t o o c c u r .
D a t a w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e r e g a r d i n g p r o j e c t s i n n e i g h b o u r i n g t o w n s , b u t
s i m i l a r i t i e s c a n b e m a d e w i t h a p r o j e c t c o m p l e t e d i n K o h P h i P h i ,
T h a i l a n d ( C O W I ) . L i k e E n d e , i s i t b a s e d o n a t r o p i c a l m o u n t a i n o u s i s l a n d
s t r u g g l i n g w i t h s o c i a l i s s u e s s u c h a s p o v e r t y a n d w a t e r s h o r t a g e s , w i t h
b o t h c i t i e s r e q u i r i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r p o p u l a t i o n s w i t h v e r y b a s i c s a n i t a t i o n
f a c i l i t i e s .
N a t u r a l l y t h e r e a r e l i m i t a t i o n s t o c o m p a r i n g t h e p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t w i t h
t h e e x i s t i n g K o P h i P h i f a c i l i t y . T h e s o c i a l a c c e p t a n c e t o t h e p r o j e c t m a y
n o t b e a s w e l c o m i n g , o r t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e i s l a n d m a y n o t p e r m i t i t .
H o w e v e r , t h e p r o j e c t w a s w e l l r e c e i v e d i n T h a i l a n d ( s o c i a l l y a n d
g e o g r a p h i c a l l y s i m i l a r t o I n d o n e s i a ) , a n d f u n c t i o n e d e f f i c i e n t l y , s o f a i r l y
s i m p l e a d a p t a t i o n s w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y f o r a s i m i l a r p r o j e c t t o b e l o c a t e d

i n E n d e . T h e s c o p e o f t h e p r o j e c t i s r e a l i s t i c , s i n c e t h e f a c i l i t y i n
T h a i l a n d f u n c t i o n e d f o r t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n o f 4 0 0 0 . T h i s m e a n s t h e
E n d e f a c i l i t y c o u l d b e a d j u s t e d t o b e s t s u i t t h e p o p u l a t i o n s i z e o f 6 0 , 0 0 0 .
T h e f a c i l i t y i n T h a i l a n d w a s 6 0 0 0 m 2 , a n d s o a l o c a t i o n b a s e d o n t h i s
d a t a h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d i n E n d e , a d d i n g i n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a
g r e y w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y i n a d d i t i o n t o b l a c k w a t e r .
T h e a r e a ( s e e F i g u r e 3 ) i s t o t h e S o u t h o f t h e c i t y , w h e r e u r b a n
d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e l e s s l i k e l y t h a n o n t h e N o r t h d u e t o t h e m o u n t a i n o u s
r e g i o n n o t p e r m i t t i n g a n y f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l r e s i d e n t i a l o r c o m m e r c i a l
d e v e l o p m e n t s . I t i s c l o s e e n o u g h t o t h e c i t y t o a l l o w f o r a s a n i t a t i o n
p i p e l i n e s y s t e m t o b e f e a s i b l e , b u t f a r e n o u g h a w a y t o a v o i d a n y
d r a m a t i c d r o p i n r e s i d e n t i a l h o u s i n g v a l u e i n n e i g h b o u r i n g a r e a s ( a s i s
n o r m a l l y s e e n w i t h t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y s c h e m e s ) . T o t h e N o r t h i s t h e
a i r p o r t , b u t t h e s i t e h a s a s u f f i c i e n t b u f f e r d i s t a n c e u n d e r E U d i r e c t o r y
c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s i t e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g s i t u a t e d n e x t t o a n
e x i s t i n g w a s t e s o r t i n g f a c i l i t y . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e a r e a i s a b r o w n f i e l d
s i t e , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h a t t h e a r e a i s a l r e a d y a p p r o v e d f o r w a s t e t r e a t m e n t
w o r k s . I n a d d i t i o n , a p a r t n e r s h i p c a n b e d e v e l o p e d w i t h t h i s o t h e r
f a c i l i t y , w h e r e o r g a n i c w a s t e f r o m t h e w a s t e f a c i l i t y c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e d
i n t o t h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t p r o c e s s . V i c e v e r s a , a n y l a r g e r w a s t e p r o d u c t s
s u c h a s p l a s t i c o r g l a s s w h i c h a r e f i l t e r e d o u t i n t h e p r i m a r y s t a g e o f
t r e a t m e n t c a n b e s e n t t o t h e w a s t e f a c i l i t y . T h e p l a n t s g r o w n i n t h e
s y s t e m c a n b e r e c y c l e d w h e n r e q u i r e d f o r b i o g a s u s e , f e r t i g a t i o n , o r f o r
c o m p o s t i n g i n a g r i c u l t u r e .
T h i s s y s t e m i s i d e a l t o t h e l o c a t i o n s u g g e s t e d , s i n c e t h e u n d u l a t i n g
t e r r a i n p e r m i t s h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l g r o u n d f l o w d u e t o g r a v i t y , a n d
s a t i s f i e s a l l f a c t o r s o f s u s t a i n a b i l i t y a n d c o s t m i n i m i s a t i o n . T h e f a c i l i t y
w o u l d b e s i m p l e t o c o n s t r u c t a n d m a i n t a i n , a s w e l l a s h a v i n g t h e b e n e f i t
o f a l l o w i n g l o c a l s t o t a k e c h a r g e . T h i s w o u l d i n c r e a s e s u s t a i n a b i l i t y ,
s i n c e t h e c o m m u n i t y p r i d e o f c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e i r o w n f a c i l i t y w h i c h w o u l d
m o d e r n i s e t h e i r l i f e s t y l e w o u l d l e a d t o b e t t e r u p k e e p a n d o w n e r s h i p .
Figure 3- Proposed Site Location

M e t h o d o l o g y a n d R e s u l t s
T h e f a c i l i t y s u g g e s t e d u s e s a h o r i z o n t a l f l o w c o n s t r u c t e d w e t l a n d s
s y s t e m a s s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t a f t e r i n i t i a l s c r e e n i n g / g r i t r e m o v a l a n d
s e p t i c t a n k p r i m a r y t r e a t m e n t ( F i g u r e 4 ) f o r b l a c k w a t e r , a n d a s e p a r a t e
c o n s t r u c t e d w e t l a n d s s y s t e m f o r g r e y w a t e r , m o s t l y s u r f a c e r u n o f f
c o l l e c t e d f r o m s t o r m d r a i n s o r i n f i l t r a t i o n t r e n c h e s .
H o u s e h o l d b l a c k w a t e r w i l l b e p u m p e d t o t h e t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y b y u s e o f
s o l a r p o w e r t h r o u g h a c o a r s e s c r e e n i n g s y s t e m ( 6 - 1 5 0 m m ) a t a f l o w s p e e d
o f 0 . 0 4 m / s . A c o a r s e s c r e e n o f 0 . 1 9 m 2 i s r e q u i r e d t o e n s u r e f l o w i s
s l o w e d e n o u g h t o p e r m i t c l e a n i n g b y h a n d , w h i l e s t i l l e n a b l i n g B O D a n d
T S S r e m o v a l o f 2 0 % e a c h ( s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s i n A p p e n d i x 5 ) . F i n e s c r e e n i n g
w o u l d a c t a s a d d i t i o n a l p r e l i m i n a r y t r e a t m e n t t o r e d u c e B O D a n d T S S ,
b u t d u e t o a l i m i t e d b u d g e t , t h e w e t l a n d s s y s t e m i s d e e m e d t o
a c c o m p l i s h t h e r e q u i r e d w a t e r q u a l i t y t a r g e t s t h r o u g h s i m i l a r f i l t r a t i o n
p r o c e s s e s , a l b e i t a t a l a t e r s t a g e o f t r e a t m e n t .
T h e b l a c k w a t e r i s t r a n s p o r t e d i n t o a c o n c r e t e s e p t i c t a n k ( 4 0 0 m 3 -
5 m x 8 m x 1 0 m ) , w i t h a r e t e n t i o n t i m e o f 2 4 h o u r s . T h i s w a s c a l c u l a t e d
u n d e r t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t i n a l e s s s o c i a b l y a n d f i n a n c i a l l y d e v e l o p e d
a r e a s u c h a s E n d e , o n l y 2 0 l i t r e s / 0 . 2 m 3 i s r e q u i r e d p e r p e r s o n p e r d a y
t o p r o v i d e a w o r k i n g w a s t e w a t e r d i s p o s a l s y s t e m , s o t h r e e s e p t i c t a n k s
o f 4 0 0 m 3 e a c h w o u l d b e a d e q u a t e t o s t o r e t h e b l a c k w a t e r e f f l u e n t . T h e s e
t a n k s p r o m o t e p r i m a r y w a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t t h r o u g h t h e a n a e r o b i c
e n v i r o n m e n t c r e a t e d i n t h e c o n t a i n e r , p e r m i t t i n g b a c t e r i a t o g r o w a n d
Figure 4- Proposed Facility Layout
Greywater Treatment Facility
Blackwater Treatment Facility

g r a d u a l l y b r e a k d o w n t h e w a s t e p r o d u c t s . T h e s e s e p t i c t a n k s ( s e e F i g u r e
5 ) w o u l d r e q u i r e s l u d g e r e m o v a l o n y e a r l y r e g u l a r b a s i s , w h i c h w o u l d b e
c o l l e c t e d a n d u s e d b y , o r o n b e h a l f o f , m e m b e r s o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l
w o r k f o r c e f o r f e r t i l i s i n g o r b i o g a s p u r p o s e s . T h e s e p t i c t a n k s u s e d i n
t h e f a c i l i t y a r e f i t t e d w i t h o d o u r c o n t r o l l i n g f i l t e r s t o e n s u r e m i n i m a l
o d o u r i s r e l e a s e d d u r i n g a l l t r a n s i t i o n s .
O n c e p r i m a r y t r e a t m e n t i s c o m p l e t e , i t i s p u m p e d u s i n g s o l a r p o w e r a t a
f l o w r a t e o f 1 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y t o t h e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y , w h e r e i t w i l l b e
d i s t r i b u t e d e v e n l y t o t h e t h r e e b l a c k w a t e r t r e a t m e n t c e l l s .
T h e g r e y w a t e r i s i n m u c h g r e a t e r q u a n t i t i e s t h a n t h e b l a c k w a t e r d u r i n g
t h e w e t s e a s o n , s o c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e m a d e t o e s t a b l i s h t h e n u m b e r o f
c e l l s r e q u i r e d t o t r e a t t h e m a x i m u m r a i n f a l l o f 1 0 2 m m i n D e c e m b e r .
V a r i a t i o n s o f t h i s r a i n f a l l a r e a n a l y s e d i n A p p e n d i x 5 . T o s u p p o r t t h e
e n t i r e m o n t h l y r a i n f a l l i n D e c e m b e r o f 1 0 2 m m , 1 2 4 c e l l s , t a k i n g u p o v e r
4 2 5 , 2 3 3 m 2 w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . T h i s i s c l e a r l y n o t f e a s i b l e d u e t o s p a t i a l
r e s t r i c t i o n s , s o a 1 4 0 , 4 2 2 m 2 s e c t i o n o f l a n d ( s e e F i g u r e 6 ) w a s s u g g e s t e d
a s t h e g r e y w a t e r t r e a t m e n t s i t e t o t r e a t a s m u c h w a t e r a s p o s s i b l e ( ~ 3 0 %
o f t o t a l r a i n f a l l ) i n t h e l i m i t e d a r e a . T h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f c e l l s
p o s s i b l e i n t h i s s p a c e w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o b e 2 0 , i n t w o r o w s o f t e n . T h i s
i s c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e f e a s i b l e , a l l o w i n g f o r m a x i m u m w a t e r t r e a t m e n t
q u a n t i t y , w i t h m i n i m u m c o m m u n i t y i n t r u s i o n . T h e s m a l l e r b l a c k w a t e r
t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y i s l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t l y , w i t h a s i t e a r e a o f 1 7 , 7 7 5 m 2 .
( T o t a l 1 5 8 , 1 9 2 m 2 )
Figure 5- Concrete Septic Tank
10m
8m

T h e g r e y w a t e r w i l l b e p u m p e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m
b y s o l a r p o w e r e d p u m p i n g , w h e r e t h e s e 2 0 c e l l s w i l l t r e a t t h e w a s t e w a t e r
a t 4 0 0 m 3 / d a y ( 8 0 0 0 m 3 / d a y t o t a l ) . B O D a n d T S S l e v e l s w i l l b e s u f f i c i e n t l y
l o w i n g r e y w a t e r t o r e q u i r e o n l y s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t f o r o u t p u t a t E U
D i r e c t o r y w a t e r q u a l i t y . T h e r e f o r e , t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e
s y s t e m , o n l y t h e b l a c k w a t e r w i l l b e a n a l y s e d d u e t o t h e c o n c i s e
r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h i s r e p o r t .
F o r t h e a d j a c e n t l y l o c a t e d b l a c k w a t e r f a c i l i t y , p u m p s f o r c e t h e
w a s t e w a t e r i n t o t h e s u b - s u r f a c e w e t l a n d s y s t e m a t a r a t e o f 4 0 0 m 3 / d a y
f o r e a c h c e l l o f w e t l a n d ( 1 , 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y i n t o t a l b l a c k w a t e r ) F l o w r a t e
s u m m a r y c a n b e f o u n d i n F i g u r e 7 .
T h e s e w e t l a n d s y s t e m s a r e m a d e u p o f t h r e e r o c k s i z e s o f g r a v e l t o
e n s u r e t h e i s s u e o f c l o g g i n g i s m i n i m i s e d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e g r a v e l , t h e
w e t l a n d s s y s t e m i s e m b e d d e d w i t h p l a n t s , s u c h a s H e l i c o n i a , t o p e r m i t
t h e g r o w t h o f a e r o b i c m i c r o o r g a n i s m s t o d i g e s t t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r . A n
a d d e d b e n e f i t i s t h e l a c k o f a n y o d o u r o r a e s t h e t i c d a m a g e d u e t o t h e
u n d e r g r o u n d n a t u r e o f t h e s y s t e m . T h i s p r o c e s s f i l t e r s t h e w a t e r
g r a d u a l l y , e v e n t u a l l y r e a c h i n g a p o n d a t t h e b a s e o f t h e s y s t e m , w h e r e
f l o w c a n b e p u m p e d t o a s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y f o r r e c y c l i n g / i r r i g a t i o n
p u r p o s e s . T h i s s h o u l d b e e n c l o s e d t o p r e v e n t m a l a r i a s o u r c e s . T h e
Blackwater
Facility
335.5m x 50m
Greywater
Facility
1185m x 118.5m
Flow Rate Cell Numbers Total Flow
Blackwater 400m3/day 3 1200m3/day
Greywater 400m3/day 20 8000m3/day
Total Output 9200m3/day
Figure 7- Water Treatment Daily Output
Figure 6- Proposed Site Location

w e t l a n d s a r e a i s r e c o m m e n d e d t o h a v e a m e t h o d o f f l o o d i n g o r d r a i n i n g
t h e s y s t e m f o r m a i n t e n a n c e u s e i n t h e e v e n t o f c l o g g i n g o r l e a k a g e .
T h e b l a c k w a t e r d e s i g n f a c i l i t a t e s p r e l i m i n a r y ( s c r e e n i n g ) , p r i m a r y
( s e p t i c t a n k ) a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t ( w e t l a n d s s y s t e m ) u n d e r E U
D i r e c t o r y c o n d i t i o n s , w h e r e B O D i s r e d u c e d b y a t l e a s t 7 0 - 9 0 % , C O D
r e d u c e d b y 7 5 % , a n d t o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s a r e r e d u c e d b y 9 0 % . T h e
d e s i g n s h o u l d f a c i l i t a t e t r e a t e d w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s o f T a b l e 1 , A n n e x e 1
f o r d i s c h a r g e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e E U D i r e c t o r y f o r w a t e r t r e a t m e n t ( s e e
A p p e n d i x 1 ) .
E x a c t d i m e n s i o n s t o e n s u r e t h e s y s t e m f l o w s a t 4 0 0 m 3 / d a y f o r e a c h c e l l
i s d e m o n s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 8 , a s c a l c u l a t e d i n A p p e n d i x 1 1 .
T o a n a l y s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p r o p o s a l , t h e b l a c k w a t e r e f f l u e n t B O D
a n d T S S l e v e l s w i l l b e i n v e s t i g a t e d , w i t h b o t h c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d
o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t i o n s ( s e e F i g u r e 9 ) b e i n g m a d e r e g a r d i n g t h e r e m o v a l
r a t e / e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t s t e p s , b y m e a n s
o f r e m o v a l r a t e e s t i m a t e s f r o m t h e D E W A T D S D e s i g n P r i n c i p l e s G u i d e
( 2 0 0 9 ) ( A p p e n d i x 3 a n d 4 ) .
Figure 8- 400m3
/day Design Layout (Drawn by Author)
BOD Conservative Estimate (g/m^3) Optimistic Estimate (g/m^3)
Screening /Grit Removal 20% removal 20% removal
Septic Tank 25% removal 50% removal
Wetlands System 75% removal 95% removal
TSS Conservative Estimate (g/m^3) Optimistic Estimate (g/m^3)
Screening /Grit Removal 20% removal 20% removal
Septic Tank 60% removal 80% removal
Wetlands System 80% removal 80% removal
Figure 9- Summary of DEWATDS Removal Rate Estimates

T h e i n i t i a l d a i l y B O D a n d T S S e s t i m a t e s w e r e t a k e n f r o m t h e C L 4 2 0 :
W a t e r E n g i n e e r i n g 2 - P r o j e c t 2 B r i e f ( F i g u r e 1 0 ) .
M a s s l o a d i n g v a l u e s c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e s e p t i c t a n k u s i n g e q u a t i o n
o n e :
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐶𝑘 𝑥 𝑄𝑘
T h i s c a l c u l a t e s t h e i n i t i a l t o t a l m a s s w h i c h e n t e r s i n t o t h e s y s t e m p e r
u n i t f l o w . A l s o c a l c u l a t e d i s t h e u n i t f l o w t o t a l m a s s o f B O D o r T S S p e r
p e r s o n , w h i c h p e r m i t s c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t o t a l c o n t a m i n a n t i n p u t o f t h e
s y s t e m . ( A p p e n d i c e s 7 a n d 9 )
S i n c e t h e s e p t i c t a n k i s u s e d o n a p r o g r e s s i v e b a s i s , a m a s s l o a d i n g
v a l u e i n k i l o g r a m s c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e d a i l y m a s s l o a d i n g o n t h e
t a n k u s i n g e q u a t i o n 2 :
∑ 𝐶𝑘 𝑥 𝑄𝑘
24
𝑘=1
T h i s e q u a t i o n c a l c u l a t e s t h e d a i l y t o t a l m a s s o f B O D a n d T S S w h i c h
e n t e r s t h e s y s t e m p e r u n i t f l o w , p r o v i d i n g m e a n s t o a n a l y s e t h e
e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e f a c i l i t y t h r o u g h o u t . ( A p p e n d i x 8 a n d 1 0 )
Figure 10- Initial BOD & TSS Daily Values (From
CL420 Project 2 Brief)
Figure 11- Daily BOD & TSS Variance
1
2

T h e d a i l y a v e r a g e B O D o u t p u t w a s c a l c u l a t e d , a s w e l l a s t h e h i g h e s t a n d
l o w e s t v a l u e s p e r d a y f o r e a c h m 3 o f e f f l u e n t . T h e s e v a l u e s h a v e b e e n
e n t e r e d i n t o t h e s y s t e m t o p r o v i d e a g r a p h i c a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f B O D a n d
T S S v a r i a n c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m ( F i g u r e s 1 2 a n d 1 3 ) .
I n a d d i t i o n t o a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f B O D a n d T S S , t o t a l
m a s s e s w e r e r e c o r d e d f o r t h e s y s t e m t o e v a l u a t e e f f i c i e n c y ( F i g u r e s 1 4 a n d
1 5 ) .
Figure 12-BOD Levels in System
Figure 14- Total BOD Mass in System Figure 15- Total BOD Mass in System
Figure 13-BOD Levels in System
Out(Conservative-75% removal) Out(Optimistic-95% removal) Out(Conservative-75% removal)Out(Optimistic-95% removal)
41.7 5.56 600.48 80.064
29.1 3.88 419.04 55.872
14.4 1.92 207.36 27.648
BOD (g/m3) BOD Mass (kg)
Graphical Analysis Summary
Highest Daily Value
Average Daily Value
Lowest Daily Value

T h e c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s s h o w e d a r a n g e o f B O D o u t p u t v a l u e s f r o m
1 4 . 4 - 4 1 . 7 g / m 3 . T h i s r e m a i n s h i g h e r t h a n t h e r e c o m m e n d e d v a l u e o f 2 5
g / m 3 , b u t i s a h i g h l y c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e , s i n c e t h e r e m o v a l r a t e
e s t i m a t e s r a n g e h i g h l y ( 2 5 - 5 0 % r e m o v a l ) f o r t h e p r i m a r y t r e a t m e n t
s t a g e . T h e r e f o r e , r e a l i s t i c v a l u e s a r e l i k e l y t o b e m u c h c l o s e r t o t h e 2 5
g / m 3 t h r e s h o l d .
T h e o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s p o r t r a y a s u c c e s s f u l t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m , w h e r e
B O D o u t p u t v a l u e s r a n g e f r o m 1 . 9 2 - 5 . 6 g / m 3 , s h o w i n g e x c e p t i o n a l l y h i g h
o u t p u t w a t e r q u a l i t y , s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e E U U r b a n W a s t e w a t e r
D i r e c t o r y t h r e s h o l d o f 2 5 g / m 3 o f B O D .
T o c l a r i f y t h e e x p e c t e d f i n a l v a l u e o f B O D w h i c h w o u l d b e o b t a i n e d a f t e r
t r e a t m e n t , a m e a n v a l u e w a s t a k e n b e t w e e n t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d
o p t i m i s t i c r e d u c t i o n r a t e s p e r s t e p f o r m i n i m u m , a v e r a g e a n d m a x i m u m
d a i l y B O D v a l u e s , p r o d u c i n g a m e a n B O D o u t p u t v a l u e o f 1 6 . 4 9 g / m 3 .
( M e a n v a l u e o f m i n i m u m , a v e r a g e a n d m a x i m u m e f f l u e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n
a t o u t p u t , c o m b i n e d f r o m c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s )
T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e i n i t i a l m e a n B O D v a l u e o f 1 9 4 g / m 3 , t h e s y s t e m
p e r f o r m s w e l l b y r e d u c i n g B O D v a l u e s b y 9 1 . 5 % .
S i m i l a r l y , T S S c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( F i g u r e s 1 6 a n d 1 7 ) a n d m a s s ( F i g u r e s 1 8 a n d 1 9 )
v a l u e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e s y s t e m a t e a c h s t a g e , w i t h c o n s e r v a t i v e
a n d o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s f o r T S S r e d u c t i o n r a t e s f o r t h e h i g h e s t , l o w e s t
a n d a v e r a g e T S S r e c o r d e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y .
Figure 16- TSS Levels in System Figure 17- TSS Levels in System

C o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s f o r r e m o v a l r a t e s p l a c e t h e o u t p u t v a l u e s o f T S S
r a n g i n g f r o m l o w s o f 3 g / m 3 , t o h i g h s o f 1 9 . 8 4 g / m 3 .
O p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s o f r e d u c t i o n r a t e s p l a c e t h e s y s t e m o u t p u t v a l u e s
a t 3 . 2 - 9 . 9 g / m 3 o f T S S , s h o w i n g e x t r e m e l y e f f i c i e n t r e d u c t i o n s o f 9 6 . 8 % .
A l l v a l u e s c a l c u l a t e d d e m o n s t r a t e T S S v a l u e s l e s s t h a n t h e
r e c o m m e n d e d t h r e s h o l d o f 3 5 g / m 3 , i n d i c a t i n g h i g h q u a l i t y o u t p u t .
( M e a n v a l u e o f m i n i m u m , a v e r a g e a n d m a x i m u m e f f l u e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n
a t o u t p u t , c o m b i n e d f r o m c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d o p t i m i s t i c e s t i m a t e s )
Figure 18 -Total TSS Mass in System Figure 19- Total TSS Mass in System
Graphical Analysis Summary
Out(Conservative) Out(Optimistic) Out(Conservative) Out(Optimistic)
19.84 9.92 285.696 142.848
6.912 6.912 199.0656 99.5328
3.168 3.168 91.2384 45.6192
TSS(g/m3) TSS Mass (kg)
Highest Daily Value
Average Daily Value
Lowest Daily Value

C o n c l u s i o n s a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
T o c o n c l u d e , t h e p r o p o s e d f a c i l i t y s o l v e s t h e i s s u e s i n E n d e r e l a t i n g t o
a l a c k o f s a n i t a t i o n s t r u c t u r e a n d w a t e r s h o r t a g e s . I t p r o v i d e s h i g h l y
s a t i s f a c t o r y p r e l i m i n a r y , p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t a s s h o w n b y
s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n s i n B O D a n d T S S , a s w e l l a s p e r m i t t i n g a d e q u a t e
w a t e r s t o r a g e f o r i r r i g a t i o n i n t h e e v e n t o f w a t e r s h o r t a g e s . I t i s a
s i m p l e , e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s a f e , a n d s u s t a i n a b l e d e s i g n , w h i c h c a n b e
c o n s t r u c t e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d b y l o c a l s , a s w e l l a s h a v i n g t h e a d d e d
b e n e f i t o f c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s . T h e b y - p r o d u c t s o f t r e a t m e n t c a n b e u s e d
e f f e c t i v e l y , l e a d i n g t o a d d e d i n c o m e . T h e s i t e p r o p o s e d i s l o c a t e d i n a n
a d e q u a t e l y s i z e d a r e a a p p r o v e d f o r b r o w n f i e l d u s e , a n d s u p p o r t s a
h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l w e t l a n d s f a c i l i t y a s a r e s u l t o f u n d u l a t i n g t e r r a i n .
T h e l a n d r e q u i r e d i s f e a s i b l e f o r t h e s c a l e o f t h e p r o j e c t , a n d p r o v i d e s
9 2 0 0 m 3 / d a y f o r t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n , i n a d d i t i o n t o c o m p l e t e b l a c k w a t e r
a n d p a r t i a l g r e y w a t e r t r e a t m e n t . T h i s s i z e o f p r o j e c t c o u l d l e a d t o
a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d i n s u p p l e m e n t a r y s i t e s t o e n s u r e
g r e a t e r r a i n f a l l c a p t u r e , a n d i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i l i t y t o c l e a n d r i n k i n g
w a t e r f o r t h e e n t i r e c o m m u n i t y o f E n d e .

R e f e r e n c e s
 Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition. G. Tchobanoglous, F.L. Burton and
H.D.Stensel (Eds), McGraw Hill, London, UK, 1820pp [Accessed 16th February]
 Decision No 2455/2001/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2001, DIRECTIVE
2000/60/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL, The Hague, 23/10/2000 [Accessed 16th
February]
 Commission Directive 98/15/EC of 27 February 1998, COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 21 May 1991 concerning urban
waste water treatment, The Hague, 21/5/1991 [Accessed 16th February]
I n t e r n e t S o u r c e s C o n s u l t e d
 Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control | Nzabuheraheza | Rwanda Journal of Health Sciences.
2015. Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control | Nzabuheraheza | Rwanda Journal of Health Sciences.
[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/rjhs/article/view/82339. [Accessed 27 March 2015].
 Badan Pusat Statistik. 2015. Badan Pusat Statistik. [ONLINE]
 Available at:http://www.bps.go.id/webbeta/frontend/. [Accessed 17 February 2015]
 COWI - Wastewater treatment tailored to the tropics . 2015. COWI - Wastewater treatment tailored to the tropics .
[ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.cowi.com/menu/NewsandMedia/News/Newsarchive/Pages/wastewatertreatmenttailoredtothetropics.as
px. [Accessed 29 March 2015].
 DEWATDS Design Principles [ONLINE] Available at:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/books/DEWATS_-_Chapter_07.pdf. [Accessed 27 March 2015].
 IWA Review. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.euwfd.com/IWA_Krakow_Sep_2005_REV.pdf. [Accessed
17 February 2015]. (Fig.2)
 Ende Baai, Indonesia - Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates. 2015. Ende Baai, Indonesia -
Geographical Names, map, geographic coordinates . [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3701435&fid=2421&c=indonesia. [Accessed 17
February 2015].
 Google Maps. 2015. Google Maps. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.google.co.uk/maps. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
 Human Population Calculator. 2015. Human Population Calculator. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.metamorphosisalpha.com/ias/population.php. [Accessed 17 February 2015]

 Institutional Login: University of Strathclyde. 2015. Institutional Login: University of Strathclyde. [ONLINE]
Available at:http://classes.myplace.strath.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=10037. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
 Weather forecast for Ende | Local | Indonesia . 2015. Weather forecast for Ende | Local | Indonesia . [ONLINE]
Available at:http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Indonesia/Ende.aspx. [Accessed 17 February 2015]
 Horizontal Subsurface Flow CW | SSWM. 2015. Horizontal Subsurface Flow CW | SSWM. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-treatment/hardware/semi-centralised-
wastewater-treatments/h. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
 Indonesia in Grip of a Water Shortage - The Jakarta Globe. 2015. Indonesia in Grip of a Water Shortage - The
Jakarta Globe. [ONLINE] Available at:http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/news/indonesia-grip-water-shortage/.
[Accessed 17 February 2015].
 United Nations Global Issues. 2015. United Nations Global Issues. [ONLINE] Available
at: http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/water/. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
 Water Facts: Water. 2015. Water Facts: Water. [ONLINE] Available at: http://water.org/water-crisis/water-
facts/water/. [Accessed 17 February 2015].
 WHO Indonesia Profile 2015. . [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.who.int/goe/publications/atlas/idn.pdf. [Accessed
17 February 2015].
 WHO | WHO Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS) Brief. 2015. WHO | WHO Country Cooperation Strategy (CCS)
Brief. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/briefs/en/. [Accessed 17
February 2015].
 Triggering Five Pillars of Community Based Total Sanitation in Ende District-Indonesia - YouTube.
2015. Triggering Five Pillars of Community Based Total Sanitation in Ende District-Indonesia - YouTube.
[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykaPIQviJfQ. [Accessed 17 February 2015].

A p p e n d i c e s
Appendix 1- EU Water Directive. Table 1, Annex 1
Appendix 2- BOD Reduction in Wetlands System (Koh Phi Phi)

Appendix 3- Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control
Appendix 4-DEWATDS Design Principles
C 0.7 C 0.7
V1 0.4 m/s V1 0.8 m/s
v1 0.3 m/s v1 0.3 m/s
g 9.81 m/s^2 g 9.81 m/s^2
HL1 0.01m HL2 0.04m
RL=4
𝐿 =
1
2
)
𝐿 =
𝐿
𝐿
Appendix 5- Sensitivity Analysis- Coarse Screening

Appendix 6- Average Total Rainfall Runoff Per Day
Max BOD 3336g/m3 per day
Average BOD 2328g/m3 per day
Min BOD 1152g/m3 per day
Max BOD Mass 66.72g per person
Average BOD Mass 46.56g per person
Min BOD Mass 23.04g per person
Total Population BOD Mass Max (Popn 60,000)
Max 4003200 4003.2 kg
Average 2793600 2793.6 kg
Min 1382400 1382.4 kg
Appendix 7-- BOD Mass Calculations
Homes Septic Tank Wetlands System
Mass Out Per Day Mass In Mass Out(Conservative- 25%removal) Mass In (Conservative) Out(Conservative-75% removal)
Highest Daily Value 4003.2 4003.2 3002.4 3002.4 750.6
Average Daily Value 2793.6 2793.6 2095.2 2095.2 523.8
Lowest Daily Value 1382.4 1382.4 1036.8 1036.8 259.2
Mass Out Per Day Mass In Mass Out (Optimistic-50% removal) Mass In (Optimistic) Out(Optimistic-95% removal)
Highest Daily Value 4003.2 4003.2 2001.6 2001.6 100.08
Flow Rate 0.02m^3/day/person 1200m^3/day (3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3/day (3 wetland systems of 400m^3)
Volume 0.02m^3/day/person 1200m^3 (3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3
Appendix 8- BOD Removal Data
Rainfall (mm) Rainfall per day (mm) Rainfall per day (m)
Jan 69 2.3 0.0023
Feb 82 2.733333333 0.002733333
Mar 89 2.966666667 0.002966667
Apr 52 1.733333333 0.001733333
May 7 0.233333333 0.000233333
Jun 45 1.5 0.0015
Jul 2 0.066666667 6.66667E-05
Aug 0 0 0
Sep 0 0 0
Oct 2 0.066666667 6.66667E-05
Nov 34 1.133333333 0.001133333
Dec 102 3.4 0.0034
Average 0.00134 m/day/m^2
Ende area 15000000m^2 20100 m/day

Max TSS 3720g/m3 per day
Average TSS 2592g/m3 per day
Min TSS 1188g/m3 per day
Max TSS Mass 74.4g per person
Average TSS Mass 51.84g per person
Min TSS Mass 23.76g per person
Total Population TSS Mass (Popn 60,000)
Max 4464000 4464 kg
Average 3110400 3110.4 kg
Min 1425600 1425.6 kg
Appendix 9- TSS Mass Calculations
Mass Out Per DayMass In Mass Out(Conservative- 25%removal)Mass In (Conservative) Out(Conservative-75% removal)
Highest Daily Value 4464 4464 3348 3348 837
Mass Out Per DayMass In Mass Out (Optimistic-50% removal) Mass In (Optimistic) Out(Optimistic-95% removal)
Highest Daily Value 4464 4464 2232 2232 111.6
Flow Rate 0.02m^3/day/person1200m^3/day(3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3/day (3 wetland systems of 400m^3)
Volume 0.02m^3/day/person1200m^3 (3septic tanks of 400m^3) 1200m^3
Appendix 10-TSS Mass Removal Data

Appendix 11-VSB Design- Using Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters Manual
(EPA)

CL420 Ende Project Completed

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

CL420 Ende Project Completed