Lipids are diverse organic compounds insoluble in water, classified into fixed oils, fats, and waxes, serving various functions including structural components, energy storage, and as precursors for vitamins and hormones. They can be sourced from plants or animals and are characterized by properties like solubility in lipid solvents and presence in specific tissues. Various oils, such as castor, olive, and peanut oil, are highlighted for their chemical constituents, uses, and identification methods, alongside details on their extraction and byproducts.

1. Lipids

2. DESCRIPTION
Are large and diverse groups
of naturally occurring
organic compounds that are
related by their solubility in
non-polar organic solvents
and generally insoluble in
water.
Lipids

3. Classes
FIXED OILS
long chain fatty
acids + glycerol
FATS
long chain fatty
acids + glycerol
WAXES
long chain fatty
acids + high MW
alcohol.

4. Functions
1. STRUCTURAL COMPONENT
Lipids serve as structural components of biological membrane
3. VITAMINS & HORMONES
Serves as vitamins and precursor in hormones
2. ENERGY RESERVE
Provide energy reserves predominantly in the form of TAGs.
4. LIPID SOLUBILIZATION
Lipophilic bile acids aid in lipid solubilization.

5. Are obtained from plants or animal.
They are rich in calories thus their
primary function is food (energy)
storage.
In plant source, they are present
mostly in the seeds, as reserve
substances and in animals they are
present in subcutaneous and
retroperitoneal tissues.
Fixed oils &
Fats

7. Fixed oil vs Fats
FATS
• Obtained from animals
• Solid or semi-solid at room temperature
FIXED OIL
• Obtained from plant.
• Liquid at room temperature

8. Characteristics:
• INSOLUBLE IN WATER & ALCOHOL
• SOLUBLE IN LIPID SOLVENTS
• FLOAT IN WATER
• PRODUCE TRANSLUCENT STAIN
ON PAPER
• CANNOT BE DISTILLED WITHOUT
DECOMPOSITION

9. Analytical Parameters (USP Test)
1. IODINE VALUE
the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 grams of substance
3. ACID VALUE
the number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free fatty
acids in 1 gram of the substance
2. SAPONIFICATION VALUE
the number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free acids
and saponify the esters contained in 1 gram of the substance.

10. Analytical Parameters (USP Test)
4. HYDROXYL VALUE
the number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize acetic acid
combined to hydroxyl groups when 1 gram of the sample is
acetylated.
5. ESTER VALUE
the number of milligrams of KOH required to saponify the esters
contained in 1 gram of the substance.

11. FIXED OILS
separated from the crude
vegetable by EXPRESSION
FATS
separated from other tissues by
RENDERING with steam with or
without pressure
Extraction
Process:

12. PROPERTY OF FIXED OILS
< 100 IODINE VALUE
Non-drying
Semi-drying
Drying
100 - 120 IODINE VALUE
> 120 IODINE VALUE

13. HYDROGENATED
OIL
BY PASSING HYDROGEN, IN THE
PRESENCE OF NICKEL OR
PALLADIUM THROUGH OIL HEATED
TO 160-200 C
SULFATED OR
SULFONATED OIL
BY REACTING SULFURIC ACID
WITH THE OIL KEEPING THE
TEMPERATURE DOWN BY
CHILLING

14. • EMOLLIENT
• VEHICLE FOR IM INJECTION
• CATHARTICS
• INCREASE IN CALORIC VALUE
• SOAP PRODUCTION
GENERAL USES OF FIXED OILS:

15. Fixed Oils Sources
Castor oil Ricinus communis
Olive oil Olea europoea
Peanut oil Arachis hypogaea
Soybean oil Glycine soja
Cottonseed oil Gossypium hirsutum
Sesame oil Sesamum indicum
Almond oil Prunus amygdalus
Persic oil Prunus armeniaca or Prunus persica
Coconut oil Cocos nucifera
Corn oil Zea mays

16. Fixed Oils Sources
Safflower oil Carthamus tinctorius
Sunflower oil Helianthus annuus
Linseed oil Linum usitatissimum
Mustard oil Brassina nigra
Theobroma oil Theobroma cacao

17. Fats Sources
Cod liver oil Gadus morrhua
Shark liver oil Hypoprion brevirostris
Lanolin Ovis aries
Lard Sus scrofa

18. CASTOR OIL (CASTOR BEAN OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the ripe seed
of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae)
Chemical Constituents: Ricinoleic acid
Uses: Stimulant cathartic
Plasticizer in flexible collodion
Lubricating agent

19. Castor oil cake
Residue or marc after expressing
the oil from the bean.
It contains RICIN – a poisonous
principle of castor seed.
Uses: Manure as fertilizer
Production of lipase
By product:

20. Undecylenic acid
Unsaturated fatty acid obtained
from the pyrolysis of Castor oil.
Use: Antifungal
Fatty Acids
of Castor
Beans

21. Azelaic acid
Saturated dicarboxylic acid
obtained from the ozonolysis of
Castor oil.
Use: Anti-acne
Fatty Acids
of Castor
Beans

23. OLIVE OIL (SALAD OIL) (SWEET OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the ripe fruit
of Olea europoea (Oleaceae)
Chemical Constituents: Oleic acid
Uses: Pharmaceutical aid
Demulcent
Emollient
Nutritive
Identification Test: Millons Test

24. Grades of purity of Olive Oil
Grade Description
First Grade (Virgin olive oil)
Obtained by gently pressing the peeled pulp free from
endocarp
Second Grade (Virgin olive oil)
Extracted with more pressure from the pulp of the first
grade pressing.
Technical Oil Produce by expressing the pulp with boiling hot water
Sulfur grade olive oil Produce by expressing the pulp with carbon disulfide
Tournant oil
Obtained from fallen, decomposed or refuse olives that are
allowed to ferment.

25. PEANUT OIL (ARACHIS OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by expression of the shelled and
skinned seeds of Arachis hypogaea (Leguminosae)
Chemical Constituents: Oleic acid
Uses: Lubricant
IM injection solvent
Saponifying agent

26. Peanut Oil Cake
Residue following expression of fixed oil
Valuable in livestock food
Peanut Butter
By products:

27. SOYBEAN OIL
The fixed oil obtained by expression of ripe seeds of
Glycine soja (Leguminosae)
Chemical Constituents:
Linoleic acid
Lecithin
Stigmasterol
Uses: Parenteral nutrient,
Source of lecithin & Stigmasterol

28. Partially hydrogenated soybean
oil
Ingredient described as balanced dietary
supplements
Soybean cake
By
products:
Residue after pressing out the oil
Contains large amount of protein, K+ & Phosphorous
High value for livestock food
Soybean meal
Flour sifted from decorticated, ground seed deprived
of fat
Diagnostic aid for BUN by enzymatic reaction of the
urease

29. COTTONSEED OIL
The refined fixed oil obtained by expression of ripe seeds
of Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae)
Chemical Constituents: Linoleic acid
Uses: Solvent for IM injection
Substitute for Lard
Manufacture of soap
Identification test: Halphen/Bevan Test

30. Cottonseed cake
Contains about 0.6% of toxic principle
Gossypol
Present in cold-pressed oil and can be
removed by treatment with alkalies
By product:

31. SESAME OIL (BENNE OIL) (TEEL OIL)
The refined fixed oil obtained by expression of seeds of
Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae)
Chemical Constituents:
Oleic acid
Lignan sesamin
Vitamin A & E
Uses: Solvent for IM injection
Antioxidant & radical scavenger in cosmetic

32. ALMOND OIL
(SWEET ALMOND OIIL) (BITTER ALMOND OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by expression of seeds of Prunus
amygdalus or Prunus amara (Rosaceae)
Chemical Constituents: Oleic acid
Uses: Flavoring agent

33. PERSIC OIL
(APRICOT KERNEL OIL) (PEACH KERNEL OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by expression of
kernels of Prunus armeniaca or Prunus
persica (Rosaceae)
Closely resemble almond oil and is used
as vehicle and pharmaceutic necessity.

34. COCONUT OIL
(COPRA OIL) (LAURIC OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by expression of dried
solid part of endosperm of coconut Cocos
nucifera (Palmae)
Chemical Constituents:
Capric acid & Caprylic acid
Lauric acid & Myristic acid
Uses: Dietary products

35. CORN OIL (MAIZE OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by expression of the
embryos(germ) of Zea mays (Graminae)
Chemical Constituents: Linoleic acid
Uses: Solvent for IM injection
Preparation:
1. Embryo is separated by floatation process
during preparation of corn starch.

36. Germ Oil Cake
(Oil cake meal)
Residue following expressing fixed oil
from the embryo.
By product:

37. SAFFLOWER OIL
The fixed oil obtained by expression of
the ripe, dry seeds of Carthamus
tinctorius (Compositae)
Chemical Constituents: Mixture of
glycerides that is largely unsaturated
Uses: Dietary supplement in
Hypercholesteremia

38. SUNFLOWER OIL
The fixed oil obtained by expression of the seeds
of Helianthus annuus (Compositae)
Chemical Constituents: Mixture of glycerides that is
largely unsaturated
Uses: Dietary supplement
Alternative for Safflower oil

39. LINSEED OIL (FLAX SEED OIL)
The fixed oil obtained by expression of the dried,
ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae)
Chemical Constituents: Linoleic acid
Uses: Demulcent, Emollient, Expetorant, Irritant
Internally useful for gonorrhoea

40. MUSTARD OIL
The fixed oil obtained by expression of the
matured seeds of Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae)
Chemical Constituents: Sinigrin
Uses: Local irritant, Emetic,
Rubefaceint, Vesicant

41. HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL
The refined, bleached, hydrogenated and
deodorized vegetable oil stearins.
Chemical Constituents:
Triglycerides of stearic and palmitic acid
Uses: Tablet lubricant
Identification Test:
Serger’s Test

42. ETHIODIZED OIL INJECTION
An iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of the
fatty acids of poppy seed oil.
Chemical Constituents: Iodine
Uses: Radiopaque as diagnostic aid in
hysterosalpingography and lymphography

43. THEOBROMA OIL
(COCOA BUTTER) (CACAO BUTTER)
Obtained from roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao
(Sterculiaceae)
Chemical constituent: Oleopalmitostearin
Characteristic:
1. Melting point: 30°C -35°C
Uses: Emollient and Suppository base

44. Prepared Cacao
(Breakfast cocoa)
Residue remain after expressing cocoa
butter.
Use: Beverage
By
products:
Bitter Chocolate
Paste form of cocoa butter that is
congealed at room temperature
Sweet Chocolate
Bitter chocolate to which sugar or
vanilla have been added.

45. Fixed oil Official Identification Test
Cottonseed oil Halphen Bevan Test
Sesame oil Baudouin’s Test
Vegetable oil Serger’s Test
Olive oil Millon’s Test

46. COD LIVER OIL
Processed from fresh liver of cod fish, Gadus morrhua
(Gadidae)
Chemical Constituents: Mixture of glycerides
Vitamin A and D
Uses: Source of vitamins
Nutritive

47. Sodium morrhuate
Sodium salts of fatty acids of cod
liver oil.
Use: Sclerosing agent to obliterate
varicose veins
Fatty Acid

48. SHARK LIVER OIL
Obtained from the fresh and healthy liver of shark fish,
Hypoprion brevirostris (Carcharhinidae)
Chemical Constituents: Vitamin A
Uses: Treatment for Xerophthalmia
Nutritive
Tonic

49. LANOLIN (WOOL FAT)
The fat-like purified secretion of the sebaceous glands
of the wool of the sheep, Ovis aries (Bovidae)
Chemical constituent: Cholesterol
Forms:
1. Hydrous form
2. Anhydrous form
Uses: Emollient & ointment base

50. LARD
The purified internal fat obtained from the abdomen of
the hog, Sus scrofa (Suidae)
Uses: Ointment base

51. DESCRIPTION
Are esters resulting from the
condensation of high
molecular weight long chain
fatty acids and alcohols.
Commonly employed in
pharmaceuticals to “harden”
ointments and cosmetics
creams and as protective
coating in industry.
WAXES

52. BEESWAX (YELLOW WAX)
Purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee,
Aphis mellifera (Apidae)
Chemical Constituents:
Myricin (Myricyl palmitate)
Propolis
Uses: Stiffening agent

53. SPERMACETI
Waxy substance obtained from the head of the sperm
whale, Physeter microcephalus (Physeteridae)
Substitutes: (Synthetic)
1. Synthetic spermaceti (Cetyl ester wax) - mixture
consisting primarily of esters of saturated fatty alcohols and fatty acids
2. Cetyl alcohol
3. Stearyl alcohol

54. JOJOBA OIL
The only liquid wax expressed from the seeds of,
Simmondsia chinensis (Buxaceae)
Chemical constituent: Eicosenoic acid
Use: Emollient

55. CARNAUBA WAX
Exudates from the pores of leaves of
brazilian wax palm tree, Copernicia
prunifera (Palmae)
Chemical constituent:
Myricyl cerotate
Use: Depilatory, ingredients for candles,
varnishes, polishes

56. DESCRIPTION
C20 lipid metabolites formed
in the body from essential,
unsaturated fatty acids of the
diet.
Major prostaglandins:
1. Prostaglandin A
2. Prostaglandin B
3. Prostaglandin E
4. Prostaglandin F
PROSTAGLANDIN

57. sources:

59. Prostaglandin analog Analog MOA Use
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) Dinoprost Uterine stimulant
Abortifacient
15-Methyiprostaglandin F2α,
15-methyl PGF2α
Carboprost
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Dinoprostone Uterine stimulant
Cervical ripening
(labor)
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) Alprostadil
Vasodilation
Inhibition of platelet aggregation
Intestinal and uterine stimulant
Vasodilator
Mx of Erectile
dysfunction

60. Prostaglandin analog Analog MOA Use
Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) Epoprostenol Vasodilation
Mx of Pulmonary
HTN
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) Misoprostol Cytoprotection
Mx of acid peptic
disease
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)
Latanaprost Reduce intraocular pressure Mx of Glaucoma