1. The document discusses data, information, and information systems. It defines data as unorganized raw material with little value, while information is organized data that is meaningful to users.
2. An information system is described as a set of related components that collects data, processes it, and provides information. It includes input, processes, and output.
3. Examples of information systems include school grading systems, business retail systems, transportation delivery systems, and hotel booking systems.
An information system collects data, processes it into information, and provides information to users. It consists of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. Information systems are used in education, business, and management to keep track of statistics, enable online learning and transactions, and analyze products.
A foreign key is a field or group of fields in a table that links to the primary key of another table. It works like a cross-reference between two related tables. For example, a student registration system may have a Courses table with a primary key of CourseID. The Students table would then have a foreign key of CourseID to link each student record to the course they are enrolled in. Together the primary key and foreign key help define the relationship between tables and maintain data integrity.
This document defines key concepts related to information systems including data, information, information systems, and the components and types of information systems. It also discusses database concepts like the hierarchy of data from the bit level up to files and records. The key components of information systems are identified as input, processing, and output. Examples are provided of how information systems are used in different fields like education and business.
This document provides information about data, information systems, and their components. It defines data as raw unorganized material that has little value on its own. Information is organized data that is meaningful to users. An information system is a set of related components that collects data, processes it, and provides information. The key components of an information system are data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. Together these components work to input data, process it, and output useful information to meet users' needs.
The document discusses computer hardware and software concepts. It provides examples of how computers were used to quickly retrieve life-saving medical information for a pregnant woman. Computers can process large amounts of information fast and accurately. The document then discusses different types of computers based on size and performance, including microcomputers, personal computers, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also distinguishes between general purpose and special purpose computers. The input-process-output model is used to explain how computers work by taking the example of an airline reservation system. Key computer hardware components like the CPU, keyboard, display and printer are mapped to this model. The document concludes by defining computer hardware as the physical parts and computer software as the set
Management Information System (MIS)- unit-5Manoj Kumar
This PPT is prepared for students and other professionals regarding Management Information System (MIS) subject as lecture notes.This PPT aims to help students to recognize, specify and communicate effectively to data processing personnel to about information system. It also helps students to interpret new developments in information technology and fit into an overall framework. OTHER TOPICS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONSECUTIVE PPTs
Management Information System (mis)- unit-3Manoj Kumar
This PPT is prepared for students and other professionals regarding Management Information System (MIS) subject as lecture notes.This PPT aims to help students to recognize, specify and communicate effectively to data processing personnel to about information system. It also helps students to interpret new developments in information technology and fit into an overall framework. OTHER TOPICS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONSECUTIVE PPTs
The document discusses different types of information systems including office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, expert systems, and integrated information systems. It describes the key characteristics and functions of each type of system, such as capturing and processing transactional data, generating reports to help managers make decisions, and using artificial intelligence to emulate human expertise. The document also discusses best practices for ensuring information is relevant and timely.
An information system collects data, processes it into information, and provides information to users. It consists of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. Information systems are used in education, business, and management to keep track of statistics, enable online learning and transactions, and analyze products.
A foreign key is a field or group of fields in a table that links to the primary key of another table. It works like a cross-reference between two related tables. For example, a student registration system may have a Courses table with a primary key of CourseID. The Students table would then have a foreign key of CourseID to link each student record to the course they are enrolled in. Together the primary key and foreign key help define the relationship between tables and maintain data integrity.
This document defines key concepts related to information systems including data, information, information systems, and the components and types of information systems. It also discusses database concepts like the hierarchy of data from the bit level up to files and records. The key components of information systems are identified as input, processing, and output. Examples are provided of how information systems are used in different fields like education and business.
This document provides information about data, information systems, and their components. It defines data as raw unorganized material that has little value on its own. Information is organized data that is meaningful to users. An information system is a set of related components that collects data, processes it, and provides information. The key components of an information system are data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. Together these components work to input data, process it, and output useful information to meet users' needs.
The document discusses computer hardware and software concepts. It provides examples of how computers were used to quickly retrieve life-saving medical information for a pregnant woman. Computers can process large amounts of information fast and accurately. The document then discusses different types of computers based on size and performance, including microcomputers, personal computers, mini computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. It also distinguishes between general purpose and special purpose computers. The input-process-output model is used to explain how computers work by taking the example of an airline reservation system. Key computer hardware components like the CPU, keyboard, display and printer are mapped to this model. The document concludes by defining computer hardware as the physical parts and computer software as the set
Management Information System (MIS)- unit-5Manoj Kumar
This PPT is prepared for students and other professionals regarding Management Information System (MIS) subject as lecture notes.This PPT aims to help students to recognize, specify and communicate effectively to data processing personnel to about information system. It also helps students to interpret new developments in information technology and fit into an overall framework. OTHER TOPICS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONSECUTIVE PPTs
Management Information System (mis)- unit-3Manoj Kumar
This PPT is prepared for students and other professionals regarding Management Information System (MIS) subject as lecture notes.This PPT aims to help students to recognize, specify and communicate effectively to data processing personnel to about information system. It also helps students to interpret new developments in information technology and fit into an overall framework. OTHER TOPICS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONSECUTIVE PPTs
The document discusses different types of information systems including office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, expert systems, and integrated information systems. It describes the key characteristics and functions of each type of system, such as capturing and processing transactional data, generating reports to help managers make decisions, and using artificial intelligence to emulate human expertise. The document also discusses best practices for ensuring information is relevant and timely.
The document provides information about a lecturer named Zaipul Anwar Bin Zainu din who teaches at the Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing, Universiti Kuala Lumpur. It includes details about the lecturer's contact information, subjects taught, course objectives and assessments, and an introduction to basic computer hardware, software, and networking topics covered in the course.
An information system consists of 5 main components: 1) Computer hardware which includes the physical parts of a computer system like processors, memory, and input/output devices. 2) Computer software which are instructions that control the computer's operation and can be system software or application software. 3) Telecommunications which refers to electronic transmission of information over networks like LANs and WANs. 4) Databases which are organized collections of related data managed by database management systems. 5) Human resources and procedures which involve the people who use the system and the outlined processes for interacting with hardware, software, and databases.
Information systems collect, process, store, and distribute data as information. They consist of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. Information systems are used in various fields like education, business, and management to track student grades, facilitate online learning, carry out online transactions, and analyze products. The main components of an information system are data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. Common types of information systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, and expert systems.
This document provides an introduction to information systems. It defines key concepts like data, information, knowledge, and the difference between them. It also describes the different types of information systems, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, executive information systems, decision support systems, and office information systems. The document outlines the five basic components of an information system as hardware, software, data, processes, and human users. It provides examples of both manual and computerized information systems.
The document discusses the differences between information technology (IT) and information systems (IS). IT refers to the hardware, software, and networking infrastructure, while IS are the systems that collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making and business processes. An IS has five main components - data, hardware, software, processes, and people. Information systems can be classified by their organizational level as functional, enterprise-wide, or interorganizational systems, and also by the type of support they provide such as transaction processing, management information, or decision support.
The document discusses different types of information systems used in organizations, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive support systems, and knowledge work systems. It describes how these systems integrate functions and business processes across departments like finance, human resources, manufacturing, and sales.
Information systems are computer-based systems that collect, process, store, and distribute data to support decision making and control in organizations. They include hardware, software, databases, telecommunications networks, procedures, and people. There are different types of information systems like operational support systems, management support systems, and strategic information systems that support various business functions such as accounting, finance, marketing, sales, production, logistics, and human resource management. Information technology applications are important components of computer-based information systems and include system software, applications software, databases, networks, and procedures for using these systems.
Computers can be found everywhere in modern society, being used in homes, schools, businesses, hospitals, vehicles, and other devices. They process input data according to programmed instructions and provide output. Computers have greatly impacted offices, manufacturing, healthcare, finance, the military, education, and leisure activities by automating tasks and processes.
This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals including data, information, how computers work, types of computers, and information technology. It defines data as raw facts and figures and information as processed data. It describes the input, processing, and output stages of data processing. It also summarizes the different parts of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, secondary memory, and input/output devices. Finally, it outlines the various types of computers including desktops, workstations, notebooks, tablets, handhelds, and smartphones that are used by individuals and organizations like servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
This document provides an overview of information systems concepts. It defines an information system as a combination of people, hardware, software, networks, and policies that collects, transforms, and disseminates information. The document discusses the components of an information system, including technology, applications, development, and management. It also covers data versus information, types of information systems, and trends in information systems such as e-business.
This document provides an introduction to information systems and key concepts in knowledge management and expert systems.
It begins with defining information systems and distinguishing them from information technology. It then covers models for understanding the relationships between data, information, knowledge and wisdom.
The document discusses different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. It also covers knowledge management concepts like explicit and tacit knowledge, and how information technology can be used to create, capture, share and distribute organizational knowledge.
Finally, the document introduces expert systems, their components like the knowledge base and inference engine, and techniques like forward and backward chaining used in the inference engine. It provides examples
This document provides an introduction to information systems for non-technical managers. It discusses key concepts like the DIKW model, which organizes data, information, knowledge and wisdom hierarchically. It also discusses different types of information systems like TPS, MIS, DSS and EIS and how they map to different levels of the organization and support different types of decisions. Transaction processing systems are described as capturing daily transactions while management information systems provide performance reports. Decision support systems help with non-routine decisions using models or data. Executive information systems support strategic decisions with internal and external data. The document concludes with a discussion of knowledge management and expert systems, which use artificial intelligence to capture and distribute expert knowledge.
The document provides an overview of the introduction to computers. It discusses key topics like the meanings and types of computers, the evolution of computers through generations, computer systems including hardware and software, data, procedures, people, and communication/connectivity. The types of computers are classified based on size and power from personal computers to supercomputers. Computer hardware is divided into input, output, processing, storage, and communication hardware. Software is classified as application software and systems software. Data represents raw facts in computers using binary digits while information is processed data. People are important as they design, develop, operate and use computer systems.
The document introduces basic concepts about computers including:
1) Computers are electronic devices that process data according to a set of instructions. They can execute pre-recorded lists of instructions.
2) Computers convert raw data into useful information through processing. Data comes in many forms like numbers, words and symbols.
3) The document uses a case study to demonstrate how raw data about customer preferences can be converted into information to help Pizza Hut target their advertising.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions, components, and functions. It discusses the central processing unit, memory/storage units, input/output units, and various software programs. The key points covered are:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under program instructions.
- The main components are the CPU, memory, input, and output units. The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit and control unit.
- Memory can be internal RAM/ROM or external magnetic disks, tapes, CDs, etc.
- Common input devices are the keyboard, mouse, and scanner. Output devices include the monitor and printers.
- Software includes operating systems like Windows/DOS and productivity
Security Privacy Operating System and Artificial IntelligenceMark John Lado, MIT
Topics:
Introduction to Security and Privacy
Introduction to Operating System
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Objectives:
Distinguish the importance of cryptography.
Analyze decoding and encoding.
Engage in different Operating System.
Evaluate the role of Operating System in a device.
Know about Artificial Intelligence.
Identify the different types of Artificial Intelligence.
The document summarizes the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS emerged as a field to bridge the gap between computer programmers and business needs. It traces the evolution from early computers used for scientific calculations to modern systems that process business data and support decision making. It also outlines key components of business information systems and typical career paths for MIS professionals.
Business Information Systems by Patrick LinhartPatrick Linhart
About Business Information Systems and how they benefit to the companies.
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Digital-Communications-for-Business/1417495205132193
Information systems take in raw data through various input devices, store the data, process it by performing functions like calculating and sorting, and output the results through devices like screens and printers. A computer is an example of an information system, with a central processing unit that controls data movement and performs arithmetic/logical operations, internal memory, and connections to external storage and input/output devices. The basic components of a desktop computer system include the system unit, screen, keyboard, mouse, and drives for storage media.
This document provides an introduction to information systems for non-technical managers. It discusses how information systems are designed to help managers understand the implications of technology and prepare for advances like artificial intelligence. The document then outlines several key topics that will be covered, including data, information, knowledge, and different models that illustrate their relationships. It also defines what an information system is and distinguishes between information technology and information systems.
- Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) filed a quarterly report on Form 10-Q with the SEC for the quarter ended March 31, 2006.
- Key events include FERC approving a settlement in PSCo's transmission rate case, and PSCo filing for a $210 million annual electric rate increase with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission.
- PSCo is seeking an 11% return on equity in the rate case to recover increased costs and investments in generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure since its last electric rate case in 2001.
Seeds come in a variety of shapes, sizes, colors, and patterns. Some seeds can be eaten, while others have certain conditions that must be met before they will germinate. Seeds differ in size, from small to large, and in shape, such as oval beans versus triangular corn. Their colors range from red to yellow to black, and their patterns include lines, bumps, and cracks.
The document provides information about a lecturer named Zaipul Anwar Bin Zainu din who teaches at the Institute of Product Design & Manufacturing, Universiti Kuala Lumpur. It includes details about the lecturer's contact information, subjects taught, course objectives and assessments, and an introduction to basic computer hardware, software, and networking topics covered in the course.
An information system consists of 5 main components: 1) Computer hardware which includes the physical parts of a computer system like processors, memory, and input/output devices. 2) Computer software which are instructions that control the computer's operation and can be system software or application software. 3) Telecommunications which refers to electronic transmission of information over networks like LANs and WANs. 4) Databases which are organized collections of related data managed by database management systems. 5) Human resources and procedures which involve the people who use the system and the outlined processes for interacting with hardware, software, and databases.
Information systems collect, process, store, and distribute data as information. They consist of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. Information systems are used in various fields like education, business, and management to track student grades, facilitate online learning, carry out online transactions, and analyze products. The main components of an information system are data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. Common types of information systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, and expert systems.
This document provides an introduction to information systems. It defines key concepts like data, information, knowledge, and the difference between them. It also describes the different types of information systems, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, executive information systems, decision support systems, and office information systems. The document outlines the five basic components of an information system as hardware, software, data, processes, and human users. It provides examples of both manual and computerized information systems.
The document discusses the differences between information technology (IT) and information systems (IS). IT refers to the hardware, software, and networking infrastructure, while IS are the systems that collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making and business processes. An IS has five main components - data, hardware, software, processes, and people. Information systems can be classified by their organizational level as functional, enterprise-wide, or interorganizational systems, and also by the type of support they provide such as transaction processing, management information, or decision support.
The document discusses different types of information systems used in organizations, including transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive support systems, and knowledge work systems. It describes how these systems integrate functions and business processes across departments like finance, human resources, manufacturing, and sales.
Information systems are computer-based systems that collect, process, store, and distribute data to support decision making and control in organizations. They include hardware, software, databases, telecommunications networks, procedures, and people. There are different types of information systems like operational support systems, management support systems, and strategic information systems that support various business functions such as accounting, finance, marketing, sales, production, logistics, and human resource management. Information technology applications are important components of computer-based information systems and include system software, applications software, databases, networks, and procedures for using these systems.
Computers can be found everywhere in modern society, being used in homes, schools, businesses, hospitals, vehicles, and other devices. They process input data according to programmed instructions and provide output. Computers have greatly impacted offices, manufacturing, healthcare, finance, the military, education, and leisure activities by automating tasks and processes.
This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals including data, information, how computers work, types of computers, and information technology. It defines data as raw facts and figures and information as processed data. It describes the input, processing, and output stages of data processing. It also summarizes the different parts of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, secondary memory, and input/output devices. Finally, it outlines the various types of computers including desktops, workstations, notebooks, tablets, handhelds, and smartphones that are used by individuals and organizations like servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
This document provides an overview of information systems concepts. It defines an information system as a combination of people, hardware, software, networks, and policies that collects, transforms, and disseminates information. The document discusses the components of an information system, including technology, applications, development, and management. It also covers data versus information, types of information systems, and trends in information systems such as e-business.
This document provides an introduction to information systems and key concepts in knowledge management and expert systems.
It begins with defining information systems and distinguishing them from information technology. It then covers models for understanding the relationships between data, information, knowledge and wisdom.
The document discusses different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and executive information systems. It also covers knowledge management concepts like explicit and tacit knowledge, and how information technology can be used to create, capture, share and distribute organizational knowledge.
Finally, the document introduces expert systems, their components like the knowledge base and inference engine, and techniques like forward and backward chaining used in the inference engine. It provides examples
This document provides an introduction to information systems for non-technical managers. It discusses key concepts like the DIKW model, which organizes data, information, knowledge and wisdom hierarchically. It also discusses different types of information systems like TPS, MIS, DSS and EIS and how they map to different levels of the organization and support different types of decisions. Transaction processing systems are described as capturing daily transactions while management information systems provide performance reports. Decision support systems help with non-routine decisions using models or data. Executive information systems support strategic decisions with internal and external data. The document concludes with a discussion of knowledge management and expert systems, which use artificial intelligence to capture and distribute expert knowledge.
The document provides an overview of the introduction to computers. It discusses key topics like the meanings and types of computers, the evolution of computers through generations, computer systems including hardware and software, data, procedures, people, and communication/connectivity. The types of computers are classified based on size and power from personal computers to supercomputers. Computer hardware is divided into input, output, processing, storage, and communication hardware. Software is classified as application software and systems software. Data represents raw facts in computers using binary digits while information is processed data. People are important as they design, develop, operate and use computer systems.
The document introduces basic concepts about computers including:
1) Computers are electronic devices that process data according to a set of instructions. They can execute pre-recorded lists of instructions.
2) Computers convert raw data into useful information through processing. Data comes in many forms like numbers, words and symbols.
3) The document uses a case study to demonstrate how raw data about customer preferences can be converted into information to help Pizza Hut target their advertising.
This document provides an introduction to computers, including definitions, components, and functions. It discusses the central processing unit, memory/storage units, input/output units, and various software programs. The key points covered are:
- A computer is defined as an electronic device that processes data under program instructions.
- The main components are the CPU, memory, input, and output units. The CPU contains the arithmetic logic unit and control unit.
- Memory can be internal RAM/ROM or external magnetic disks, tapes, CDs, etc.
- Common input devices are the keyboard, mouse, and scanner. Output devices include the monitor and printers.
- Software includes operating systems like Windows/DOS and productivity
Security Privacy Operating System and Artificial IntelligenceMark John Lado, MIT
Topics:
Introduction to Security and Privacy
Introduction to Operating System
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Objectives:
Distinguish the importance of cryptography.
Analyze decoding and encoding.
Engage in different Operating System.
Evaluate the role of Operating System in a device.
Know about Artificial Intelligence.
Identify the different types of Artificial Intelligence.
The document summarizes the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It describes how MIS emerged as a field to bridge the gap between computer programmers and business needs. It traces the evolution from early computers used for scientific calculations to modern systems that process business data and support decision making. It also outlines key components of business information systems and typical career paths for MIS professionals.
Business Information Systems by Patrick LinhartPatrick Linhart
About Business Information Systems and how they benefit to the companies.
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Digital-Communications-for-Business/1417495205132193
Information systems take in raw data through various input devices, store the data, process it by performing functions like calculating and sorting, and output the results through devices like screens and printers. A computer is an example of an information system, with a central processing unit that controls data movement and performs arithmetic/logical operations, internal memory, and connections to external storage and input/output devices. The basic components of a desktop computer system include the system unit, screen, keyboard, mouse, and drives for storage media.
This document provides an introduction to information systems for non-technical managers. It discusses how information systems are designed to help managers understand the implications of technology and prepare for advances like artificial intelligence. The document then outlines several key topics that will be covered, including data, information, knowledge, and different models that illustrate their relationships. It also defines what an information system is and distinguishes between information technology and information systems.
- Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) filed a quarterly report on Form 10-Q with the SEC for the quarter ended March 31, 2006.
- Key events include FERC approving a settlement in PSCo's transmission rate case, and PSCo filing for a $210 million annual electric rate increase with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission.
- PSCo is seeking an 11% return on equity in the rate case to recover increased costs and investments in generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure since its last electric rate case in 2001.
Seeds come in a variety of shapes, sizes, colors, and patterns. Some seeds can be eaten, while others have certain conditions that must be met before they will germinate. Seeds differ in size, from small to large, and in shape, such as oval beans versus triangular corn. Their colors range from red to yellow to black, and their patterns include lines, bumps, and cracks.
Reference: Umeng Insight Report: China Mobile Internet 2012 ReviewC. Keiko Funahashi
Referenced in presentation, "The Seven Wonders of China's Mobile World"
http://www.slideshare.net/ckeikofunahashi/m-learncon-session-907-ckeikofunahashi
El proyecto describe la construcción de una mesa de air hockey y ping pong. Consiste en una tabla base de 15 mm sobre la que se colocarán otras tablas y listones para formar la superficie de juego de air hockey perforada con hoyos y la superficie para ping pong. Se especifican los materiales, medidas y detalles de corte necesarios para cada parte de la mesa.
HUD homes are foreclosed homes that are owned and sold by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Licensed real estate brokers can list, show, and submit offers on HUD homes on behalf of buyers after registering with HUD. HUD homes are sold through an online bidding process and various programs provide priority to certain buyers like owner-occupants, non-profits, and first responders. FHA loans are typically available to finance the purchase of HUD homes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides information on data, information, and information systems. It begins by defining data as raw unorganized material that has little value on its own. Data includes text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Information is organized data that is meaningful and valuable to a specific user. An information system is defined as a set of related components that collects data, processes it, and provides information. Examples of components include hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. School grading systems and other examples of information systems are provided.
The document provides information on data, information, and information systems. It defines data as raw unorganized material that has little value on its own. Information is organized data that is meaningful to a user. An information system is a set of related components that collects data, processes it, and provides information. It gives examples of information systems used in education like learning management systems, and information systems used in business for online shopping, transportation, and hotel booking.
The document provides information about data, information, and information systems. It defines data as raw unorganized facts that have little meaning on their own. Information is organized data that is meaningful to a user. An information system is a set of related components that collects data, processes it, and provides information. It gives the example of a school grading system as an information system that collects student marks as input data, processes it by calculating grades, and outputs reports with grading information.
The document discusses the importance of information systems in decision making and strategy building for organizations. It defines information and information technology, and describes the difference between information systems and information technology. An information system is comprised of various components including hardware, software, data, people, and processes. Information systems help management make informed decisions, improve communication and business processes, and develop effective strategies. Managers play an important role in overseeing information systems and ensuring they meet the needs of the organization.
The document discusses various types of computer-based information systems. It defines key terms like data, information, systems, and computer-based information systems. It describes the basic elements of a computer-based information system like hardware, software, data, procedures, and people. It also discusses different types of computer-based information systems including management support systems, expert systems, transaction processing systems, and office automation systems.
Management Information Systems provide essential information and support for effective decision making by management. There are several major types of information systems including Management Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Executive Information Systems. An information system model expresses the key components and activities of an information system including resources like people, hardware, software, data and networks that are used to input, process, output, store and control data to produce useful information products for end users.
An information system is a system that accepts data as input and processes it into information products as output. It depends on five key resources: people, hardware, software, data, and networks. People resources include end users and specialists, hardware includes computers and storage devices, software includes operating systems and applications, data includes things like sales transactions, and networks allow communication and sharing of information. All of these components must work together for an information system to successfully accept, process, store, and share information.
This document provides an overview of information systems and their components. It discusses why businesses use information systems, the characteristics and types of systems, and the key components of an information system including hardware, software, data, networks, and people. It also covers different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, management support systems, and operational versus strategic systems.
The document discusses how data is organized and classified to become meaningful information, and describes the data processing cycle where input data is prepared, processed to produce more useful output data. It also defines different types of information systems such as office information systems, transaction processing systems, and management information systems which generate reports to help managers make decisions.
An information system is a combination of hardware, software, infrastructure, and trained personnel that facilitates planning, control, coordination, and decision making within an organization. It turns raw data into useful information through organizing, processing, and analyzing the data stored in databases. Typical components of an information system include hardware, software, databases, networks, and procedures. Information systems support management activities like monitoring operations, achieving goals, and adapting to environmental trends to aid decision making.
This document discusses features and functions of different types of information systems. It provides examples of information systems used in various business environments like laboratories, schools, and organizations. Specific information systems discussed include Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS), School Information Management Systems (SIMS), Marketing Information Systems, Human Resource Information Systems, and Financial Information Systems. The document also covers purposes of information systems, data flow diagrams for a school SIMS and library booking system, and legal and ethical implications of input and output data.
Information systems combine hardware, software, and networks to collect, create, and distribute useful data in organizations. They process transactions, manage applications, and help people make decisions. Data on its own has no meaning, but when organized and analyzed it becomes meaningful information that supports decision making. Organizations have both open systems that share information externally and closed systems like research that keep information private. Different types of information systems support operations, management, and decision making.
PIS Lecture notes principal of information systemsShukraShukra
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on principles of information systems. It includes the course schedule, learning objectives, and definitions of key concepts like data, information, knowledge, systems, and information systems. The lecture schedule outlines 14 classes covering topics such as strategic information systems, knowledge management, enterprise resource planning, and decision making. Definitions provided help distinguish between data, information, and knowledge. Information systems are described as sets of components that collect, process, store, and disseminate data and information to meet objectives.
This document outlines the course for an information systems course. It will cover topics such as different types of information systems, the systems development life cycle, information systems development approaches, delivery strategies, management information systems, and recommended textbooks. It provides learning objectives for individual lectures that will define, explain, and discuss key concepts like data, information, systems, information processing, and the role of information systems in business and different functional areas. Case study questions related to UPS are also included to analyze information systems used in logistics and delivery operations.
The document provides an overview of information systems, including their definition, components, types, functions, importance, and security considerations. It defines an information system as a set of components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making in an organization. The key components are hardware, software, data, people, and networks. There are different types of information systems like transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and expert systems that support various levels and functions within an organization. Ensuring security and privacy of information is also an important aspect.
This is an MIS subject presentation covering the first chapter "BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS:An Overview" .The reference for this presentation is the book entitled "Principles of management Information Systems, Philippine Edition".
This document provides an overview of information systems for managers. It defines key terms like information systems, data, information, knowledge, and types of data. It discusses the goals of transforming data into information and knowledge. The document also describes the basic components of a system including inputs, processing, and outputs. It provides examples of information systems and their various components like people, hardware, software, databases, and networks. Finally, it discusses different types of business information systems such as transaction processing systems, e-commerce systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and office automation systems.
Database documentation is an important part of any database project. Good database documentation can help to improve communication and understanding, reduce errors, increase efficiency, improve maintainability, and reduce risk.
There are a number of benefits to having good database documentation, including:
Improved communication and understanding: Good database documentation can help to improve communication and understanding between users, database administrators, and developers. This can lead to better decisions about the design and use of the database.
Reduced errors: Database documentation can help to reduce errors in the database design, implementation, and use. This can save time and money in the long run.
Increased efficiency: Database documentation can help users to use the database more efficiently. This can lead to improved productivity and better decision-making.
Improved maintainability: Database documentation can help database administrators to maintain the database more effectively. This can lead to improved performance and reliability.
Reduced risk: Database documentation can help to reduce the risk of data loss or corruption. This is because database documentation can provide instructions on how to back up and restore the database, and how to recover from data loss or corruption.
that this book wil cover all of them
Database documentation is a collection of documents that describe a database and its contents. It is important to have good database documentation because it can help users to understand how to use the database, database administrators to maintain the database, and developers to create applications that use the database.
Database documentation can include a variety of different types of documents, such as:
Conceptual models: Conceptual models describe the high-level entities and relationships in the database. They are often used to communicate the design of the database to users and stakeholders.
Logical models: Logical models describe the structure of the database in more detail, including the tables, columns, and relationships between tables.
Physical models: Physical models describe how the database is implemented on the underlying storage system.
Data dictionaries: Data dictionaries provide detailed information about the data in the database, such as the data types, constraints, and default values.
User guides: User guides provide instructions on how to use the database, including how to create, read, update, and delete data.
Administration guides: Administration guides provide instructions on how to maintain the database, such as how to back up and restore the database, and how to grant and revoke access to the database.
Database documentation should be kept up to date as the database is changed. This can be done by using a database documentation tool or by manually updating the documentation whenever the database is changed.
This document discusses information systems and their components and types. It describes transaction processing systems, which record and process daily business transactions in real-time or in batches. These systems provide data that is used by management information systems to generate reports for managers. Decision support systems and executive information systems then use this data to support managers and executives in their decision making. Expert systems are also discussed as a type of artificial intelligence system that captures human expertise in a specific domain through knowledge bases and inference engines.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan buku panduan unit hal ehwal murid (HEM) di sebuah sekolah menengah kejuruan. Ia menyediakan prosedur kerja untuk guru tingkatan dalam menguruskan pelbagai aspek pentadbiran kelas seperti jadual kedatangan murid, pengurusan disiplin, inventori kelas, dan pengurusan fail peribadi murid. Buku panduan ini bertujuan memastikan pengurusan kelas dilaksanakan dengan sistematik
The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like the internet and smartphones. It defines key terms like information, communication, and technology. It then covers the history of computers from early counting machines to modern devices. It discusses the impact of ICT on sectors like education, banking, industry, and commerce. The document also outlines some social impacts of ICT like faster communication, lower costs, and the creation of a paperless environment as well as some problems like health issues and social isolation.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks and communications. It discusses what a computer network is, how computers communicate on a network using hardware, software and protocols. It describes the different types of networks - local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) - and compares their key characteristics like size, speed, and transmission media. The document also covers the basic components needed for network communications, including physical transmission channels, network interface cards, routers, and network software.
The document provides information about various advanced features and utilities available in common application software programs like Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and graphics editing software.
It begins by explaining features like mail merge, drop caps, and watermarks available in word processing software. It then discusses advanced spreadsheet features such as macros, lookup functions, protection, and pivot tables. Presentation software features covered include organization charts, rehearse timing, photo albums, and comparisons between PowerPoint and OpenOffice Impress. Graphics editing software capabilities like cropping and photo enhancement are also summarized.
The document concludes by describing different types of utility programs such as file managers, diagnostic utilities, disk defragmenters, backup utilities, data recovery tools,
The document provides information about computer input and output devices. It discusses different types of input devices including keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, webcams, and digital cameras. It also covers various output devices such as monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, and photo printers. The summary discusses how input devices capture different types of data like text, graphics, audio, and video, and how output devices present the processed results in forms that are useful to users.
The document discusses computer security and threats. It defines computer security as protecting computer systems and information from unwanted access, damage, or modification. It describes three types of computer security: hardware security, software/data security, and network security. It also discusses various threats like viruses, Trojans, hackers, and natural disasters. It provides checklists and security measures like backups, antivirus software, firewalls, and access controls to protect against these threats.
A computer network allows interconnected computing devices to communicate and share resources through defined rules of data communication. A network can operate via wired or wireless connections. When two or more networks are linked, it is called an internetwork. Communications involve transferring information from a sender to a receiver across a distance via a physical medium using signals. Computer networks use digital signals while older technologies use analog. A modem converts between digital and analog for communications. Effective networking requires a physical medium, communication protocols, and network management applications.
The document provides an overview of computer input devices. It discusses that input devices feed raw data into a computer system. Some common input devices include keyboards for text input, mice and scanners for graphical input, and microphones and webcams for audio/video input. The document also gives examples of specific input devices for text like keyboards, optical readers, and for graphics like scanners and digital cameras.
This document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like cellular phones and the internet. ICT is defined as the use of computers, communication devices, and software to store, process, transmit, and retrieve information. Information and communication are explained as the exchange of messages and knowledge. The document then traces the history and development of technologies like the telephone, television, and computer from their early inception to modern times. It also summarizes the key developments across five generations of computers and their impact on society.
Sistem komputer terdiri daripada empat komponen utama: input, pemproses, output, dan penyimpanan. Input merupakan data dan arahan yang dimasukkan ke dalam sistem, pemproses memproses input, output mengeluarkan hasil prosesan, dan penyimpanan menyimpan data, arahan, dan maklumat untuk digunakan kemudian. Unit Pemprosesan Pusat (CPU) mengawal seluruh sistem dengan mengambil arahan dari ingatan, mentafsirkan dan melaksanak
The document provides an introduction to information and communication technology (ICT). It discusses the evolution of communication from older forms like sign language to modern technologies like the internet and cell phones. It defines ICT as the use of electronic devices and software to store, process, transmit and retrieve information. Information and communication are defined, and examples of how technology aids communication and spreads information are provided. A timeline of technological developments from writing systems to modern computers is included. The document then discusses the evolution of computers from early counting machines to modern personal computers. It covers the characteristics and technologies of the first 5 generations of computers. The document concludes by discussing how ICT is used in education and banking.
The document provides information about the different phases of system development:
1) The Analysis Phase involves problem analysis and identifying user requirements, inputs, processes and outputs.
2) The Design Phase involves planning the system design including creating entity relationship diagrams and determining fields.
3) The Implementation Phase involves creating the database objects like tables, queries, forms and reports.
4) The Testing Phase involves entering test data and testing the functionality and objects.
5) The Documentation Phase involves producing documentation like user manuals and technical documentation.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of different members of a multimedia production team. It describes the roles of the project manager, subject matter expert, graphic artist, audio-video technician, instructional designer, and programmer. It also discusses the phases of multimedia production including analysis, design, implementation, testing, evaluation, and publishing.
Multimedia is the presentation of information using a combination of various media such as text, audio, images, animation, and video. The document discusses the definition of multimedia and its applications in various fields such as education, entertainment, business, and more. It also covers the five main elements of multimedia - text, graphics, audio, video, and animation - and explains hardware and software used for multimedia production and authoring tools that help integrate different media elements.
The document discusses the five main phases of program development:
1) Problem analysis phase where the programmer interviews the client to understand needs.
2) Program design phase where the programmer designs a flowchart representing client needs.
3) Coding phase where the programmer performs coding based on the flowchart.
4) Testing and debugging phase where the program is tested by users and errors are fixed.
5) Documentation phase where the programmer completes documentation like a user manual.
This document provides an introduction to basic programming concepts including programs, programming, programming languages, and careers in programming.
A program is a series of organized instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. Programming involves creating a set of commands that direct a computer. Programming languages allow humans to communicate with computers through words, symbols, and codes. There are many programming languages with different rules. Careers in programming include programmer, programmer analyst, computer scientist, and software engineer.
The document discusses the five main phases of program development:
1) Problem analysis phase where the programmer identifies client needs and program requirements.
2) Program design phase where the programmer designs flowcharts and interfaces.
3) Coding phase where the programmer writes the code.
4) Testing and debugging phase where the program is tested for errors.
5) Documentation phase where all documentation for the program is completed.
The document discusses multimedia concepts and defines multimedia as the presentation of information using a combination of text, audio, graphics, video, and animation. It provides examples of how multimedia is used in various aspects of life like business, entertainment, education, and more. The document also discusses key multimedia concepts like linear and non-linear interactivity, common mediums of delivery like web-based and CD-based multimedia, and how multimedia has benefited and improved society.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of different members of a multimedia production team. It states that a multimedia production team typically consists of a project manager, subject matter expert, graphic artist, audio-video technician, instructional designer, and programmer. It then provides more details on the specific roles of each member, such as the project manager coordinating the team, the subject matter expert researching content, and the graphic artist developing visual elements.
The document provides information about the different phases of system development:
1) The Analysis Phase involves problem analysis and identifying user requirements, inputs, processes and outputs.
2) The Design Phase involves planning the system design including creating entity relationship diagrams and determining fields.
3) The Implementation Phase involves creating the database objects like tables, queries, forms and reports.
4) The Testing Phase involves entering test data and testing the functionality and objects.
5) The Documentation Phase involves producing documentation like user manuals and technical documentation.
1. INFORMATION SYSTEM
LESSON 41
DATA, INFORMATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
DATA
Data and information are used in our daily life. Each type of data has its own
importance that contribute toward useful information.
Data is like raw material. It is not organised and has little value. Data can
include text, numbers, images, audio and video.
Text data consists of sentences and paragraphs.
Number or numerical data consists of digits from 0 to 9.
Image data are graphical images.
Audio data can be sound, voice or tones
Video data consist of moving images
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2. INFORMATION
Information is organised data that is valuable and meaningful to a specific
user.
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Information system is a set of a related components
that collects data, processes data and provides
information.
For example: School Grading System is the information
system used in schools. In this system, student’s mark
are the input data that must be obtained from the class
teachers.
Process involves making calculations, comparing,
grading and storing data.
In a School Grading System, output usually in the form of documents.
Output can be digital or in printed format.
LESSON 42
USAGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN VARIOUS FIELDS
INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN EDUCATION
Keep track of students statistic and grades.
Help students and teachers in online learning and discussion –
Learning Management System, example : Moodle, University Sains
Malaysia and Open University Malaysia.
Store subject content – for Online Learning Portal.
USAGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS
Carry out online buying and selling :
In retail companies, information systems are used in online buying and
selling. Examples of information systems for a retail company are
Amazon.com, Lelong.com and Maybank2U.com.
Help plan the delivery of goods and services :
In the transportation industry, information systems are used to help
plan the delivery of goods and services. Examples of information
systems in the transportation industry are UPS.com, FedEx Express
and City-Link.
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3. Make room bookings and for checking the best rates :
In the hotel industry, information systems are used to make room
bookings and for checking the best rates. Examples of information
systems in the hotel industry are Genting Online booking, Booking.com
and Sabah Hotel Booking Center.
USAGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN
MANAGEMENT
See employee records : In human resource management,
information systems are used to see things like employee records.
Analyse product, services and product prices : In marketing
management information systems are used to analyse products,
services and product prices that give the best sales.
Process customer ordes, organise production times and keep
track of product inventory : In manufacturing management,
information systems are used to process customers orders, organise
production times and keep track of product inventory.
EXTENSION : INFORMATION SYSTEMS CAREERS
Graduates with information systems degrees usually
have a variety of job opportunities. Knowledge of
information systems will help you develop skills on
application software.
Examples of jobs in information systems are
database administrator, systems analysts and
system designer.
LESSON 43
INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
An information system (IS) is a set of related
components that collects data, process data and
provide information.
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4. The components of information systems are: data, hardware, software,
people and procedures.
DATA
Data is very important in information systems. Without data, decision and
conclusion cannot be made. The right data in information systems helps us
to make the right decision.
For example, the stock status report in a book store helps the book store's
manager to decide when to reorder their stocks.
HARDWARE
The hardware component in an information system means all computer
equipment used to perform input, processing and output functions.
Hardware resources also include all media on which data is recorded, such
as paper, floppy disks and compact discs.
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5. SOFTWARE
The software component in an information system consists of programs for
the computers. These programs allow the computers to carry out most of
the instructions related to information processing.
There are two types of software: system software and application
software.
System software controls basic computer operations. For example, the
Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows, Linux and Macintosh.
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6. Application software are the programs that allow users to do specific tasks.
Examples of application software are Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access and
SQL Server.
PEOPLE
People involved is information systems personnel and end users.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS PERSONNEL
People involve in IS are the database
administrator, system analyst and system
designer.
Database administrator : The database administrator monitors
database security and solves errors.
System analyst : A system analyst analyses the customer's needs by
providing specifications to customers.
System designer : A system designer designs database according to
the specifications given by systems analysts.
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7. INFORMATION SYSTEMS END USER
PROCEDURES
End users are people who use information
systems. They can be customers, managers
and clerks.
Procedures are operating instructions
for the user of an information system.
Procedures can be in the form of
guidelines in the user manuals.
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8. INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATION
SYSTEMS COMPONENT
An information system consists of the interrelated component of data,
hardware, software, people and procedures.
These components work together to perform input, process and output. This
provides information products in order to meet the needs of and information
system.
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9. For example, Dell Computer Corporation’s workers who receive input data,
will work on computers. This input data will be kept in the company’s
databases.
The database system stores information
about customer preferences on products
and also the technical problem faced.
Its customer service could give answers and suggestions quickly by having
the database.
EXTENSION : THE COMPONENTS OF A PORTAL
An enterprise portal is an information system which is a combination of
databases, software and procedures. The components of a portal are
documents, drawings, multimedia and data. These components have to be
processed, categorised, indexed and stored. This helps a company to
manage documents and media for future use.
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10. LESSON 44
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM
In the 70s, businessmen used a manual system to run their business. They
used traditional filing systems to keep track their daily transactions.
They produced their reports based on a manual system. This caused the
delays in making decisions and in planning strategies.
Today, there are so may information systems available to help organisations
in making better decisions in business.
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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11. Organisations need different information systems for various levels of
management. There are three levels of management: Top management,
middle management and low level management.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)
Management Information Systems are used to provide regular information
about the daily activities of a business to the manager.
Management Information Systems are to help managers make the business
processes and activities more efficient compared to doing them manually.
TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS (TPS)
Transaction Processing Systems are used to record business transaction.
Transaction Processing Systems keep track of daily transactions in a
database.
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12. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
Decision Support Systems provide managers with information to make the
best decisions.
Decision Support Systems help to analyse information, recognise problems
and making decisions.
Most Decision Supports Systems reports are in the form of charts and
diagrams.
EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM (EIS)
Executive Information System helps top-level management to plan
strategies.
An Executive Information System is used to forecast future trends.
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13. EXPERT SYSTEM (ES)
Expert system is used to store knowledge and make logical suggestions for
the user.
Expert System users can be professionals like doctors and scientist.
Example : An Expert System can suggest conditions and estimate the
probability of having illness.
EXTENSION : OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM (OIS)
Office Information System is also known as office automation. Office
Information System is an information system that uses hardware, software
and networks to enhance work flow among employees.
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14. For example, the administration department has a request to purchase a
printer toner.
The purchasing department will issue a purchase order to the supplier.
The supplier will email the administration department about the purchase
order and the status of delivery.
LESSON 45
HIERARCHY OF DATA
BIT, BYTE, FIELD, RECORD AND FILE
The bit is represented by 0 for OFF or 1 for ON. It is a binary digit. It is the
smallest unit of data the computer can store in a database.
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15. A byte is a collection of bits. Each byte consists of eight bits. Each byte
represents a character.
For example : The letter S is made up of 0101 0011
A field is a unit of data consisting of one or more characters (bytes).
A field is the smallest unit of meaningful information in the database. Each
field has a field name.
The field name describes the data that should be entered into the field, such
as StudentID (Student ID), Name, Address and MyKad Number.
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16. A record is a collection of related fields.
Example : Each record stores data about a students.
For example, a student record is a collection of fields about a student.
A file is a collection of related records. For example, a student file is a
collection of students’ records.
HIERARCHY OF DATA
Hierarchy is a series of ordered
groupings in a system, beginning
with the smallest unit to the
largest.
Data is organised in a hierarchy
that begins with the smallest to
the largest unit of data, as it
progresses up the hierarchy.
Together, bits, bytes, fields,
records, files and database form
the hierarchy of data.
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17. EXTENSION : HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL
OF DATABASE
In a hierarchical database, data is organised in a family tree. As with a
family tree, the hierarchical database has branches made up of parent and
child records.
Each parent record can have multiple child records. Each child records,
however, can have only one parent.
This is also a parent and child record.
In this model, records are searched from top to down. For example, to
locate records of employees working in the IT department of a local
company, you starts with the Employees, then Local Company, and then IT.
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18. LESSON 46
DATABASE
A bookshop’s online system enables customers to search for books easily. A
person can receive search results in an instant. He selects his books,
registers details online and completes the purchase.
DATABASE
Database is structured collection of information on specific subjects. We can
think of a database as an electronic filing system.
An example of the database is a telephone book which contains records of
names, addresses and contact numbers.
A database allows its contents to be easily accessed, updated, stored and
retrieved.
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19. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
A Database management System is a program that accesses information
from a database.
A Database Management System provides an interface between the
database and the user.
A Database management System enables you to extract, modify and store
information from a database.
Examples of DBMS are Oracle, SQL Server and Microsoft Access.
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20. EXTENSION : SELECTING THE BEST DBMS
Guidelines to select the best DBMS
Performance : How fast the database is able to update records can
be the most important performance criteria for some companies.
Integration – A good DBMS must be able to integrate with other
applications and databases.
Features – Features such as security procedures, privacy protection
and other access tools are important considerations.
An important feature like Report Generator is not included in the DBMS
program. You have to buy it separately.
LESSON 47
BENEFITS OF USING DATABASE
BENEFITS OF USING DATABASE
Minimises Data Redundancy
Most data item stored in only one file. With a database there is no need to
repeat recording the same data. This minimises data redundancy.
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21. For example, a school database would record a student’s name. address and
other details only once when the student enrols in the school.
Data Integrity Is Assured
A database ensures that data is correct for all files. When a user modifies
data in one of the files in a database, the same data will change
automatically in all the files. This is called data integrity.
Data Can Be Shared
A database allows the ease of sharing data. Data can be shared over a
network, by a whole organisation.
Information Can Be Accessed Easily
A database makes information access easy.
Everyone can access and manage data in a database.
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22. LESSON 48
FEATURES OF MICROSOFT ACCESS
MICROSOFT ACCESS
We can use database software such as SQL Server, Oracle and Microsoft
Access to organise data.
Among the three, Microsoft Access is easy to use
with tools that enable you to build your own
database.
Microsoft Access is a database program that
allows users to store and manage large collections
of information.
Microsoft Access is a Database Management
System. It allows users to create tables, set
relationships, design forms, queries and reports
very easily.
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23. FEATURES OF MICROSOFT ACCESS
Microsoft Access is part of the Microsoft Office
Software, so the menus, toolbars and dialog
boxes work basically the same as other
Microsoft Windows applications.
EXTENSION : THE FEATURES OF DBMS
These are some features of Microsoft Access compared to SQL. Microsoft
Access is more suitable for a small number of users. It is commonly used on
desktop computers and is not suitable for database driven Websites.
SQL can be assessed by hundreds or thousands of users at the same time.
SQL is used in servers of developers and more suited for database driven
Websites.
Microsoft Access is cheaper as it comes along with Microsoft Office suite.
SQL requires extra cost to purchase.
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24. LESSON 49
FEATURES OF TABLE, QUERY, FORM AND REPORT
FEATURES OF A TABLE
A table stores a collection of information about specific topic. For example
you can use a table to store student’s information in your database.
FEATURES OF A QUERY
A query is a type of a database objects in Microsoft Access. A query is a
request for a specific data from a database.
When you create a query, Microsoft Access helps to find information that
meets user’s criteria quickly.
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25. FEATURES OF A FORM
A form is an interface to enter information such as students’ details in your
database.
FEATURES OF A REPORT
A report summarises information from the database.
LESSON 50
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIELD, RECORD AND FILE
FIELD
Field is a specific category of information in a table. In a table, fields are
usually shown in columns and it has its own field name at the top.
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26. For example, StudentID, Name, MyKad Number, Date of Birth, Gender,
Address and Contact Number. All the data within the same field holds the
same data type.
For example, StudentID, Name, Gender, Address and ContactNumber use
text as data type.
MyKad Number uses number as data type.
Date Of Birth uses date as data type.
Several fields make up a record.
RECORD
Record is a collection of fields about one person, place or thing in a table.
Records are arranged in rows.
The records consist of several data type
such as of text, date or numerical data.
A record is also known as the row or tuple.
For example, we have a total of five records in this table.
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27. FILE
A file is a set of data arranged in columns and rows. They are grouped
together for a specific purpose. For example, this is a Student Registration
System which records all the students’ information.
To form a file, the file must have fields and records. A file is sometimes
called a table or relation.For example, a Book file and a Student file.
EXTENSION : GUIDELINES FOR PUTTING DATA IN A
FIELD
A field like address may contain a big
piece of data. It make the process of
data searching slower.
You can break down the address field
into several smaller fields like, a
house number, a street address, a
residential area, a post code, a town,
a state and even the country.
For example, if you want to know who lives in Damansara Jaya, you just key
in Damansara Jaya in the Residential Area field. A list of persons who stay in
Damansara Jaya will be displayed.
This will make the search of your contacts easy.
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28. LESSON 51
PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY
DEFINE THE PRIMARY KEY
A primary key is the field that uniquely represents each record in a table.
These keys must not have null values. Meaning, you must not leave these
keys blank.Each table in the database must have at least one primary key.
There is also another name for a primary key: the unique identifier.
In the student table, student name might not be a good primary key. For
example there are two Sulaiman bin Yahya in this school.
So, the Student Name is not a good primary key.
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29. You may use the MyKad Number as the primary key. Some students might
not have their own MyKad Number yet, the MyKad Number is sometimes
rejected as the primary key.
To uniquely identify each student, you can add a special StudentID field to
be used as the primary key. For example, each StudentID represents a
student.
DEFINE FOREIGN KEY
A foreign key is the field that matches the primary key in another table. It
contains the same data as those of the primary key in the other table.
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30. Foreign key fields are linked to fields in other tables. While a primary key
must have unique values, a foreign key may have duplicate values.
For example, the StudentID is the primary key in the Student table, but
the StudentID is a foreign key in the Subject table.
Since a student may take more than one subject, the foreign key
(StudentID) will have a duplicate value in the subject table.
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31. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRIMARY KEY
A primary key ensures data integrity by uniquely identifying each record.
It helps to avoid duplicating records.
It prevents null values being entered in the unique field.
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE PRIMARY KEY AND
FOREIGN KEY
A foreign key links to a primary key in another table.
While primary keys must have unique values, foreign keys may have
duplicate values. These are the differences between the primary key and
foreign key.
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32. EXTENSION : TYPES OF PRIMARY KEYS
There are three kinds of primary keys in Microsoft Access such as
AutoNumber primary keys, Single-field primary keys and Multiple-field
primary keys.
AutoNumber
It can be set to automatically enter a sequential number as each record is
added to the table.
If you don't set a primary key before saving a newly created table, Microsoft
Access will ask if you want it to create a primary key for you.
If you answer Yes, Microsoft Access will create an AutoNumber primary key.
Single-field
If you have a field that contains unique values such as ID numbers or part
numbers, you can assign that field as the primary key.
You can specify a primary key for a field provided it does not contain
duplicate values.
Multiple-field
In situations where you are unsure of the uniqueness of any single field, you
may assign two or more fields as the primary key.
If you are unsure whether you can select a multiple-field primary key, you
should probably add an AutoNumber field and assign it as the primary key.
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33. LESSON 52
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN
KEY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO TABLES
Connections between fields of related tables having common values are
called relationships.
A relationship works by matching data in key fields, usually a field with the
same name in both tables.
These matching fields are the primary key from one table and a foreign key
in the other table.
IMPORTANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEY
The primary key of one table becomes a foreign key of the other table.
By matching a foreign key with a primary key, the data does not need to be
entered repeatedly.
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34. A primary key makes creating Queries, Forms and Reports easier.
A primary key improves data performance by relating smaller tables into
meaningful databases.
EXTENSION : ENFORCE REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY
Referential integrity is a set of rules that protect data from accidental
changes or deletions, if matching records still exist in a related table.
For example, if a patient wants to check out, the referential integrity will
check whether this patient has any outstanding bills. If there is, referential
integrity will protect data from being deleted.
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35. In Microsoft Access, to enforce referential integrity between two tables,
double-click the line that connects the tables.
The Relationships dialog box will appear.
Click on Enforce Referential Integrity
Microsoft Access provides two options of referential integrity.
When you change data in the primary key, Microsoft Access will
automatically update the matching data in all related records.
When you have deleted a record in the primary table, Microsoft Access will
automatically delete matching records in the related table.
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36. LESSON 53
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN
KEY
DEFINE THE TABLE AS ONE OF THE DATABASE
OBJECTS
Tables are one of the database objects in Microsoft Access. A Table is a
collection of data that is organised as rows and columns.
Every database object such as Queries, Forms and Reports are based on one
ore more Tables.
A database contains at least one Table.
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37. IDENTIFY A TABLE
You can create new Tables using one of three methods:
Design view
Wizard
Datasheet
CREATING A TABLE IN DESIGN VIEW
When creating a Table in Design view, you customise your fields, data types
and even enter descriptions for them.
In the Database window, click Tables on the Objects bar, and then double-
click the Create table in Design view icon.
To add a field, click on the Field Name cell and type a field name.
To change data type, click the Data Type drop-down menu, and choose the
data type.
Click on a Description cell, and then type a description.
After that, you can define the Field Properties.
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38. Assign Primary key.
Save the Table.
CREATING A TABLE BY USING WIZARD
Microsoft Access lets you create a new Table based on their templates. In
the Database window, click Tables on the Objects bar, and then double click
the Create table by using wizard icon.
There are templates for Business and Personal options.
Scroll through the list to find and choose Students.
Click Next to continue.
Type a name for the Table, or accept the suggested name.
Click No when Table Wizard wants to assign the primary key. Click Next to
continue.
In the final wizard dialog box, click Enter data directly into the Table. Click
Finish.
We can also add another new column. Follow these steps.
Click Insert and select Column to add columns. Rename the field.
Change the data type.
Save the table.
The table is displayed in the Database windows.
CREATING A TABLE BY ENTERING DATA
Create a Table in Database view, we can enter data into the Table.
In the Database window, click Tables on the Objects bar.
Double-click the icon for Create table by entering data.
Click to move from field to field.
To change a field name, double-click the field name, type the new name and
then press Enter.
Enter all the data.
Click the save button on the toolbar.
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39. Type a table name and then click OK.
When asked a primary key, choose No.
Assign Primary key.
Save the Table.
The table is displayed in the Database windows.
EXTENSION : ENFORCE REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY
The Table Analyzer is a tool that breaks a large Table into small Tables. It
remove redundant data in the large Table.
Then it generates smaller new Table only to keep the required data such as
address and telephone number.
The information in the new Table will be the same as the large table.
It reduces data redundancy and makes the data easier to maintain.
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