Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are nosocomially acquired infections that typically develop 48 hours after admission to the hospital. Common causative agents include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, and Acinetobacter. These infections can manifest as urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, bloodstream infections, or gastroenteritis. Preventing HAIs requires proper isolation techniques, handwashing, dust control, sterilization procedures, and use of gloves and aprons.
Introduction
Nosocomial infection comes from Greek words “nosus” meaning disease and “komeion” meaning to take care of.
Also called as HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
Infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48hrs or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge.
RISE IN NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION AS A RESULT OF FOUR FACTOR
1. Crowded hospital conditions.
2. New microorganisms.
3. Increasing in number of people with compromised immune system.
4. Increasing in bacterial resistance.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Nosocomial infection can be exogenous ( external organism) and endogenous(opportunist normal flora)
Host susceptibility is an important factor in the development of nosocomial infection.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
There are five main modes of transmission
Contact
Vector borne
Air borne
Droplet
Common vehicle
DROPLET TRANSMISSION
droplet generated by sneezing , coughing or respiratory tract procedures like bronchoscopy or suction
VECTOR Transmission
Transmitted through insects and other invertebrate animals such as mosquitoes and fleas.
AIR BORNE TRANSMISSION
Tiny droplet nuclei that remain more than 5 suspended in air.
COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
transmitted indirectly by materials contaminated with the infection.
CONTACT TRAMISSION
Most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infection, is divided into 2 subgroups:
i) Directed contact transmission
ii) Indirect contact transmission
i) Direct contact transmission
Involves a direct body surface to body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganism between a susceptible host and infected or colonized person , such as occurs when a person turns a patient ,gives a patient a bath.
ii) Indirect contact transmission-
involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object , usually inanimate,such as contaminated instruments needles, or dressings or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients.
COMMON INFECTIONS
followings are the most common nosocomial infections:
Urinary tract infections
Catheter associated infection
Pneumonia
Blood stream infections.
PROBLEMS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
nosocomial infections will become more important as public health problems as it causes ,
Nosocomial suffering
Prolonged hospital stay
Increase the cost of care significantly.
SURGICAL SIDE INFECTION
they are also frequent
The definition is mainly clinical (purulent discharge around wounds or the insertion side of drain, or from wounds)
The infections can be exogenously or endogenously.
NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA
the most important are patients on ventilators in ICU.
Recent and progressive radiological opacities of the pulmonary parenchyma , purulent sputum and recent onsite fever.
Most commonly caused by antibacterial.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
• Most common cause of nosocomial infections.
• 80 % of infections are associated with indwelling catheters.
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
The Role of Microorganism in Hospital Acquired Infection.pptxManitaPaneri
Hospital Acquired infections, also called nosocomial infections can be defined as the infections acquired by the patients in the hospital by a patient -
1. who was admitted for a reason other than that infection.
2. In whom infection was not present or incubated at the time of admission.
3. Symptoms should appear at least after 48 hours of admission.
In these slides, microbes responsible for hospital acquired infections and preventive strategies are shared.
Definition of Nosocomial Infections
Causes of Nosocomial Infections
Most common sites for Nosocomial Infections
Nosocomial Infectious Diseases and antibiotic-resistant during The Covid-19 pandemic
Introduction
Nosocomial infection comes from Greek words “nosus” meaning disease and “komeion” meaning to take care of.
Also called as HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTION
Infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48hrs or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge.
RISE IN NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION AS A RESULT OF FOUR FACTOR
1. Crowded hospital conditions.
2. New microorganisms.
3. Increasing in number of people with compromised immune system.
4. Increasing in bacterial resistance.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Nosocomial infection can be exogenous ( external organism) and endogenous(opportunist normal flora)
Host susceptibility is an important factor in the development of nosocomial infection.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
There are five main modes of transmission
Contact
Vector borne
Air borne
Droplet
Common vehicle
DROPLET TRANSMISSION
droplet generated by sneezing , coughing or respiratory tract procedures like bronchoscopy or suction
VECTOR Transmission
Transmitted through insects and other invertebrate animals such as mosquitoes and fleas.
AIR BORNE TRANSMISSION
Tiny droplet nuclei that remain more than 5 suspended in air.
COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
transmitted indirectly by materials contaminated with the infection.
CONTACT TRAMISSION
Most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infection, is divided into 2 subgroups:
i) Directed contact transmission
ii) Indirect contact transmission
i) Direct contact transmission
Involves a direct body surface to body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganism between a susceptible host and infected or colonized person , such as occurs when a person turns a patient ,gives a patient a bath.
ii) Indirect contact transmission-
involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object , usually inanimate,such as contaminated instruments needles, or dressings or contaminated gloves that are not changed between patients.
COMMON INFECTIONS
followings are the most common nosocomial infections:
Urinary tract infections
Catheter associated infection
Pneumonia
Blood stream infections.
PROBLEMS OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS
nosocomial infections will become more important as public health problems as it causes ,
Nosocomial suffering
Prolonged hospital stay
Increase the cost of care significantly.
SURGICAL SIDE INFECTION
they are also frequent
The definition is mainly clinical (purulent discharge around wounds or the insertion side of drain, or from wounds)
The infections can be exogenously or endogenously.
NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA
the most important are patients on ventilators in ICU.
Recent and progressive radiological opacities of the pulmonary parenchyma , purulent sputum and recent onsite fever.
Most commonly caused by antibacterial.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
• Most common cause of nosocomial infections.
• 80 % of infections are associated with indwelling catheters.
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
The Role of Microorganism in Hospital Acquired Infection.pptxManitaPaneri
Hospital Acquired infections, also called nosocomial infections can be defined as the infections acquired by the patients in the hospital by a patient -
1. who was admitted for a reason other than that infection.
2. In whom infection was not present or incubated at the time of admission.
3. Symptoms should appear at least after 48 hours of admission.
In these slides, microbes responsible for hospital acquired infections and preventive strategies are shared.
Definition of Nosocomial Infections
Causes of Nosocomial Infections
Most common sites for Nosocomial Infections
Nosocomial Infectious Diseases and antibiotic-resistant during The Covid-19 pandemic
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
2. • Healthcare-associated infections (HAI), are nosocomially acquired infections that
are typically not present at the time of admission, acquired after hospitalization
and manifest 48 hours after admission to the hospital.
