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NORMALIZATION &
TYPES
S.Manju
7/16/2016 1
Agenda
 Normalization
 Why Normalization ?
 Properties
 1 NF
 2 NF
 3 NF
 BCNF
7/16/2016 2
Normalization
&
Why
Normalization?
 Decomposition of fat relations into smaller meaningful relations
 Higher the normal forms higher the number of relations and
higher the quality of data
 To minimize redundancy
 To minimize insertion, deletion and updation anomalies
7/16/2016 3
Ethics of
Normalization
Lossless Join ( Non Additive Join Property)
 Assures no spurious table generation
 Assures no loss of records
R = R1  R2
R = R1 (r) Join R2 (r)
Dependency Preservation Property
 FD’s in Original scheme should exist in decomposed relation as
well
7/16/2016 4
FIRST NORMAL FORM
 Attribute values must be atomic or single or indivisible
 A relational schema R is in first normal form if the domains of all attributes of R are atomic
 R:
 R1 R2
7/16/2016 5
EID ENAME ELOC
EID ENAME EID ELOC
SECOND NORMAL FORM
 A relational schema R is in second normal form if Relation R is in
 1 NF
 All non prime attributes in the table must be fully functionally dependent on the primary
key.
 R:
 R1 R2
 R3
7/16/2016 6
EID ENAME ELOC PID PHRS
EID ENAME EID ELOC
EID PID PHRS
FULL & PARTIAL FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCIES
 An FD X->Y is PFD if,
 Removal of an attribute from X still holds the dependency
 Eg : Eid,Pid -> Ename (PFD)
 Hence Decompose !
 An FD X->Y is FFD if,
 Removal of an attribute from X breaks the dependency
 All attributes has major contribution
 Eid,Pid->Phrs (FFD)
7/16/2016 7
THIRD NORMAL FORM
 A relational schema R is in third normal form if Relation R ,
 is in 2 NF
 No non prime attribute of R is transitively dependent on primary key of R
 R :
 Eid ->Ename, Dob, Did, Dname
 Did->Dname
7/16/2016 8
EID ENAME DOB DID DNAME
THIRD NORMAL FORM
 Transitive dependency
 Eid->Did ,Did->Dname and hence Eid->Ename exists !
 Transitive Dependency exists ! Hence Decompose !
 Decomposed tables,
 R1 R2
7/16/2016 9
EID ENAME DOB DID DID DNAME
BCNF NORMAL FORM
 Very stricter version of 3 NF
 A relational schema R is in Boyce codd normal form if Relation R ,
 is in 3 NF
 For every non trivial FD X->A , X must be a super key !
 R :
 Eid ->Ename, Dob, Did
 Did->Dname
 Eid and Did { Super Keys }
7/16/2016 10
EID ENAME DOB DID DNAME
THANKYOU !
7/16/2016 11

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Normalization

  • 2. Agenda  Normalization  Why Normalization ?  Properties  1 NF  2 NF  3 NF  BCNF 7/16/2016 2
  • 3. Normalization & Why Normalization?  Decomposition of fat relations into smaller meaningful relations  Higher the normal forms higher the number of relations and higher the quality of data  To minimize redundancy  To minimize insertion, deletion and updation anomalies 7/16/2016 3
  • 4. Ethics of Normalization Lossless Join ( Non Additive Join Property)  Assures no spurious table generation  Assures no loss of records R = R1  R2 R = R1 (r) Join R2 (r) Dependency Preservation Property  FD’s in Original scheme should exist in decomposed relation as well 7/16/2016 4
  • 5. FIRST NORMAL FORM  Attribute values must be atomic or single or indivisible  A relational schema R is in first normal form if the domains of all attributes of R are atomic  R:  R1 R2 7/16/2016 5 EID ENAME ELOC EID ENAME EID ELOC
  • 6. SECOND NORMAL FORM  A relational schema R is in second normal form if Relation R is in  1 NF  All non prime attributes in the table must be fully functionally dependent on the primary key.  R:  R1 R2  R3 7/16/2016 6 EID ENAME ELOC PID PHRS EID ENAME EID ELOC EID PID PHRS
  • 7. FULL & PARTIAL FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCIES  An FD X->Y is PFD if,  Removal of an attribute from X still holds the dependency  Eg : Eid,Pid -> Ename (PFD)  Hence Decompose !  An FD X->Y is FFD if,  Removal of an attribute from X breaks the dependency  All attributes has major contribution  Eid,Pid->Phrs (FFD) 7/16/2016 7
  • 8. THIRD NORMAL FORM  A relational schema R is in third normal form if Relation R ,  is in 2 NF  No non prime attribute of R is transitively dependent on primary key of R  R :  Eid ->Ename, Dob, Did, Dname  Did->Dname 7/16/2016 8 EID ENAME DOB DID DNAME
  • 9. THIRD NORMAL FORM  Transitive dependency  Eid->Did ,Did->Dname and hence Eid->Ename exists !  Transitive Dependency exists ! Hence Decompose !  Decomposed tables,  R1 R2 7/16/2016 9 EID ENAME DOB DID DID DNAME
  • 10. BCNF NORMAL FORM  Very stricter version of 3 NF  A relational schema R is in Boyce codd normal form if Relation R ,  is in 3 NF  For every non trivial FD X->A , X must be a super key !  R :  Eid ->Ename, Dob, Did  Did->Dname  Eid and Did { Super Keys } 7/16/2016 10 EID ENAME DOB DID DNAME